普通外科病人真菌败血症的临床研究

目的探讨普通外科真菌败血症的发生特点、病原菌的种类及防治策略。方法回顾性分析2001年3月至2005年12月间南京军区南京总医院普通外科收治的94例真菌败血症病人的易感因素、病原学特点及治疗效果。结果易感因素主要为使用广谱抗生素、中心静脉插管、全胃肠外营养、入住重症监护病房。94例病人分离出94例菌株。非白色念珠菌是主要致病真菌。94例经抗真菌治疗者中37例死亡。结论真菌败血症多发生在存在腹腔感染病人。念珠菌属是主要致病真菌，其中以非白色念珠菌为主。对高危病人应重视病原学检查及药物敏感性测定，消除易感因素，及时合理选用抗真菌药物和肠内营养有望进一步改善预后。     

住院患者尿路感染病原菌分布及耐药性监测

目的通过调查和分析住院患者尿路感染病原菌的分布及耐药状况,为抗菌药物的合理应用提供参考。方法对浙江萧山医院2009年1月～2011年12月住院患者尿培养阳性样本中分离的1033株菌株进行回顾性分析,尿液采用经典型浸片Urieult培养,药敏试验用K—B法进行,采用WHONET5．6软件对药敏试验结果进行分析。结果1033株阳性菌株中,革兰阴性菌681株（65．9％）,革兰阳性菌197株（19．1％）,真菌155株（15．0％）。分离株位居前三位的是大肠埃希菌402株（38．9％）,肺炎克雷伯菌74株（7．2％）和白假丝酵母菌64株（6．2％）。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检出率分别为60．7％（244／402）和45．9％（34／74）。亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦和阿米卡星对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌显示较高的抗菌活性;肠球菌属、葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和呋哺妥因耐药率低;假丝酵母菌对氟胞嘧啶、伏立康唑和两性霉素B有较高的敏感率。结论本组住院患者尿路感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,尤以大肠埃希菌居多,监测和分析病原菌种类及其耐药性对指导临床合理用药具有重要意义。     

恶性肿瘤患者医院感染病原菌及耐药特征分析

目的了解恶性肿瘤患者医院感染的病原菌分布及其耐药特征。方法对浙江省肿瘤医院2004-2008年恶性肿瘤患者医院感染的病原菌及耐药情况进行统计分析。结果共检出病原菌3454株,其中革兰阴性菌1900株,占55．0％,真菌838株,占24．3％,革兰阳性菌716株,占20．7％。主要病原菌是大肠埃希菌和白假丝酵母菌,主要通过手术切口、泌尿道、呼吸道和口腔等引起感染。革兰阴性菌中的大肠埃希菌和革兰阳性菌中的葡萄球菌耐药率高,真菌中的白假丝酵母菌对各种抗真菌药物均较敏感。结论恶性肿瘤患者医院感染的病原菌以条件致病菌为主,部分细菌对抗菌药物的耐药情况相当严重。     

深部真菌的感染特点及耐药分析

目的：了解深部真茵感染的临床分布特点及耐药情况,以指导临床合理应用抗真菌药物。方法收集我院临床患者深部的标本（痰液、尿液、粪便、血液、脑脊液、生殖道分泌物、创口分泌物）共426份,接种到沙保弱培养基和显色培养基鉴定菌株。将分纯的菌种接种梅里埃公司生产的ATB Fungus 2真菌药敏板条,用ATB Expression鉴定仪读取最小抑菌浓度（MIC）,得出临床常见真菌对抗真菌药物的药敏结果。结果发生深部真菌感染167例,感染真菌标本以痰液检出率最高为63.5%,其次为尿液占15.6%。167株真菌中,假丝酵母菌属感染有160株,其中以白假丝酵母菌为主（67.1%,112/167）。科室分布中,干诊科感染率最高,为41.9%;其次为呼吸科,占26.3%。＞60岁老年患者有123例,占73.6%。假丝酵母菌属对伏立康唑和伊曲康唑的耐药率较高,分别为75.05%和51.10%,对5-氟胞嘧啶和两性霉素B耐药率较低,分别为2.20%和2.90%。结论老年患者容易患深部真菌感染,感染部位主要为呼吸道,假丝酵母菌属为主要病原菌,其中以白假丝酵母菌感染率最高;两性霉素B、氯康唑和5-氟胞嘧啶耐药率最低,氟立康唑和伊曲康唑的耐药率最高。     

2016至2018年某医院真菌血流感染者流行病学特征及耐药性分析

目的分析真菌性血流感染的病原菌分布以及耐药特征，为真菌血流感染的早期合理用药提供理论依据。 方法回顾性分析武汉大学人民医院2016年1月至2018年12月收治的真菌性血流感染者的菌群、科室分布以及耐药性。 结果入组192例真菌血流感染者的血培养样本中共分离192株真菌，其中白色念珠菌检出率为31.77%（61/192），其次热带念珠菌检出率为18.75%（36/192）；重症医学科检出率最高为33.85%（65/192）。所有菌株均对两性霉素B敏感，对其他抗菌药物耐药率分别为5-氟胞嘧啶4.49%（9/192）、伊曲康唑5.73%（11/192）、氟康唑10.94%（21/192）和伏立康唑11.46%（22/192）；除两性霉素B外，2016至2018年真菌对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均逐年上升，其中2018年所分离192株光滑念珠菌对伊曲康唑耐药菌率达46.7%。 结论真菌血流感染病原菌以念珠菌属为主，对目前抗真菌药物具有较高敏感性，但耐药率逐年上升，加强监测血培养病原菌变化及耐药趋势对指导临床用药至关重要。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎患者下呼吸道病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析重症监护病房（ICU）呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）患者下呼吸道分离病原菌的分布及耐药性。方法回顾性分析2008年7月—2011年12月温州市第三人民医院综合性ICU接受有创机械通气治疗的1324例患者的临床资料。根据患者发生VAP的时间将其分为早发性VAP（EOP,于气管插管后4d内发生）和晚发性VAP（LOP,气管插管4d后发生）。采用,检验和t检验比较2组患者下呼吸道分离的病原菌构成和药敏结果等。结果1324例患者中,552例发生VAP,发生率为41．7％,其中EOP患者74例（5．6％）,LOP患者382例（28．9％）,二者均发生96例（7．3％）。EOP患者分离前6位的病原菌分别为鲍曼不动杆菌（72株,22．6％）、铜绿假单胞菌（45株,14．1％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（32株,10．0％）、白假丝酵母菌（31株,9．7％）、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌（31株,9．7％）和金黄色葡萄球菌（28株,8．8％）;LOP患者分离前6位的病原菌分别为鲍曼不动杆菌（235株,21．2％）、白假丝酵母菌（201株,18．1％）、铜绿假单胞菌（111株,10．0％）、光滑假丝酵母菌（86株,7．8％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（81株,7．3％）和金黄色葡萄球菌（46株,4．2％）。其中,EOP患者金黄色葡萄球菌的分离率明显高于LOP患者（∥=10．780,P=0．002）,而白假丝酵母菌的分离率明显低于LOP患者（X2=12．907,P=0．000）。无论EOP还是LOP患者,革兰阴性杆菌（特别是鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌）的耐药形势均较为严重;金黄色葡萄球菌中大部分为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（EOP患者：67．9％,19／28;LOP患者：63．o％,29／46）;真菌中的白假丝酵母菌和光滑假丝酵母菌对目前临床常用抗真菌药物的敏感性较好。结论EOP与LOP患者下呼吸道分离的菌株均以革兰阴性菌为主,菌株耐药形势不容乐观。     

Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacteria and Yeasts Isolated from Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Otitis Externa

The bacterial and fungal flora of the external ear canal of dogs with otitis externa and of healthy dogs were studied. The most frequently isolated microorganism from otitic ears was Staphylococcus intermedius (58.8%), followed by Malassezia pachydermatis (30.9%), Streptococcus canis (29.9%), Proteus spp. (14.4%) and Escherichia coli (10.3%). A statistical analysis of our results showed that the prevalence of these microorganisms is significant in dogs with otitis externa. Furthermore, the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated strains were determined. Majority of all bacterial isolates were most susceptible to gentamicin. Malassezia pachydermatis, the most prevalent yeast in this study, showed an excellent level of susceptibility to all antifungal agents tested.     

2006-2010年医院血流感染病原菌的分布与耐药性监测分析

目的:分析我院血流感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药性变迁,为临床抗感染的预防与控制提供实验室依据.方法:收集解放军总医院第一附属医院2006年1月-2010年12月临床分离自血液的725株不重复细菌,细菌鉴定及药敏试验采用全自动细菌生化分析仪(VITEK2 COMPACT).根据美国临床实验室标准化协会(CLSI)2010年...     

Fungi as emergent etiologic agents in ventilator-associated pneumonia after cardiac surgery

Evaluation of the fungal involvement in the etiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) after cardiac surgery. The study had as target the patients diagnosed with VAP after cardiac surgery at the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases in Ia?i, between April 2nd 2002 and December 31st 2009. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Our study included only cases with fungal etiology of VAP. We examined quantitatively the tracheal aspirates with cytology quality score Q = 2+: microscopy and cultivation. The isolates with clinical significance (= 10(6)UFC/mL significantly associated to inflammatory cells) were identified by standard methods or based on the API system (bioMérieux) and tested by the breakpoints method for susceptibility to antifungal agents. RESULTS: Among the 2167 operated patients, 35 of them were diagnosed with VAP through the clinical pulmonary infection score = 6. Fungi caused 15 of 44 VAP episodes. With a frequency of 30.19%, fungi are on 2nd place within the etiologic agents of VAP after non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (45.28%). The fungi involved in VAP were: Candida albicans (16.97%), Pneumocystis jirovecii (3.77%), while Candida glabrata, Candida sake, Candida krusei, Geotrichum capitatum and Cryptococcus humicola, amounted 1.89% each. The widespread use of broad spectrum antibiotics led to the emergence of fungi as a common cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia. The involvement in the VAP etiology of P. jirovecii, an un-cultivable fungus with special sensitivity to antibiotics, requires a careful microscopy of specimens.     

肝移植术后真菌感染的防治新策略

目的探讨肝移植术后病人真菌感染的菌群变化特点和相应的防治策略。方法回顾性分析中山大学附属第三医院肝移植中心2004—2005年485例原位肝移植病人术后真菌感染的流行病学资料和药敏结果。结果485例病人中79例出现术后真菌感染，真菌感染率为16．3％，共分离出菌株88株，其中念珠菌71株（白色念珠菌35株，非白色念珠菌36株），曲霉菌17株，在菌群分布上2004年和2005年差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。念珠菌对氟康唑的耐药率2005年（60．0％）较2004年（33．3％）明显上升（P〈0．05）。结论肝移植术后非白色念珠菌和曲霉菌感染的比例逐渐上升，临床上应根据分离培养结果选择适当的抗真菌药物。     

Bacteria isolated from bile samples of liver recipients in the early period after transplantation: epidemiology and susceptibility of the bacterial strains

OBJECTIVE: We estimated the frequency and susceptibility to antibacterial agents of bacterial isolates from bile samples obtained from 83 liver recipients in the early period after transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We prospectively collected data on 83 adult patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), including bile samples taken during the first 30 days after OLT from adult liver recipients suspected to have bile infections. The isolation/identification of cultured bacteria was performed according to standard microbiological procedures and commercially available tests. Susceptibility of the strains to antibacterial agents was determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. RESULTS: Among 210 bile samples obtained from 79 liver recipients, bacterial cultures were positive in 110 samples from 59 (75%) recipients yielding 156 bacterial strains. The most commonly isolated species were as follows: gram-positive cocci (109 isolates) with dominance of coagulase-negative staphylococci (52%) and enterococci (36%); and gram-negative bacteria, 21 strains from the Enterobacteriaceae family and 14 of non-fermenting rods. We identified some multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. In the first week after OLT, we investigated samples from 59 patients, yielding 36 bacterial strains. From the second to the end of the fourth week after OLT, 120 bacterial strains were isolated from 65 recipients. CONCLUSION: Gram-positive bacteria comprised 68.5%. The dominance of MDR gram-positive bacteria may be related to selection by perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis.     

胃癌患者术后真菌感染的临床分析

目的分析胃癌患者术后真菌感染的菌株分布、菌株耐药性和相关危险因素,为临床提供更好的预防及治疗胃癌术后真菌感染的策略。 方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2014年12月武警后勤学院附属医院收治的256例胃癌患者手术资料及术后送检标本,分析术后真菌感染的菌株分布和耐药性,并对真菌感染的可能危险因素采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。 结果256例胃癌患者术后真菌感染率为40.23%（103/256）,共检出139株菌株,其中以白假丝酵母菌感染为主,占66.91%（93/139）。真菌药敏试验结果显示,真菌对两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶敏感性较高,对三唑类抗真菌药敏感性较低。患者的年龄、术前吸烟史、胃癌的TNM分期（T：代表原发肿瘤的范围,N：代表区域淋巴结转移的存在与否及范围,M：代表远处转移的存在与否）、术前使用抗菌药物、术中使用电刀、术后细菌感染和术后住院时间是胃癌术后发生真菌感染的危险因素。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥ 60岁、术前有吸烟史、TNM分期Ⅲ～Ⅳ期、术中使用电刀以及术后细菌感染是引起胃癌术后患者发生真菌感染的独立危险因素（P均< 0.05）。 结论胃癌术后真菌感染的发生率较高,且有多种危险因素与之相关,临床工作中应该有针对性的进行预防并选择敏感性高的抗真菌药。     

Antifungal attributes of immunosuppressive agents: new paradigms in management and elucidating the pathophysiologic basis of opportunistic mycoses in organ transplant recipients

The currently available immunosuppressive agents cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, and rapamycin have potent antifungal activity against a number of opportunistic fungi in organ transplant recipients, most notably, C. neoformans, Candida, and Aspergillus species. The targets of their antifungal activity are fungal homologs of the signaling molecules that mediate their immunosuppressive action in humans, which has implications for further unraveling the pathogenesis of these infections. Corroborative clinical data suggest that despite the apparent paradox between the antifungal activity of the immunosuppressive agents and the occurrence of fungal infections during their administration, the antifungal attributes of these drugs may influence the spectrum and clinical characteristics of these infections after organ transplantation. Finally, the potent synergistic interactions between the immunosuppressive agents and antifungal drugs against many pathogenic fungi, including those that are typically resistant to traditional antifungal agents, could potentially have a role in devising novel therapeutic strategies for opportunistic mycoses in transplant recipients.     

216株鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布与耐药性分析

目的了解本院鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布和耐药现状。方法应用VITEK-2鉴定系统对216株鲍曼不动杆菌进行微生物鉴定和药敏分析,采用WHONET 5.6软件对药敏结果进行分析。结果2013年1月至2013年12月共分离鲍曼不动杆菌216株,均来自住院患者,其中痰标本的分离率高达83.3%（180/216）,主要抗菌药物的药敏情况为米诺环素敏感率为90.9%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、美罗培南、左氧氟沙星和复方新诺明的敏感率分别为57.1%、44.44%、59.6%和55.2%。对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林、庆大霉素、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢他啶和环丙沙星的敏感率均低于30.0%。结论鲍曼不动杆菌的感染主要以呼吸内科与ICU最为常见,其中对米诺环素的敏感率最高。     

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from sputa of patients with cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: New emerging pathogens and associated antimicrobial resistance mechanisms have been observed in the respiratory tract of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF) in the last years. Amongst others, the rate of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains is growing. However, there are no published data on the prevalence of MBL-producing P. aeruginosa in CF patients to our knowledge. METHODS: In this study, 271 sputum samples of 60 CF patients were collected during a 12-months period. Microbiological cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility tests of the most frequently isolated bacteria were performed. RESULTS: 464 bacterial and 414 fungal strains were isolated and characterized. 63.3% of the patients harbored Staphylococcus aureus, 50% P. aeruginosa, 16.6% Haemophilus influenzae, 15% Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and 13.3% non tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM). Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and MBL-producing P. aeruginosa were detected in 3 (5%) and 5 (8.3%) patients respectively. Among the fungi, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans showed the highest prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: The detection of MBL-producing P. aeruginosa and MRSA in CF patients confirms that antimicrobial resistance patterns should be always kept under surveillance. Moreover hygiene regulations in CF clinics should prevent a further spread of resistant bacterial strains.     

2009-2011年老年科感染病原菌及其耐药性分析

目的：了解我院2009—2011年老年科常见感染病原菌分布和耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法：对2009年1月-2011年12月期间送检的老年科病房患者标本的病原菌进行统计分析,药敏试验采用纸片扩散法（KB法）,试验结果判断参照美国临床实验室标准化协会（CLSI）标准（2007年版）,应用SPSS13．0统计软件包进行数据分析。结果：从1986份送检的标本中分离出311株病原菌株,革兰阳性菌30株,占9．6％;革兰阴性菌176株,占56．6％;真菌105株,占33．8％。金黄色葡萄球菌全部为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,未发现耐万古霉素葡萄球菌。鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌的检出率（分别为30．5％,9．0％和9．0％）占革兰阴性菌的前3位,且鲍曼不动杆菌为泛耐药,对碳青霉烯类的耐药率在65％以上。白色假丝酵母菌检出率（19．0%）是真菌中最高的,对常用抗真菌药均敏感。结论：老年科病房细菌耐药情况不容忽视,鲍曼不动杆菌的多重耐药性已十分严重,其耐药性可能与其产生的碳青霉烯酶有关。对第三代和第四代头孢菌素以及碳青霉烯类药物的使用应严格掌握适应证。     

青少年尿路感染细菌分布以及耐药性分析

【摘要】 目的 探究近一年来深圳光明新区尿路感染青少年患者细菌分布情况和耐药情况。方法将2014年7月到2015年7月就诊光明新区医院的18~20岁尿路感染患者44例作为研究对象,收集中段尿分离培养细菌共得1382株菌落,分析尿路感染细菌的种类、分布和通过药敏试验分析耐药性。结果〓革兰氏阳性菌20.12%,真菌3.04%,革兰氏阴性菌76.85%;屎肠球菌37.41%,近平滑假丝酵母菌38.10%,大肠埃希菌50.47%。金黄色葡萄球菌对环丙沙星耐药性最强,屎肠球菌耐药性最强的为左氧氟沙星,粪肠球菌耐药性最强的为克林霉素,大肠埃希菌耐药性最强的为头孢曲松,铜绿假单胞菌耐药性最强的为氨曲南,肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性最强的为头孢曲松,柠檬酸杆菌耐药性最强的为环丙沙星。结论〓对于18~20的青少年岁的尿路感染患者,革兰氏阴性菌尤其是大肠埃希菌为主产生耐药性较为广泛。     

腹腔手术后医院内下呼吸道感染分析

目的分析腹腔手术后患者医院内下呼吸道感染的常见病原菌及药物敏感情况。方法回顾性分析2002年1月~2007年1月246例腹腔手术后下呼吸道感染患者的痰菌培养结果。结果246例住院患者分离出261株病原菌,其中革兰氏阴性杆菌183株(70.1%),主要为铜绿假单胞菌、流感嗜血杆菌、不动杆菌、副流感嗜血杆菌和克雷伯菌;革兰阳性球菌60株(23.0%),主要为表皮葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌及金黄色葡萄球;真菌18株(6.8%)。铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌、克雷伯菌对美洛培南、舒普深、头孢吡肟敏感;葡萄球菌对万古霉素均敏感;肺炎链球菌对美洛培南、左氟沙星敏感率高,对青霉素大部分耐药。结论下呼吸道感染以革兰氏阴性杆菌感染为主,且常见病原菌耐药性明显,应根据药敏试验规范使用抗生素,减少耐药菌的产生。     

Etiologic Agents of Bacteremia in the Early Period After Simultaneous Pancreas–Kidney Transplantation

Background

Bacteremia is among the known complications in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT). This study evaluated the frequency of microbial isolates and their susceptibility profiles among cultures of clinical samples obtained from blood and from the tips of blood vessel catheters of 26 SPKT recipients suspected of bacteremia in the early posttransplant period.

Patients and Methods

Data on microbiologic blood cultures of 26 adult patients undergoing SPKT were collected prospectively from 2001 to the end of 2006. The isolation and identification of cultured microorganisms were performed according to standard microbiological procedures and commercially available tests. The susceptibility of the strains to antibacterial agents was established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.

Results

All patients were followed prospectively for the first 4 weeks after surgery. Among 66 clinical samples, there were 23 microbial isolates from blood samples of 17 recipients and catheter tips of 12 recipients. The most common isolates were Gram-positive bacteria (73.9%) with domination of staphylococci (64.7%) and MRCNS strains (81.8%). Gram-negative bacteria comprised 17.4% of positive cultures, whereas yeast-like fungi, 8.7% with a predominance of Candida glabrata.

Conclusion

Our study showed predominately Gram-positive bacteria in 73.9% of isolates. The increased proportion of multi-drug-resistant bacteria and fungi to antimicrobial agents may be due to the frequent use of these agents for prophylaxis of bacterial infections in patients.     

Candida and perforated peptic ulcers

Patients with perforated peptic ulcers who have Candida isolated from peritoneal culture have been noted to have a poor prognosis. Therefore treatment of such patients with systemic antifungal agents has been considered. Because of the toxicity and expense of such therapy, a review of the association was performed. During 1980 to 1985, 48 patients were operated on for benign perforated ulcer. The mean age of the patient group was 66 years. Intraoperative cultures were obtained in 38 patients. Microorganisms were isolated in 28 (74%) patients. Candida was isolated in 16 (57%) of the positive cultures. The overall mortality rate was 16.7%. The mortality rate for patients 65 years of age or older was 25% compared with 0% for those younger than 65 years old. The mortality rate for patients with Candida in their peritoneal fluid was 18.8%. No patient was treated with systemic antifungal agents. No patient developed candidiasis. Of the 16 patients in whom Candida was isolated, it was the only organism in 10 patients and was found in mixed culture with bacteria in six. The mortality rate for patients with Candida alone was 0%. The mortality rate for patients with mixed cultures was 50%. The presence of mixed cultures correlated strongly with both advanced patient age and shock. These factors have previously been correlated with death. It is concluded that the association between peritoneal Candida and excessive death from perforation is linked by an intervening association to advanced age and shock. In this setting, Candida does not appear to be normally pathogenic and does not require systemic antifungal therapy.