同种异体带血供肱骨移植的解剖学研究

目的为吻合血管同种异体肱骨移植提供解剖学依据。方法在40侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人上肢标本上,着重观测肱骨上端及肱骨干滋养血管和骨膜血管的来源、分布、长度和外径;50根干燥成人肱骨,观察肱骨上端及肱骨干的滋养孔。结果肱骨上端外科颈周围平均有(7.7±2.0)个(4～12个)滋养孔,滋养支来自旋肱前动脉和旋肱后动脉。肱骨干滋养孔1～3个,主要位于肱骨中段前内侧面,距内上踝(11.7±2.2)cm(6.5～17.0cm)。滋养动脉主要来自肱动脉,长(2.6±0.7)cm(1.5～5.0cm),外径(1.3±0.6)mm(0.8～2.2mm)。结论选用旋肱前血管为蒂,可行肱骨上段移植,选用肱血管和肱深血管为蒂,可作肱骨中段移植。     

吻合血管同种异体胫骨移植的解剖学研究

目的为吻合血管同种异体胫骨干移植提供解剖学依据.方法40侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶液的成人下肢标本,解剖观测了胫骨滋养动脉的来源、分支分布及长度和外径;50根干燥成人胫骨,观察胫骨滋养孔.结果胫骨滋养孔1孔占98.4%,位于胫骨中、上1/3段的后面,位置距胫骨粗隆平均8.0±1.6(6.0～15.5)cm.胫骨滋养动脉来自胫后动脉占90%,滋养动脉起始后行经腘肌下部深面和趾长屈肌深面,紧贴胫骨后面,分出骨皮支和滋养支.滋养动脉起点距离胫骨粗隆平均2.7±1.1(1.0～5.0)cm,外径1.7±0.5(1.0～3.0)mm,干长为5.2±1.2(2.0～7.0)cm.结论以胫骨滋养血管为蒂胫骨段移植,可用于长骨大段缺损的重建.     

骨盆肿瘤切除后带血管蒂股骨上段翻转重建髋关节的解剖学研究

目的 探讨骨盆肿瘤切除后带血管蒂股骨上段翻转重建髋关节的可行性.方法 1)选取10具骨盆标本,测量骨盆重建所需股骨截骨长度,并测量50例股骨干标本滋养孔位置,将截骨长度与滋养孔位置进行比较,确定股骨干滋养动脉在截骨长度内能否得到保留.2)对34具尸体标本髂内动脉和股深动脉主要分支的分布、外径、长度以及臀上、下动脉起始处至耻骨联合下缘距离进行解剖学观测,比较供、受区血管长度和外径,确定合适的吻合血管. 结果 1)股骨近端第1滋养孔和第2滋养孔均在截骨范围外,不能作为移植骨的供血管.2)臀上动脉出孔处分别与旋股内、外动脉起始端吻合后总长度比臀上动脉起始处到耻骨联合下缘分别长出1.74～2.23 cm和2.39～2.57 cm;臀下动脉出孔处分别与旋股内、外动脉起始端吻合后总长度比臀下动脉起始处到耻骨联合下缘分别长5.87～6.44 cm和6.51～6.83 cm,能够满足吻合需要,且血管吻合后张力不大.臀上、下动脉出梨状肌孔处、旋股内、外动脉起始处外径相仿,P＜0.05,差异没有显著性.结论 骨盆肿瘤尤其是髋臼部位肿瘤切除后利用带血管蒂自体股骨上段翻转移位重建骨盆环、再造髋臼在解剖学上是可行的.     

吻合血管同种异体骨移植动物模型的建立

目的:为吻合血管同种异体骨移植提供理想的动物模型。方法:日本大耳白兔雌21只为供体,雄42只为受体,对股骨滋养血管进行显微解剖观测,在此基础上设计吻合血管同种异体股骨干移植术,并设立应用环孢素A的实验组和未予任何免疫抑制剂的对照组。结果:股骨干的滋养孔位于小粗隆前下方3.0mm,滋养动脉起始于旋股外侧动脉,管径0.3mm,斜向外下入滋养孔,干长1.7cm,伴行静脉1条。实验组术后一般情况正常,血管吻合口通畅,骨愈合良好;对照组术后出现脱毛,腹泻,死亡等GVHD现象,术肢出现血管早期栓塞,非感染性坏死组织,骨愈合不良等HVGR征象。结论:本动物模型滋养血管解剖恒定,可操作性强,且能较好地复制免疫排斥反应及体现免疫抑制剂对吻合血管同种异体骨移植的调控作用。     

股骨滋养孔及滋养动脉

一、测量170对股骨,共340侧,包括骨的长度、中点矢状径、横径及周径。观察了滋养孔,孔的数目、位置及方向都比较恒定。滋养孔无一例缺乏,但四孔和五孔滋养孔罕见。滋养孔在纵向上,多位于股骨的中1/3(71.50％);横向上多位于股骨后面(98.62％),两侧股骨滋养孔在纵向及横向上都对称的不多(7.06％)。滋养孔口径一般比较大。绝大多数(98.44％)的滋养孔通向近侧。二、解剖出股骨滋养动脉100例。股骨滋养动脉大多数起自股深动脉各穿支,发现部分滋养动脉由股深动脉终末支直接形成或由股动脉下段发出,长度平均为1.16 cm,外径平均1.51 mm。其行径较为恒定,居大收肌深面,多半在股骨粗线处进入滋养孔。三、经动脉造影的婴幼儿股骨标本X线照像上,观察了股骨滋养动脉在骨内的分布情况。     

腓动脉穿支皮瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的:通过解剖学研究,分析腓动脉穿支特点,评价腓动脉穿支游离皮瓣临床应用的安全性和可行性.方法:10%甲醛固定成人尸体标本10具共20侧小腿,解剖观察腓动脉穿支数,测量各穿支穿出点与腓骨小头间距离、各穿支外径及血管蒂长度,并总结其规律性;采用游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣或筋膜瓣移植修复手足皮肤缺损43例.结果:10具20侧标本腓动脉穿支数平均为(6.35±1.15)支;在腓骨小头下方(9.8±0.93)cm,(13.4±0.90)cm,(17.2±1.13cm,(21.3±0.77)cm 4处,腓动脉穿支出现较恒定;上述四个位置穿支外径分别为(1.33±0.39)mm,(1.30±0.46)mm,(1.17±0.30)mm,(1.22±0.23)mm;血管蒂长分别为(5.87±0.73)cm,(5.83±1.73)cm,(5.44±1.09)cm,(5.10±1.93)cm.临床应用43例中,皮瓣完全成活42例,部分坏死1例.结论:腓动脉各穿支出现基本恒定,其中小腿中1/3段的穿支血管管径较粗,血管蒂较长,是穿支皮瓣切取的合适部位.腓动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植,是临床修复手足皮肤缺损的理想术式.     

腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的解剖学研究

目的:为腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣设计提出解剖学依据.方法:30侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本,解剖观测腓动脉肌间隔穿支、腓肠外侧动脉肌皮穿支与腓肠神经-小隐静脉、腓肠肌外侧头、比目鱼肌以及腓骨营养血管的关系;小隐静脉浅深交通支.结果:腓动脉肌间隔穿支6～10支,外径0.5～1.6 mm,最远的动脉穿支距外踝尖上(1.0±1.3)cm,外径(0.6±0.2)mm.穿支分出骨膜动脉、肌支,营养腓骨和比目鱼肌外侧半.穿支穿深筋膜时,发深筋膜支、皮支、皮神经浅静脉血管,构成腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管链.腓肠外侧动脉发2～5支外径0.2～1.2 mm肌皮穿支,营养腓肠肌外侧头及相应区域皮肤.小隐静脉浅深交通支距外踝尖上(3.4±0.9)cm,外径(1.7±0.5)mm.结论:腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管与肌、骨、皮营养血管同源,以腓动脉的肌间隔动脉终末穿支远端蒂复合瓣,旋转点近外踝尖平面,可覆盖前足创面.     

吻合膝上外侧血管髂胫束移植修复跟腱缺损的应用解剖

目的 :为带血供髂胫束移植修复跟腱缺损新术式提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 40侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上 ,对膝上外侧动脉的起源、走行、分支、分布、吻合以及髂胫束的血供来源等进行解剖观测。结果 :膝上外侧动脉于腓骨头上缘近侧垂直距离 5 .2± 0 .9cm处起自动脉 ,起始外径1.8± 0 .4mm ,向外上蜿蜒走行 3 .0± 0 .2cm ,分为升、降支。升支起始外径 1.2± 0 .4mm ,发出肌支和髂胫束穿支 ;降支起始外径 1.2± 0 .4mm ,发出肌支、3～ 5支股骨外侧髁骨膜支及髂胫束穿支。其中低位髂胫束穿支距腓骨头上缘距离 6.1± 1.1cm ,膝上外侧血管髂胫束瓣蒂长 4.9± 1.0cm。结论 :根据膝上外侧血管的分支、分布特点 ,设计吻合血管髂胫束游离移植修复跟腱缺损的术式具有可行性。     

经旋股内侧动脉深支和旋股外侧动脉升支介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死的应用解剖

对 50例成人下肢标本的旋股内侧动脉深支和旋股外侧动脉升支的起源、起点、外径、走行、分布以及经这二支血管介入有关的结构进行观测 ,为介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死提供更接近病变部位及可进行插管的血管。结果表明 ,旋股外侧动脉升支与横支共干起自旋股外侧动脉者占 68% ,升支单独起自旋股外侧动脉占 2 6 % ;旋股内侧动脉深支由旋股内侧动脉主干延续而来。旋股内、外侧动脉深支或升支起点外径分别为 3 0± 0 8mm、 2 8± 0 7mm。从股动脉的起点 ,经股深动脉、旋股外侧动脉至其升支长度为 7 1± 1 1cm ;经股深动脉、旋股内侧动脉至其深支长度为 5 6± 1 4cm。旋股内侧动脉与其深支间约呈 90 。 角 ;旋股外侧动脉与其升支间约呈 1 33。 角。旋股内、外侧动脉深支 (升支 )为营养股骨头和颈的血管 ,这二支血管符合导管插入要求     

臀上动脉深上支髂骨骺移植的解剖学研究

目的 :为带血供的髂骨骺移植提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 40侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人臀部标本以及 2侧儿童标本上 ,观测臀上动脉深上支的行程、分支及滋养支 ;选用 5 0块髋骨 ,观察髂骨嵴前外侧部的滋养孔。结果 :儿童臀上动脉深上支的分支、分布与成人相似 ,位于臀中肌深面和臀小肌上缘 (相当臀前线 ) ,循髂骨嵴弓形向前 ,达髂前上嵴 ,沿途分出平均 (4 .2± 1.1)支外径 0 .5～ 1.1mm的髂嵴支 ,分布髂嵴骨膜 ,并发细小分支进入滋养孔。从髂前上棘至结节区 ,在距髂嵴缘下方 2cm范围内 ,平均有(2 2 .4± 6.7)个滋养孔。结论 :以臀上动脉深上支及其分支为蒂 ,在髂嵴前部可切取带骺骨瓣 ,以修复长管骨骨骺缺损。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.