滤网保护装置在颈动脉和椎动脉狭窄支架置入术中的应用

目的 探讨滤网保护装置在血管内支架治疗颈动脉和椎动脉狭窄中的应用。方法 配合应用滤网保护装置，对颈动脉和椎动脉狭窄患者进行经皮血管内支架成形术36例次(其中颈动脉33例次，椎动脉起始部3例次)，对手术过程、治疗效果和病理学检查结果进行分析。结果全部病例成功应用滤网保护装置进行了支架置入术，手术相关并发症的发生率为O。血管狭窄率由支架前的81．4％下降至支架后的14．1％；病理学检查显示，27例患者保护装置的滤网内有斑块成分，占75％；保护装置捕捉到的有形成分包括纤维蛋白、斑块碎片(坏死组织、胆同醇碎片、钙化成分等)。结论 滤网保护装置可以捕捉到颈动脉和椎动脉狭窄支架成形术中碎解的斑块成分，降低术中栓塞性并发症的发生概率；目前临床治疗中应用的滤网保护装置可以选择性地应用于椎动脉起始部狭窄的支架成形术中；滤网保护装置应进一步向微型化发展，以适应更多部位的血管内支架成形术。     

血管内支架术治疗颈动脉狭窄15例

目的总结颈动脉狭窄血管内支架治疗的经验与并发症。方法选择颈动脉狭窄病人15例，在围手术期进行抗凝治疗，对全部病人行全脑血管造影及颈部超声检查。5例病人使用脑保护装置；在未使用脑保护装置的10例病人中有7例病人采取预扩张。2例采取后扩张，1例未扩张。结果15例病人中4例心率下降；术中微栓子脱落1例，治疗后好转；14例症状消失或好转。结论采用正确的围术期治疗及手术方法，颈动脉血管内支架治疗是安全的。     

症状性颈内动脉起始段狭窄血管内自膨式支架治疗26例

目的探讨血管内自膨式支架技术治疗症状性颈内动脉起始段狭窄的临床效果。 方法对26例患者颈内动脉起始段狭窄的患者行全脑血管造影,依照北美有症状颈动脉内膜切除试验测量标准,判断颈动脉狭窄程度,对狭窄率>50％的患者置入自膨式支架,术中5例行球囊预扩张,3例应用保护装置。结果 26例支架置入均获成功,血管残余狭窄程度<30％。术后随访23例(10-22个月),1例发生再狭窄(狭窄率>55％)。结论 血管内支架成形术是治疗颈动脉狭窄的一种有效方法,至于术后存在的血栓形成、再狭窄等问题还有待于今后进一步研究。     

血管内支架成形术治疗短暂性脑缺血发作27例临床分析

目的探讨血管内支架成形术（PTAS）治疗血管狭窄导致顽固性短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）的疗效与安全性。方法对27例血管狭窄导致的顽固性T／A患者行PTAS术,其中14例使用脑保护装置,16例采取预扩张,3例采取后扩张;20例颈内动脉颅外段狭窄和1例基底动脉狭窄采用自膨式支架,椎动脉起始段狭窄5例使用球囊扩张支架,1例头臂干狭窄使用球囊扩张支架。结果27例患者狭窄血管都得到明显改善,血管狭窄程度从术前平均83％下降到术后15％以下,术后短期随访（3—6个月）没有TIA或中风发作。结论PTAS是治疗血管狭窄导致顽固性T／A相对更安全、有效的选择。     

颅外动脉狭窄支架置入治疗44例临床分析

目的分析总结44例颅外动脉狭窄患者支架置入（stent placement，SP）术后的疗效及其并发症，探讨其安全性与可行性。方法44例患者（男28例，女16例，平均年龄68岁）因颅外动脉（颈内动脉颅外段、椎动脉、锁骨下动脉）狭窄〉70％者行sP治疗。术前术后行脑血管造影。术中术后给予抗凝抗血小板治疗。术后每3个月随诊。结果术后立即行脑血管造影，43例患者狭窄血管开通≥60％。1例患者右颈内动脉支架置入未成功，球囊扩张后狭窄血管开通〉50％。术后随诊3～42个月（平均随诊22个月），39例患者对临床疗效满意。2例发生脑梗死，其中1例术后10天再发大面积脑梗死，死亡；另1例术后1年发生脑梗死，为非支架脑血管狭窄所致。1例脑出血合并金葡菌感染病故，另2例病故与本手术无关。结论SP为脑血管严重狭窄者提供了新的、有前途的治疗手段，但有一定风险，术后应长期服用抗血小板药物。     

脑保护装置下的血管成形和支架置入术治疗颈动脉狭窄

目的：探讨颈动脉狭窄患者颈动脉血管成形和支架置入术（CAS）中应用脑保护装置的有效性和安全性。方法：颈动脉狭窄患者CAS治疗时，12例应用脑保护装置（滤网型），16例未使用脑保护装置。结果：28例颈动脉狭窄患者成功释放31枚自膨式支架。未使用脑保护装置组球囊预扩1次（6．2％），无一例后扩；使用脑保护装置组球囊预扩4次（33．3％），后扩6次（50％）。CAS治疗中，7例（25．0％）患者出现短暂性心率减慢和低血压。回收的脑保护装置中2例（16．7％）肉眼可见组织碎片。使用脑保护装置组在围手术期和随访期无神经并发症；未使用脑保护装置组围手术期发生1例（6．3％）脑梗死，随访期发生1例（6．3％）脑梗死。结论：脑保护装置的使用有助于减少颈动脉狭窄患者CAS治疗的神经并发症。     

远端保护装置用于重度颈动脉狭窄的介入治疗

目的分析远端保护装置应用于颈动脉狭窄支架成形术的安全性和有效性。方法对26例症状性颈动脉狭窄患者行血管内支架成形术时应用远端保护装置，首先将远端保护装置通过狭窄部位并在狭窄远端展开，然后行保护性颈动脉支架成形术，观察围手术期缺血性脑卒中的发生情况，并观察保护装置滤网内捕获的斑块组织碎片。结果26例患者行远端滤网保护下的颈动脉支架成形术均获成功，回收的保护装置中有14个（54％）发现滤网中有斑块碎片组织和血栓颗粒，无死亡及急性栓塞事件发生，但有3例患者在手术后1～6d经磁共振检查发现了新的无症状性脑梗死病灶，26例患者在出院后临床随访期内未发生严重脑缺血事件。结论颈动脉支架成形术是重度症状性颈动脉狭窄的微创治疗方法，术中常规使用远端保护装置可提高颈动脉支架成形术的安全性和有效性。     

远端保护装置下CAS治疗颈动脉狭窄的疗效及并发症分析

目的探讨在远端保护装置（保护装置）下采用血管内支架成形术（CAS）治疗颈动脉狭窄的疗效,分析其并发症发生情况。方法对47例颈动脉狭窄患者行颈动脉CAS时应用保护装置,先将保护装置通过狭窄部位并在狭窄远端展开,然后行保护性颈动脉CAS;并对手术过程、疗效及围术期并发症进行分析。结果术后颈动脉造影证实,残余狭窄率〈30%,术后第10天死亡1例;术后1 a均未发生TIA、再卒中及死亡。结论在保护装置下采用CAS治疗颈动脉狭窄安全有效;掌握其适应证及操作规范,可减少并发症发生。     

颈动脉狭窄支架成形术疗效及并发症分析

目的探讨血管内支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄的临床疗效、安全性及并发症。方法选择经脑血管造影证实的颈动脉狭窄患者100例行血管内支架成形术,术中应用抗栓塞远端保护装置,球囊预扩张狭窄部位,释放颈动脉自膨支架。结果所有支架释放定位准确,残余狭窄〈30%,围手术期出现1例脑出血,1例急性血管形成。临床随访1例再发短暂性脑缺血发作,超声示支架远端再狭窄。结论应用脑保护装置进行血管内支架成形术是治疗颈动脉狭窄安全可行的方法 。     

记忆合金支架治疗食管贲门狭窄38例

目的探讨国产记忆合金支架在食管责门良、恶性狭窄的作用．方法在内镜及监视器直视下应用Savary锥形硅胶管扩张后国产记忆合金支架治疗食管贲门狭窄38例，43枚支架．结果38例43枚支架一次置入成功率100％，按Stooler分级，治疗前4级31例，3级7例；治疗后0级5例，1级18例，2级15例，生活质量明显改善，术后当日即可进食．术后有不同程度胸痛，少数恶心呕吐，3例病变上方梗阻复发，在原支架上方又置入一枚支架，2例镜下置放带膜支架一枚．随访置管时间最长达27mo，2例因肝转移死亡，无1例因直接进食障碍而死亡，未发现支架移位及脱落．结论内镜直视下应用锥形硅胶扩张管扩张后置入记忆合金支架，操作安全简便，姑息效果好，并发症少，可明显改善患者的生活质量，提高生存时间．     

MoMa脑保护装置在颈动脉狭窄支架置人术中的作用

目的 探讨颈动脉狭窄支架置人术中使用MoMa脑保护装置的作用.方法 回顾性分析2008年12月-2010年5月,对6例颈内动脉重度狭窄的患者行颈动脉支架置人术并使用MoMa脑保护装置的临床资料.结果 ①6例患者的临床症状均获得改善,NIHSS评分较术前提高1-2分.②保护装置的滤网中均可见捕获的小斑块,无一例患者发生栓子脱落事件,颈内动脉重度狭窄均得到改善（残余狭窄率均〈30%）.③术后3d及3个月复查头部MRI,均未发现新发的缺血病灶.有1例在使用Moma脑保护装置过程中,血液从颈外动脉逆流而加用远端脑保护装置;1例术后出现急性冠状动脉综合征,经积极治疗后好转.6例患者术后3个月复查颈部血管彩超均未发现再狭窄.结论 对颈动脉重度狭窄的患者行支架置人术时,使用MoMa脑保护装置是相对安全、有效的,但尚需大样本病例的进一步研究.     

Early and late outcomes of carotid artery stenting]

OBJECTIVE: Carotid artery stenting is a new approach alternative to surgical carotid endarterectomy. Cerebral protection devices improved the applicability of this technique. In this study, we evaluated applicability, safety and late clinical outcomes of percutaneous interventions for carotid artery stenosis. METHODS: A prospective study included 26 patients (15 female, 11 male, mean age 70+/-16 years) undergoing percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting with different sizes of balloons and stents for 28 internal carotid artery stenoses at Kadir Has University Department of Interventional Radiology between March 2002 and December 2004. Ten patients were asymptomatic, one had amaurosis fugax, four had transient ischemic attack within last four months, one had drop attacks, one had headache, seven had the findings of hemiparesis and three had hemiplegia. RESULTS: Stenosis rates were calculated according to North America Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. Median stenosis rate was 85% (range: 60%-95%). All of the 28 internal carotid artery stenoses were managed with balloon dilatation and stenting (technical success rate 100%). Median residual stenosis rate after procedure was 14% (range: 0%-30%). Asystole developed in five patients and bradycardia in eight patients. Ipsilateral middle cerebral artery infarction occurred in two patients. One patient had intracranial reperfusion bleeding four hours after the procedure. No procedural death was observed within one month of follow-up. One patient died of myocardial infarction four months after the procedure. Cranial computed tomography revealed multiple metastases in one patient complaining of intractable headache and primary source was found to be pulmonary carcinoma. No stent restenosis was defined at Doppler ultrasonographic examinations performed 6 and 12 months after procedures with normal flow patterns and velocities. Two patients underwent control angiography at 12th month and myointimal proliferations with insignificant obstruction (25% and 30%) were detected. CONCLUSION: Carotid artery stenting seems to be applicable and safe procedure but it is associated with infrequent major complications. Results of studies comparing surgery and angioplasty will be helpful in defining role of stenting in the treatment of carotid occlusive disease.     

Early recognition of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid stenting--a case report

The hyperperfusion syndrome is a recognized complication of carotid endarterectomy. Reports of cerebral hyperperfusion injury following internal carotid artery angioplasty and stenting are few We report a case of 76-year-old hypertensive man who was admitted to our hospital for assessment 2 years after experiencing an ischemic stroke of right hemisphere. Angiography confirmed 60% stenosis of left internal carotid artery (ICA). Percutaneous transluminal stenting of left internal carotid artery was performed without any immediate complications. Two hours after the procedure, the patient suddenly deteriorated. Computed tomography (CT) of the brain revealed extensive intracerebral hemorrhage and he died 5 days later. There was precipitating migranous headache, and his blood pressure was moderately elevated at the time of deterioration. Sentinel headache could solely indicate the early sign of hyperperfusion injury after carotid stenting, especially in the presence of arterial hypertension. Patients with sentinel headache after angioplasty should be recognized early and they deserve intensive study for other features of cerebral hyperperfusion injury and prompt early management.     

Angioplasty and stenting for the occluded internal carotid artery

To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of angioplasty and stenting for symptomatic occlusion of carotid artery. From December 2004 to June 2009, 17 patients with progressive or reoccurred ischemic stroke or repeated transient ischemic attack resulted from the total occluded carotid artery underwent angioplasty and stenting were reviewed. All patients with successful procedure were followed up. Clinic and angiography data were documented prospectively. The median time from symptoms onset to procedure was 23 days (range 3–94 days). Twelve of the 17 patients (70%) were obtained technique success. Eight patients were observed the collapse of internal carotid artery between occluded location to origin of ophthalmic artery after the occlusion was patent. Two patients had clots which were solved with urokinase. The collapsed internal carotid artery was improved markedly in the compute tomography angiograph 7 days after the procedure. No any complications related procedures occurred. One patient died from myocardial infarct and one suffered from ischemic minor stroke in brainstem for a median follow-up of 346.5 days. One of 9 patients (11.1%) was observed in-stent stenosis in the follow-up angiography. Angioplasty and stenting was a potential alternative therapy for symptomatic occlusion of carotid artery. Further study is required to determine the safety of this treatment.     

经皮血管内支架成形术治疗高龄颈动脉狭窄患者的临床研究

目的　对平均80岁以上的高龄颈动脉狭窄患者进行经皮血管内支架成形术治疗的可行性,安全性和效果进行探讨。方法　对18例(年龄76～92岁)单侧颈动脉狭窄和其中1例合并椎动脉狭窄患者经磁共振和数字减影血管造影(DSA)确诊,后行经皮颈动脉支架和椎动脉支架血管内成形手术。结果　19例次支架置放均获成功。DSA显示狭窄段的颈动脉直径明显扩大,同侧颅内脑血管循环时间和染色趋于正常。仅1例出现部分运动性失语。随访3～18个月,无1例再发生脑缺血事件;B超复查未见明显支架内再狭窄。结论　对高龄颈动脉狭窄行经皮血管内成形治疗的安全性高,效果可靠。但需重视预防和及时处理围手术期出现的并发症。     

高危症状性颈动脉狭窄支架成形术的疗效分析

目的分析颈动脉支架成形术治疗高危症状性颈动脉狭窄的有效性和安全性。方法对20例高危症状性颈动脉狭窄患者进行颈动脉支架成形术治疗,其中男12例,女8例;年龄为62～76岁,平均69岁。其中短暂性脑缺血发作11例,脑梗死9例。对所有患者均行全脑血管造影,显示颈动脉狭窄率均〉70％,其中一侧颈动脉重度狭窄9例（2例为颈动脉剥脱术后再狭窄）;双侧颈动脉重度狭窄6例;一侧颈动脉闭塞,另--N重度狭窄5例（1例为鼻咽癌放疗术后）。对所有患者使用脑保护装置,并均采用预扩张,预扩张后均使用自膨式支架。结果技术成功率为100％,残余狭窄率均〈30％。所有患者术中均出现不同程度的短暂性心率、血压下降,1例患者出现了微栓子栓塞,无其他严重并发症;其余患者围手术期内无缺血性卒中发作。术后复查颈动脉超声见,显示狭窄明显改善。结论颈动脉支架治疗高危症状性颈动脉狭窄创伤小,围手术期并发症少,是安全、有效的。     

不符合NASCET纳入标准的高危有症状颈动脉狭窄患者的颈动脉成形支架置入术治疗

目的 探讨支架置入术治疗不符合NASCET纳入标准的高危有症状颈动脉狭窄患者的有效性和安全性.方法 对20例不符合NASCET纳入标准的高危有症状颈动脉狭窄患者进行颈动脉支架置入术治疗,其中男性12例,女性8例,年龄62～76岁(平均69岁),短暂性脑缺血发作11例,脑梗死9例.所有患者数字减影血管造影显示颈动脉狭窄程度＞70%(NA-SCET标准),其中-侧颈动脉重度狭窄9例(2例为内膜切除术后再狭窄),双侧颈动脉重度狭窄6例,一侧颈动脉闭塞伴对侧重度狭窄5例(1例为鼻咽癌放疗术后).所有患者均使用栓子保护装置,均采用预扩张和自膨式支架.结果 手术成功率100%,残余狭窄率均＜30%.所有患者术中均出现不同程度的一过性心率和血压下降,1例患者并发微栓子栓塞.其余患者围手术期内无缺血性卒中发作.术后复查颈动脉超声见狭窄显著改善.术后1个月和3个月随访均未发现同侧缺血性卒中和冠状动脉缺血事件.结论 颈动脉支架置入术创伤小、围手术期并发症少,治疗外科手术高危的有症状颈动脉狭窄是安全和有效的.     

Reversed blood flow during internal carotid artery stenting using Parodi Anti-Emboli System--progress in protection against cerebral stroke

Carotid artery stenosis is one of the main causes of stroke. Nowadays two techniques for treating carotid stenosis are available - surgical endarterectomy and percutaneous angioplasty combined with stent implantation at the site of stenosis. Cerebral protection devices during internal carotid stenting significantly decrease the incidence of periprocedural complications, however, during the introduction of protective devices the cerebral blood flow remains unprotected. Therefore, the quest for a system specifically protecting cerebral flow during the whole procedure is still underway. Temporary reversal of carotid flow during the procedure using the Parodi Anti-Emboli System seems a viable solution. The present study describes the first two patients who underwent internal carotid artery stenting using this technique in our institution.     

脑保护装置下高龄重度颈动脉狭窄患者颈动脉支架成形术的有效性和安全性评价

目的评价脑保护装置下高龄重度颈动脉狭窄患者颈动脉支架成形术(CAS)的有效性及安全性。方法选择2009年1月—2012年1月在青岛大学医学院附属医院行CAS的高龄重度颈动脉狭窄患者37例,术中均应用脑保护装置,观察患者狭窄改善情况、围术期并发症发生情况、回收脑保护装置内脱落栓子情况,随访1年观察患者缺血性脑血管事件发生情况。结果 36例患者脑保护伞均一次性顺利通过狭窄段放置到位成功释放;术后残余狭窄率均30%,平均狭窄程度从(83.0±6.7)%降至(13.0±6.1)%;回收的脑保护装置中有26个发现脱落的组织碎片;围术期均未出现脑出血、症状性脑梗死、支架内血栓形成等严重并发症;37例患者随访1年,无短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)、卒中、死亡发生。结论脑保护装置下对高龄重度颈动脉狭窄患者行CAS成功率和安全性较高。     

A "mouse in a trap" method for cerebral protection during carotid stenting: Technical note.

Carotid artery angioplasty and stenting (CAS) is now used as an alternative to surgical endarterectomy. The introduction of cerebral protection systems during stenting has improved carotid artery stenosis treatment, with less periprocedural complications. A "mouse in a trap" method was conceived and used in three patients. This involved an emboli entrapment-aspiration system using one proximal occluder in the common carotid artery and two distal occluders in the internal carotid artery or external carotid artery, followed by serial inflation-deflation cycles during each carotid stenting procedure. Debris was retrieved before dilation in one patient, after deployment in one, and after dilation in two. Although only used in a few cases to date, the method may improve the practice of CAS in treating patients with carotid stenosis, resulting in less thromboembolic events.