细支气管泡细胞癌的临床特征及诊断——附42例报告

目的：探讨细支气管肺泡细胞癌的临床特征及避免误延诊的措施。方法：回顾分析了我院１９８８年５月￣１９９８７月诊治的４２例细支管肺泡细胞癌病例的临床资料。结果：本病发病女性比男性稍高，首发症状以咳嗽、咯痰、痰中带血为多见肺外表少见。肺泡细胞铁与肺部感染血行播散型肺结核，肺转移癌误诊。结论：凡胸部Ｘ线片示肺内结节片块状影，支气管气相，空泡征，兔耳征等应注意本病的可能。     

细支气管肺泡细胞癌34例临床分析

目的：对细支气管肺泡细胞癌的临床表现、诊断和治疗方法进行分析讨论。方法：自１９８１年￣１９９７年共收治细支气管肺泡细胞癌３４例，采用Ｘ线胸片、痰脱落细胞学、纤支镜检查、经皮肺穿刺，血ＣＥＡ测定等方法诊断，治疗主要采用手术及化疗等方法。结果：纤支镜检查、血ＣＥＡ、经皮肺穿刺对本病确诊最为重要，病灶局限者手术治疗的效果较好。结论：早期诊断甚为重要，对凝为肺泡细胞癌患者均应测定血ＣＥＡ，无绝对禁忌症者纤     

30例细支气管肺泡癌的诊断和外科治疗

目的：探讨细支气管肺泡癌的临床诊断和外科治疗。方法：回顾性分析我科1993年5月-2007年10月收治的30例细支气管肺泡癌临床资料。结果：30例周围型肺内肿块术前均未明确诊断，切除率100％，术后中位生存76．8个月，其中术后化疗者79．6个月。结论：周围型细支气管肺泡癌临床上缺乏特异性表现，手术切除率高，术后化疗与否，生存期无显著差异。     

23例细支气管肺泡癌胸部CT和HRCT分析

目的：分析细支气管肺泡癌的胸部CT和HRCT的影像学特征，提高肺泡癌的诊断水平。方法：对经病理组织学确诊的23例肺泡细胞癌的临床症状、胸部CT和HRCT的影像学特征进行回顾性分析。结果：在23例肺泡癌中，女性15例占65％，最常见症状是咳嗽。按CT和HRCT特征将病变分为局限型（10例）和弥漫型（13例）。局限型呈胸膜下分布，含磨玻璃密度结节和实性结节，有分叶、毛刺、胸膜凹陷征、空泡征和细支气管充气征等。弥漫型可见肺实变征或多发性结节改变。实变区内可见枯树枝征、蜂窝征、磨玻璃密度影，腺泡结节分布于实变影的边缘和／或非实变区的肺叶。结论：胸部CT和HRCT的特征性表现有助于肺泡癌的早期诊断。     

30例细支气管肺泡癌的诊断和外科治疗

目的:探讨细支气管肺泡癌的临床诊断和外科治疗.方法:回顾性分析我科1993年5月-2007年10月收治的30例细支气管肺泡癌临床资料.结果:30例周围型肺内肿块术前均未明确诊断,切除率100%,术后中位生存76.8个月,其中术后化疗者79.6个月.结论:周围型细支气管肺泡癌临床上缺乏特异性表现,手术切除率高,术后化疗与否,生存期无显著差异.     

炎症型细支气管肺泡细胞癌1例诊断报告

肺泡细胞癌起源于支气管黏膜上皮,在X线形态上有结节型和弥漫型两类,前者可以是单个结节或多个结节;后者形态类似肺炎,称为炎症型肺泡细胞癌。炎症型肺泡细胞癌的表现类似于肺炎,容易被误诊。近来,我们诊治了1例,现报告如下。
　　1病例报告
　　患者,男性,60岁,咳嗽伴咳泡沫样痰二月余。痰中偶见血丝,无畏寒、发热及胸痛,病程中伴乏力、食欲减退,体重略有下降。既往吸烟史30年,无结核病史,曾于当地卫生院用头孢类抗炎输液治疗1周,效果不明显。体检：T 37℃,P 78次／min,R 19次／min,BP 125／80 mmHg,胸廓对称,两肺呼吸音粗,可闻及广泛细湿啰音,胸部叩诊两下肺呈浊音,全身浅表淋巴结无肿大,心腹未见异常。辅助检查：血常规WBC及其余均正常;门诊胸片报告：两肺多发感染。 CT（2012年4月6日）所见：两肺野多发大片状磨玻璃样模糊影,可见空气支气管征,其内可见大小不等的小囊状透亮影,两肺部分细支气管走形迂曲、僵直。 CT诊断：两肺弥漫性病变,不除外肺泡细胞癌可能,建议抗炎治疗后复查或穿刺检查。患者随即抗炎治疗2周,效果不佳。于2012年4月23日复查,CT示两肺病变较前片扩大,考虑炎症型肺癌可能,建议活检以明确。患者于2012年4月25日在我院行经皮肺穿刺活检术,术后病理：细支气管肺泡细胞癌伴局部浸润（黏液型）。     

核医学影像在细支气管肺泡癌中的应用

细支气管肺泡癌(bronchioloalveolar carcinoma,BAC)于1876年由Malassez等[1]首先报道,1960年被Liebow[2]正式命名前,尚有肺腺瘤病、肺泡细胞癌及细支气管癌等名称,组织发生也为众多学者所困惑.     

非黏液型细支气管肺泡癌与肺腺癌组织中VEGF-C的表达及临床意义

目的探讨非黏液型细支气管肺泡癌侵袭转移能力。方法收集43例非黏液型细支气管肺泡癌新鲜手术标本为实验组,对照组包括黏液型细支气管肺泡癌17例、肺腺癌22例和癌旁肺组织10例;分别采用免疫组织化学法和半定量RT-PCR检测VEGF-C蛋白和mRNA表达。结果非黏液型细支气管肺泡癌组织中VEGF-C的阳性表达率显著高于癌旁肺组织和黏液型细支气管肺泡癌组织(P<0.01）,但与肺腺癌组织相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05）。非黏液型细支气管肺泡癌组织中淋巴结转移率显著高于黏液型细支气管肺泡癌组织(P<0.01）,但与肺腺癌组织相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05）,非黏液型细支气管肺泡癌组织中20例有淋巴结转移组VEGF-C蛋白的阳性率明显高于23例无淋巴结转移组(P<0.05）。非黏液型细支气管肺泡癌组织中VEGF-C mRNA表达显著高于癌旁肺组织及黏液型细支气管肺泡癌组织(P<0.01）,但显著低于肺腺癌组织(P<0.01）。结论 VEGF-C蛋白表达上调提示非黏液型细支气管肺泡癌可能具有与肺腺癌相同的侵袭转移特性;非黏液型细支气管肺泡癌较黏液型细支气管肺泡癌更易发生淋巴结转移。     

肺炎型肺癌24例影像学与病理对照分析

 目的　探讨肺炎型肺癌的影像学特征，进一步提高对肺炎型肺癌的诊断及鉴别诊断。方法　回顾1996年1月至2004年12月间经手术病理证实的肺炎型肺癌24例，分析其病灶分布的范围、大小、部位、形态及其影像学特征，利用肺小结节软件分析，与病理类型对照，探讨其诊断要点。结果　24例肺炎型肺癌位于肺周边部18例，近肺门分布6例，实性段性分布9例，叶形7例，斑片状8例，蜂窝状透亮影5例，支气管征9例， CT粗血管征7例，伴边缘不规则小结节13例，利用肺小结节软件分析13例表现为瘤体。病理证实细支气管肺泡细胞癌16例，腺癌与细支气管肺泡样混合亚型6例，腺鳞癌1例，小细胞癌1例。结论　肺炎型肺癌多位于肺周边部，细支气管肺泡细胞癌多见，表现为段性、叶形片状阴影，边缘模糊不清，密度不均，伴蜂窝状透亮影和支气管征，有较粗血管相连，可为结节影，抗感染治疗无效，利用肺小结节软件分析可提高肺炎型肺癌的诊断率，确诊需活组织病理检查诊断。     

细支气管肺泡癌外科治疗 94例

 目的　分析细支气管肺泡癌（BAC）外科临床治疗效果。方法　收集1989年1月至2003年12月收治并经病理证实的94例BAC患者（其中单纯的支气管肺泡细胞癌67例、支气管肺泡细胞癌伴局部浸润16例和具有支气管肺泡细胞癌特征的腺癌11例）的资料,分析BAC的临床特点、影像学表现、治疗方法、生存情况及不同TNM分期和病理分型,BAC的外科治疗与疗效。结果　全组行根治性手术88例,姑息切除4例,开胸探查术2例,术后1、3、5年生存率分别为75.5 %、53.2 %、41.5 %。按UICC肺癌国际分期,Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期BAC患者分期之间生存率有显著性差异（P＜0.01） 。按病理学分型,单纯的支气管肺泡细胞癌、支气管肺泡细胞癌伴局部浸润和具有支气管肺泡细胞癌特征的腺癌的BAC患者之间生存率有显著性差异（P＜0.01）。结论　细支气管肺泡癌是一种特殊类型肺癌,无论是生物学、影像学还是临床、病理学表现,均有其特殊性。肺叶切除术是治疗细支气管肺泡癌常用的手术方法。提高BAC生存率的关键在于早期诊断、早期治疗。     

甲状腺乳头状癌肺转移与细支气管肺泡癌的鉴别诊断

甲状腺乳头状癌肺转移与细支气管肺泡癌有着各自不同的生物学特性及临床特点，治疗方法也不尽相同。通过临床、病理及影像检查大多能将两者鉴别。但临床上有些病例如甲状腺、肺、颈部淋巴结甚至腋窝淋巴结均发现病灶，临床及影像检查难以确定是甲状腺乳头状癌肺转移还是细支气管肺泡癌，抑或是双原发，加之甲状腺乳头状癌与细支气管肺泡癌在病理学上有些相似之处，如沙粒体的出现、TTF-1表达阳性等，给鉴别诊断增加了一定的困难。两者的鉴别应结合临床、病理、影像学等多方面考虑，综合分析，以求诊断明确，为下一步治疗提供可靠的依据。     

CT诊断在肺泡细胞癌的临床应用价值

目的探讨肺泡细胞癌的CT诊断及临床应用价值.方法回顾性研究32例肺泡细胞癌的临床及CT表现.结果本组病例可分为结节型14例,弥漫型18例.CT显示肿瘤部位、大小、形态、密度、图像、邻近表现、转移等各种CT表现.结论本文对肺泡细胞癌32例的临床应用分析,采用CT扫描与X线摄片两种检查方法的比较.由于CT密度分辨率高,图像重叠少,对诊断有很高的临床应用价值.     

Expression of caveolin-1 is associated with poor prognosis of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

BACKGROUND: Caveolin-1, as a major component of caveolae, is involved in the regulation of cell cycle by impacting various signaling pathways. Previous studies of caveolin-1 in cancer showed two contrary results. In most in vitro studies, caveolin-1 played a role as a tumor suppressor. On the other hand, the elevated expression of caveolin-1 was often reported to be associated with poor clinical outcome in human studies. These results indicate differential biological functions of caveolin-1 depending on the development and progression stage of cancer in vivo. METHODS: To clarify the correlation between the clinicopathologic profiles of pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas and the expression of caveolin-1, 107 cases of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues of pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas were immunohistochemically evaluated for the expression of caveolin-1 by the tissue-array method. RESULTS: Caveolin-1 was expressed in 34 cases (31.7%) among 107 cases of pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma. The expression of caveolin-1 was statistically correlated with pathologic stage (stage I and II vs. III; P<0.001), pT (T1 and T2 vs. T3 and T4; P=0.001), and pN (N1 vs. N2 and N3; P=0.0143). The patients with caveolin-1 expression in pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas showed a poorer prognosis than those in caveolin-1-negative group (P=0.0345). CONCLUSION: The expression of caveolin-1 is significantly correlated with advanced pathologic stage and poor prognosis in pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma. The results of current study suggest that the expression level of caveolin-1 may be a candidate factor for predicting prognosis in patients with pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma.     

Histological Pattern of Primary Malignant Lung Tumours Diagnosed in a Tertiary Care Hospital: 10 Year Study

Lung cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world and is the second commonest cancer accordingto hospital based data from Kashmir, India. The objective of this study was to assess the histopathological patternof primary malignant tumours of lung at a tertiary care hospital among smokers and non-smokers of bothsexes. A total of 783 cases over a 10 years period, were studied, including 685 males and 98 females with a meanage at presentation of 57.8 years. The most common histological type of tumour in both sexes was squamouscell carcinoma (71.3 per cent), followed by small cell carcinoma (20.8 per cent), adenocarcinoma (2.6 per cent),bronchioalveolar carcinoma (1.8 per cent) while other tumours constituted 3.6 per cent. The two main histologicalsubtypes of lung cancer found among smokers was squamous cell carcinoma (72.2 per cent) and small cellcarcinoma 22.9 per cent. The smoker to non-smoker ratio was 2.14:1.     

Combined choriocarcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung occurring in a man: case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-producing large or giant cell carcinoma of the lung is not uncommon, but primary pulmonary choriocarcinoma is an extremely rare entity. Even rarer are cases occurring in males; to date the authors have found only 12 reported cases in the English literature. METHODS: The clinical record of a 61-year-old man who presented with hemoptysis is described. A review of the literature regarding patients with primary pulmonary choriocarcinoma also is reported. RESULTS: Computed tomography scan of the chest demonstrated an expanding thickness of the bullous wall within areas of emphysematous change in the lower lobe of the right lung. Moreover, a new, round tumor near the thickness appeared and rapidly expanded evenly into the surrounding lung tissue. Exploratory thoracotomy revealed the previous tumor to be adenocarcinoma with a small foci of choriocarcinoma, and the new tumor to be a hemorrhage with choriocarcinoma. Because of the pleural dissemination, the patient was treated with chemotherapy. At last follow-up he was alive and well with a gradually increasing serum hCG-beta level in spite of chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Primary pulmonary choriocarcinoma occurring in men is an extremely rare entity with a fatal prognosis. Of the 12 cases reported to date in the English literature, 3 cases of choriocarcinoma with the coexistence of another type of pulmonary carcinoma were reported. To the authors' knowledge the clinical relation between these two types of carcinoma are unknown because all cases to date have been detected at the time of autopsy. Only in the current study case could the clinical course of the disease be followed and pathologic confirmation achieved, although the pathogenesis of the two types of carcinoma could not be determined.     

外科治疗肺孤立性结节45例临床分析

目的:探讨肺孤立性结节的临床特点和治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析我科2003年1月至2009年5月手术治疗45例肺孤立性结节(直径≤3cm)的临床资料,其中开胸肺叶切除术25例,胸腔镜下肺叶切除5例,肺楔形切除术14例,肺肿瘤摘除术1例。结果:术后病理诊断腺癌13例,鳞癌5例,小细胞癌2例,肺泡细胞癌1例,腺样囊性癌1例,转移性癌3例,结核球或肉芽肿8例,炎性假瘤8例,肺曲菌病3例,硬化性血管瘤1例。所有患者均无严重并发症痊愈出院。结论:肺孤立性结节病因复杂,诊断有一定的困难,恶性病变比例较高,尽早手术是明确诊断和提高治愈率的关键。     

Pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma following head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: metastasis or second primary?

PURPOSE: To distinguish a metastasis from a second primary tumor in patients with a history of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and subsequent pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: For 44 patients with a primary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck followed by a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, clinical data, histology, and analysis of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) were used to differentiate metastases from second primary tumors. RESULTS: Clinical evaluation suggested 38 patients with metastases and 6 with second primaries. We developed a novel interpretation strategy based on biological insight and on our observation that multiple LOH on different chromosome arms are not independent. LOH analysis indicated metastatic disease in 19 cases and second primary squamous cell carcinoma in 24 cases. In one case, LOH analysis was inconclusive. For 25 patients, LOH supported the clinical scoring, and in 18 cases, it did not. These 18 discordant cases were all considered to be second primary tumors by LOH analysis. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable number of squamous cell lung lesions (50% in this study), clinically interpreted as metastases, are suggested to be second primaries by LOH analysis. For these patients, a surgical approach with curative intent may be justified.     

Cytopathologic features of olfactory neuroblastoma

BACKGROUND: Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is an uncommon neoplasm arising from the olfactory mucosa. Because its cytopathology is largely limited to case reports, the goal was to evaluate a series of ONB cases, compare them with previously reported cases, and with a control group of pulmonary and cutaneous small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). METHODS: Six fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies of metastatic ONB and one case with imprint smears of primary ONB were recovered from files. Aspirates from seven FNA cases of metastatic pulmonary small cell NEC and four cases of metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma to the head and neck functioned as a control group and were compared with those of ONB. RESULTS: Seven cases from 4 patients included 3 males (ages 33-39 yrs) and 1 female (age 58 yrs). Aspirates were acquired from soft tissues of the neck (three cases), cervical lymph nodes (two cases), parietal scalp (one case), and imprint of a nasal mass (one case). A correct cytologic diagnosis of metastatic ONB (five cases) or malignant small round cell tumor (one case) was made in six cases. One aspirate was misdiagnosed as a reactive lymph node. The single primary tumor and five of six metastatic tumors were histologically confirmed. Cytologic features were similar in all cases. These included high cellularity (seven of seven cases), distribution as single forms and cell clusters (seven of seven cases), a two-cell population of intact and apoptotic nuclei (seven of seven cases), nuclear molding (seven of seven cases), paranuclear 'blue bodies' (five of seven cases), necrosis (five of seven cases), and absence of lymphoglandular bodies (seven of seven cases). Unlike prior reports, no case exhibited rosettes or fibrillar neuropil on smears. All examples from the control group displayed nearly identical cytomorphologic features to those of the study group. CONCLUSIONS: The cytopathology of metastatic ONB is nonspecific unless fibrillar neuropil is identified. Nonetheless, a cytopathologic diagnosis of metastatic ONB can be made with confidence in nearly all patients if a well documented history of ONB exists. Minus such a clinical context, aspirates of metastatic ONB may be mistaken for metastatic pulmonary small cell NEC, cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma, and even small cell lymphoma.     

双源CT双能量扫描在肺病灶良恶性诊断中的应用研究

目的:本实验探讨双源CT双能量技术在肺病灶良恶性诊断中的应用。方法:收集病例140例,其中腺癌82例、鳞癌41例、炎症17例,均行双源CT双能量扫描。测量所有病变的碘浓度、标准化碘浓度及能谱曲线斜率并记录。应用统计学方法分析,判断三种病变之间的差异。结果:腺癌、鳞癌及炎症的碘浓度分别为(2.102±0.794) mg/mL、(1.871±0.654) mg/mL、(2.400±0.895) mg/mL,鳞癌与炎症之间差异有统计学意义,腺癌与鳞癌、腺癌与炎症之间差异无统计学意义。腺癌、鳞癌及炎症的标准化碘浓度分别为(48.728±17.740)%、(49.834±19.418)%、(59.176±16.032)%,腺癌与炎症之间差异有统计学意义,腺癌与鳞癌、鳞癌与炎症之间差异无统计学意义。腺癌、鳞癌及炎症的能谱曲线斜率分别为(-2.121±0.593)、(-1.711±0.548)、(-2.499±0.937),两两之间差异均有统计学意义。结论:双源CT双能量扫描技术对肺病灶性质的鉴别诊断有一定的临床价值。