三叶前臂皮瓣在口底癌术后缺损修复重建中的应用

目的探讨改良的三叶前臂皮瓣在口底癌术后缺损修复中的应用价值。方法 2016年6月至2019年12月湖南省肿瘤医院收治的口底癌患者12例, T分期均为T2期, 其中高分化鳞状细胞癌9例, 中分化鳞状细胞癌3例。肿瘤切除及颈部淋巴结清扫术后, 缺损面积为5.0 cm×4.5 cm至8.0 cm×6.0 cm。制备三叶前臂皮瓣修复缺损, 皮瓣大小为4.0 cm×1.5 cm至8.0 cm×2.0 cm。供区Z形直接缝合。结果 12例患者术后皮瓣均成活, 创面Ⅰ期愈合。供区切口均Ⅰ期愈合。平均随访38.6个月, 患者无感觉、功能障碍, 吞咽、语言功能满意。结论三叶前臂皮瓣可有效修复口底癌术后缺损, 同时供区能直接缝合, 避免因植皮造成的第2供区以及植皮后影响前臂功能。     

134例头颈部肿瘤手术后缺损修复

目的：分析4种皮瓣修复头颈部缺损的效果、功能、并发症和供区创伤的大小，以为不同的缺损选择不同的皮瓣。方法：134例头颈部肿瘤患者，均行联合根治术加胸大肌肌皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、额瓣、前臂皮瓣修复。结果：胸大肌皮瓣全部存活96例，部分坏死21例，坏死≥1／25例，全部坏死2例，颈阔肌皮瓣全部存活2例，部分坏死1例，全部坏死1例，4例额瓣和2例前臂皮瓣全部存活。结论：口腔及颈部大面积缺损需要胸大肌肌皮瓣修复，对需要洞穿修复的，尤其是女性，应尽量避免用胸大肌折叠瓣，可用复合瓣。对一般的口腔缺损用前臂皮瓣修复最为合适。     

头颈部恶性肿瘤术后缺损的I期修复与重建

目的:探讨不同修复方法在头颈部恶性肿瘤术后缺损I期修复与重建中的作用,评价其临床效果.方法:1989年1月至1998年12月,我们对258例头颈部恶性肿瘤患者的术后缺损进行了I期修复与重建,患者年龄23～81岁,中位年龄51.3岁,男160例,女98例.缺损部位包括:头皮62例,颈部40例,口颊部39例,鼻部29例,唇颏部27例,颧颞部22例,下颌骨20例,舌及口底部12例,其它7例.修复方法:局部皮瓣修复75例;局部皮瓣加游离植皮53例;邻近组织瓣修复加游离植皮47例;肌皮瓣18例;肌皮瓣加局部皮瓣或游离植皮25例;游离组织瓣移植30例;游离组织瓣加邻近组织瓣修复3例;组织代用品7例.结果:全组258例病人,共采用276个皮瓣及组织代用品修复.手术成功224例,手术基本成功23例,手术失败11例.结论:头颈部肿瘤术后I期修复与重建可最大限度地减少术后功能障碍和畸形,提高患者生存质量.     

胸大肌肌皮瓣在晚期头颈肿瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣在晚期头颈肿瘤手术中的应用。方法应用胸大肌肌皮瓣一期修复晚期头颈肿瘤术后缺损262例（其中折叠瓣17例修复口内外穿通性缺损,20例胸大肌肌膜瓣修复口内缺损,5例胸大肌皮瓣联合游离植皮修复咽瘘,5例胸大肌肌皮瓣联合游离皮瓣双瓣修复颌面部洞穿性缺损）。舌再造62例,修复口咽53例,修复口底41例,修复口颊24例,修复颈部31例,修复下咽缺损22例,修复腮腺区缺损29例。结果262例肌皮瓣252例全部成活,8例皮瓣部分坏死肌瓣成活,2例肌皮瓣完全坏死,总的成活率为99.2%（260/262）。术后随访1～10年,所有患者术后进食、吞咽功能恢复良好,语言功能大多恢复良好。结论胸大肌肌皮瓣血供可靠,组织量丰富,且应用较灵活,可制作成肌皮瓣或肌瓣,对于晚期头颈肿瘤术后缺损是最优选择。     

头颈部恶性肿瘤术后缺损的Ⅰ期修复与重建

目的：探讨不同修复方法在头颈部恶性肿瘤术后缺损Ⅰ期修复与重建中的作用。评价其临床效果。方法：1989年1月至1998年12月，我们对258例头颈部恶性肿瘤患者的术后缺损进行了Ⅰ期修复与重建，患者年龄23-81岁，中位年龄51.3岁，男160例，女98例，缺损部位包括；头皮62例，颈部40例，口颊部39例，鼻部29例，唇颏部27例，颧颞部22例，下颌骨20例舌及口底部12例，其它7例，修复方法：局部皮瓣修复75例；局部皮瓣加游离植皮53例，邻近组织瓣修复加游离植皮47例，肌皮瓣18例，肌皮瓣加局部皮瓣或游离植皮25例；游离组织瓣移植30例，游离组织瓣加邻近组织瓣修复3例；组织代用品7例。结果：全组258例病人，共采用276个皮瓣及组织代用品修复，手术成功224例，手术基本成功23例，手术失败11例。结论：头颈部肿瘤术后Ⅰ期修复与重建可最大限度地减少术后功能障碍和畸形，提高患者生存质量。     

游离前臂皮瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损的观察和护理

头颈部肿瘤的治疗方式以手术为主,但根治性的手术必然导致头颈部的各种缺损,使患者的外貌、进食、言语等受到影响,导致患者的生存质量不断下降。随着显微外科技术的飞速发展,游离组织瓣在修复缺损手术中的应用越来越多,尤其是前臂桡侧游离皮瓣,因为其解剖恒定、易于塑形、组织瓣薄等优点,是修复头颈部缺损的最佳选择。我科于2006年5月至2011年10月应用前臂桡侧游离皮瓣修复头颈部缺损52例,取得良好效果,现就对患者的在围手术期的护理方法总结如下。     

颈胸部双叶皮瓣Ⅰ期修复颌面部肿瘤术后巨大缺损(附4例)

目的:研究利用颈胸部双叶皮瓣修复颌面部肿瘤手术后巨大缺损的方法。方法:用颈胸部双叶皮瓣修复颌面部巨大缺损。结果:4例修复均成功,效果满意(其中最大缺损为15cm×14cm)。结论:利用颈胸部双叶皮瓣Ⅰ期修复颌面部肿瘤手术后缺损是一种方便有效的修复方式。     

提高头颈肿瘤术后缺损一期修复质量的体会

本文总结了头颈肿瘤术后缺损行一期修复８９例的临床经验，认为首次治疗的设计正确合理是一期修复质量的保证；全面掌握修复手段，不断提高修复技术是提高一期修复质量的关键。文中讨论了三角形皮下蒂皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣、舌骨下肌群肌皮瓣、舌瓣、腭瓣、额瓣、颈前带状肌（皮）瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣、前臂游离皮瓣等各自的优缺点和适应症的选择。     

改良带蒂胸大肌皮瓣修复头颈部晚期恶性肿瘤术后复杂缺损的临床应用

背景与目的：带蒂胸大肌皮瓣因为具有多种优点一直是头颈部组织缺损修复应用的经典组织瓣。当今,随着显微技术普及和提高,游离组织瓣逐步取代了带蒂组织瓣。然而,临床上并非所有病例均适宜接受游离组织瓣修复手术,邻近带蒂组织瓣更安全可靠。拟通过改进胸大肌皮瓣的制备及修复方法,探讨改良带蒂胸大肌皮瓣在修复头颈部晚期恶性肿瘤术后复杂缺损时的应用。方法：在皮瓣设计方案及制备方法等多方面改进胸大肌皮瓣,修复头颈部晚期恶性肿瘤术后复杂缺损患者51例。结果：51例改良胸大肌皮瓣全部存活,缺损区修复后外形和供区外形情况满意,缺损区功能得到良好的恢复,供区术后功能损伤最小化。结论：胸大肌皮瓣在设计及制备方法等多方面的改良,提高了对头颈部恶性肿瘤术后复杂缺损修复的范围及修复的距离,减少皮瓣坏死的概率,术后供区和受区外形、功能效果满意,目前仍然是头颈部恶性肿瘤术后缺损的重要修复手段之一。     

肌腱悬吊联合前臂皮瓣重建口腔癌术后合并口角缺损的临床应用研究

目的：探讨肌腱悬吊联合前臂皮瓣游离移植修复重建口腔癌术后合并口角缺损的临床效果。方法：对12例颊粘膜鳞癌根治术后合并口角缺损的患者,根据唇、颊部和口角缺损大小个性化设计前臂皮瓣,供、受区血管行端端吻合,按缺损长度切取掌长肌肌腱与口轮匝肌和颊肌悬吊缝合重建口角。结果12例血管化游离移植前臂皮瓣全部存活,术后口角外形满意。术后随访6~24个月,所有患者唇颊部形态、功能恢复良好,无明显言语及咀嚼功能障碍,未见肿瘤复发及远处转移。结论：肌腱悬吊联合前臂皮瓣游离移植是修复口腔癌术后合并口角缺损较为理想的一种选择。     

桡侧前臂皮瓣和舌骨下肌肌皮瓣在半舌缺损修复中的比较

目的比较桡侧前臂皮瓣（radial forearm flap,RFF）和舌骨下肌肌皮瓣（infrahyoid myocutaneous flap,IHMF）修复半舌缺损的成功率和功能效果,探索和优化半舌缺损修复的技术方法。方法分别采用RFF（n=15）和IHMF（n=12）修复T2（n=22）、T3（n=5）舌癌术后半舌缺损。对比2组的手术成功率;以语言交流、进食、舌活动功能为参数评价和对比2组病例术后1年的舌功能状况。结果 RFF组15例皮瓣全部存活,无手术并发症发生;IHMF组12例发生单纯皮岛坏死1例,皮岛边缘缺血造成缝合口延迟愈合1例,无其它手术并发症发生。2组病例术后1年语言交流、进食、舌活动功能相近,P值均〉0.05。结论 RFF和IHMF修复半舌缺损均有较高的手术成功率和较低的手术并发症率,术后舌功能良好。对于手术耐受力较差的患者,IHMF在半舌缺损修复中可替代RFF。     

Severe atherosclerosis of the radial artery in a free radial forearm flap precluding its use

The free radial forearm flap is the most frequently used free flap for head and neck reconstructions. Survival of free flaps is dependent on adequate blood supply. A 69-year old woman was scheduled for excision of a T3N0M0 oropharyngeal carcinoma, neck dissections and reconstruction with a free vascularized radial forearm flap. During the operation it appeared that the entire radial artery was almost completely obstructed by atherosclerotic plaques precluding microvascular anastomosis. Despite systemic risk factors certain artery types are more prone to develop clinically manifest atherosclerosis. There are no reports on the pathology of the radial artery in free flap reconstructions. In head and neck cancer patients severe atherosclerosis of the radial artery is very rare, but if present makes free radial forearm flap reconstruction impossible. Therefore, in patients with risk factors for peripheral vascular disease screening for radial artery stenosis should be considered.     

Breast reconstruction using perforator flaps

BACKGROUND: Perforator flaps allow the transfer of the patient's own skin and fat in a reliable manner with minimal donor-site morbidity. The deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEP) and superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flaps transfer the same tissue from the abdomen to the chest for breast reconstruction as the TRAM flap without sacrificing the rectus muscle or fascia. Gluteal artery perforator (GAP) flaps allow transfer of tissue from the buttock, also with minimal donor-site morbidity. INDICATIONS: Most women requiring tissue transfer to the chest for breast reconstruction or other reasons are candidates for perforator flaps. Absolute contraindications to perforator flap breast reconstruction include history of previous liposuction of the donor site or active smoking (within 1 month prior to surgery). ANATOMY AND TECHNIQUE: The DIEP flap is supplied by intramuscular perforators from the deep inferior epigastric artery and vein. The SIEA flap is based on the SIEA and vein, which arise from the common femoral artery and saphenous bulb. GAP flaps are based on perforators from either the superior or inferior gluteal artery. During flap harvest, these perforators are meticulously dissected free from the surrounding muscle which is spread in the direction of the muscle fibers and preserved intact. The pedicle is anastomosed to recipient vessels in the chest and the donor site is closed without the use of mesh or other materials. CONCLUSIONS: Perforator flaps allow the safe and reliable transfer of abdominal tissue for breast reconstruction.     

Surgical therapy of vulvar cancer: how to choose the correct reconstruction?

ObjectiveTo create a comprehensive algorithmic approach to reconstruction after vulvar cancer ablative surgery, which includes both traditional and perforator flaps, evaluating anatomical subunits and shape of the defect.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 80 cases of reconstruction after vulvar cancer ablative surgery, performed between June 2006 and January 2016, transferring 101 flaps. We registered the possibility to achieve the complete wound closure, even in presence of very complex defects, and the postoperative complications. On the basis of these experience, analyzing the choices made and considering the complications, we developed an algorithm to help with the selection of the flap in vulvoperineal reconstruction after oncologic ablative surgery for vulvar cancer.ResultsWe employed eight types of different flaps, including 54 traditional fasciocutaneous V-Y flaps, 23 rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps, 11 anterolateral thigh flaps, three V-Y gracilis myocutaneous flaps, three free style perforators V-Y flaps from the inner thigh, two Limberg flaps, two lotus flaps, two deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap, and one superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap. The structures most frequently involved in resection were vulva, perineum, mons pubis, groins, vagina, urethra and, more rarely, rectum, bladder, and lower abdominal wall.ConclusionThe algorithm we implemented can be a useful tool to help flap selection. The key points in the decision-making process are: anatomical subunits to be covered, overall shape and symmetry of the defect and some patient features such as skin laxity or previous radiotherapy. Perforator flaps, when feasible, must be considered standard in vulvoperineal reconstruction, although in some cases traditional flaps remain the best choice.     

Hand Doppler flowmetry for surgical planning of pedicled flap in extensive full-thickness scalp reconstruction

Reconstruction of scalp defects can be performed with local flaps for medium to large defects (2–25 cm²) and microvascular free flaps for extensive full-thickness scalp reconstruction greater than 25 cm². Doppler flowmetry with its ability to exactly mark the course of arteries on the overlying skin, is a useful tool for the surgical planning of large local flaps. In our retrospective study conducted on 38 patients (all patients had malignancies or post-traumatic scalp defects), consisting of 39 total surgical procedures, we studied the impact of doppler ultrasonic flowmetry in the surgical planning for pedicled flaps in extensive full-thickness scalp reconstruction (>25 cm²) by evaluating overall flap survival rate. Nine different types of local flaps were employed in the scalp reconstruction: Superficial temporal artery (STA) pedicled rotation flap, STA pedicled transposition flap, STA islanded flap, bipedicled STA flap, bipedicled fronto-occipital flap, Supraorbital/Supratrochlear artery rotation flap, Supraorbital/Supratrochlear artery transposition flap, Occipital artery (OA) pedicled rotation flap, OA pedicled transposition flap. Before each surgical procedure a hand held doppler Huntleigh Diagnostic flowmeter with a 8 MHz probe was used to identify and follow the course of the arteries. Flap survival rate was 100%. No postoperative complications related to the flap were reported, while in two patients a partial skin graft failure occurred.     

Reconstruction of nasal defects our three years experience

This paper recount our experience with reconstructing various nasal defects in 44 patients operated in our institute over last 3 years by using various flaps This is a prospective study Our hospital prefabricated scalping flap are the flaps of choice. Free radial artery forearm flaps are also useful in large defects reconstruction.     

多种组织瓣在口颊缺损重建中的应用

背景与目的：合理采用组织瓣进行口颊缺损重建,可以扩大口颊癌手术指征,改善患者的生存质量,延长患者生命。本研究目的是探讨组织瓣重建口颊缺损的指征,不同组织瓣的选择以及重建的手术技巧。方法：2005年9月至2007年8月间共行26例组织瓣重建口颊缺损手术,其中单纯口颊粘膜切除8例;口颊大型缺损18例,其中包括口颊面部皮肤洞穿切除11例,口颊、皮肤以及口角全缺损切除7例。26例患者中有7例行腮腺导管切除。胸大肌肌皮瓣转移重建5例,游离前臂桡侧皮瓣重建11例,游离股前外侧皮瓣6例,胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣4例。8例患者行术后放疗,剂量为66～70Gy。结果：围术期无死亡病例,1例皮瓣坏死,为游离前臂皮瓣重建病例;1例皮瓣部分坏死,为胸大肌肌皮瓣重建病例。皮瓣成功率为96．2％（25／26）。1例伤口积液,为涎腺瘘。所有患者均随访1-3年,7例复发患者中4例为原发灶复发,3例为颈部淋巴结复发。随访期间2例患者死亡,均为原发灶局部复发者。结论：游离股前外侧皮瓣和游离前臂皮瓣是重建口颊大型缺损的良好皮瓣,是大于4cm的口颊缺损的首选：胸大肌肌皮瓣可作为口颊大型缺损重建的备用皮瓣;小于4cm的口颊缺损可选用胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣。     

Use of the infra hyoid musculo-cutaneous flap in soft palate reconstruction

AIMS: To review a series of 23 consecutive patients with squamous cell carcinomas arising from oropharynx who underwent infra hyoid musculo-cutaneous flap reconstruction including soft palate in alternative to free radial forearm flap or maxillofacial prosthesis. Post operative radiotherapy was performed for all patients. RESULTS: Every reconstruction healed quickly without major wound complications. The functional results evaluated by speech and swallowing capacities, were good for 17 patients, fair for 4 patients and bad for 2. CONCLUSIONS: The infra hyoid musculo-cutaneous flap is a versatile, reliable and convenient flap suitable for repairing small and medium sized defects; it can be used in combination with other flaps, and in selected cases obviates the need for a microvascular free radial forearm flap or maxillofacial prosthesis.     

个体化前臂皮瓣Ⅰ期修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损

 目的探讨个体化前臂皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损的可行性,并评价其疗效。方法对32例口腔颌面部软组织缺损的病例根据缺损的部位及形态设计前臂皮瓣,分析皮瓣成活情况及术后皮瓣修复效果。结果32例皮瓣全部成活,成功率100%。本组随访6~36个月,口腔颌面部功能及外形恢复好。结论个体化设计的前臂皮瓣对颌面组织缺损Ⅰ期重建,安全可靠,制备简单,是修复口腔颌面软组织缺损的理想方法,可明显提高患者的生存质量。