复方氨基酸胶囊对糖尿病肾病患者胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的探讨复方氨基酸胶囊对糖尿病肾病患者的临床疗效及对胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法 170例糖尿病肾病患者随机分成观察组和对照组,每组85例。两组均给予贝那普利及常规治疗,观察组在此基础上加用复方氨基酸胶囊治疗,疗程为3个月。比较两组治疗前后临床疗效、胰岛素抵抗指数及药物不良反应的差异。结果①观察组有效率(90.59%)显著高于对照组(75.29%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②两组治疗后尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)、胰岛素抵抗指数、空腹血糖、餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白、收缩压及舒张压均较同组治疗前显著下降,清蛋白较同组治疗前显著上升,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组UAER、胰岛素抵抗指数、收缩压及舒张压均显著低于对照组,清蛋白高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③观察组总不良反应发生率(15.29%)与对照组(12.94%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论复方氨基酸胶囊可能通过改善糖尿病肾病患者胰岛素抵抗来降低UAER,提高临床疗效。     

厄贝沙坦对老年代谢综合征患者血管内皮细胞功能的影响

目的 研究厄贝沙坦治疗前后老年代谢综合征患者内皮依赖性血流介导血管舒张功能及对血管内皮功能的影响.方法 96例老年代谢综合征患者连续序贯分为厄贝沙坦组48例和生活方式干预组48例.干预4周,干预前后分别检测血压、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、血脂、一氧化氮、前列环素、内皮素一l、超氧化物歧化酶、超声检测内皮依赖性血流介导的血管舒张功能.结果 厄贝沙坦组和生活方式干预组患者治疗前后比较,血压、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、血脂、一氧化氮、前列环素、内皮素-1、超氧化物歧化酶均有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),内皮依赖性血管舒张功能明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 厄贝沙坦改善老年代谢综合征患者内皮依赖性血流介导的血管舒张功能,改善患者的胰岛素抵抗及血管内皮细胞的分泌功能.     

代谢综合征膳食纤维强化干预效果分析

目的研究运动、饮食治疗基础上进行膳食纤维强化干预代谢综合征女性患者的效果。方法选择未采用药物治疗的女性代谢综合征患者67例,所有受试者均为城市轻体力劳动者,对照组接受运动和饮食干预,实验组在运动、饮食治疗的基础上给予30 g/d的膳食纤维强化干预,持续4个月。观察并比较2组患者干预后的临床效果。结果干预后实验组体质指数、腰臀比、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、餐后血糖、内脏脂肪指数降低幅度较对照组显著,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论患者在饮食、运动治疗的基础上进行强化膳食纤维治疗可改善患者体成分、血糖、血脂。     

葛根素对胰岛素抵抗大鼠脂肪组织中糖原合成酶激酶3β表达的影响

目的探讨葛根素对高脂饮食诱导的胰岛素抵抗大鼠脂肪组织中糖原合成酶激酶3β(GSK-3β)表达的影响。方法30只SPF级雄性Wister大鼠随机分为2组,正常对照组10只,常规饲料喂养,模型组20只,高脂饲料喂养;4周后模型形成,模型组随机分为2组(胰岛素抵抗组、葛根素干预组,每组10只),继以高脂饲料喂养,葛根素干预组同时给予葛根素注射液100mg·kg-1·d-1腹腔注射。干预6周后,用Western-blot方法检测各组大鼠附睾脂肪组织中GSK-3β的表达,分析对比各组的表达差异;定期检测大鼠体重、空腹血糖及血浆胰岛素、血甘油三酯和胆固醇,并计算胰岛素敏感指数。结果高脂饲料喂养4周后,与正常对照组比较,模型组大鼠体重(BW)、空腹血糖(FPG)、胰岛素(FINS)、胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),胰岛素敏感指数ISI显著下降(P<0.01),胰岛素抵抗模型诱导成功;葛根素干预6周后,与胰岛素抵抗组大鼠比较,脂肪组织中GSK-3β的表达显著下降(P<0.05),和正常对照组比较,无显著差异。结论葛根素显著下调脂肪组织GSK-3β的表达,并且可能参与其改善胰岛素抵抗的机制。     

辛伐他汀对代谢综合征患者炎性反应及胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的探讨辛伐他汀对代谢综合征患者炎性反应及胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法48例代谢综合征患者按入院单双号随机分为辛伐他汀组及对照组,两组均给予常规治疗,辛伐他汀组每天加用辛伐他汀40mg,1次／d,治疗8局,观察两组治疗前后血浆超敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）及脂联素水平,并计算胰岛素抵抗指数。结果辛伐他汀组治疗后hsCRP水平较治疗前明显降低（P〈0．05）,而脂联素水平及胰岛素抵抗指数治疗前后无明显差异（均P〉0．05）;辛伐他汀组治疗后低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇及总胆固醇水平较治疗前差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。结论辛代他汀可减轻代谢综合征患者的炎性反应,对胰岛素抵抗未见明显影响。     

自拟温脾扶正汤治疗代谢综合征疗效观察

目的:观察自拟温脾扶正汤对代谢综合征的治疗效果.方法:选取2015年2月－2016年6月在本院门诊或住院治疗的代谢综合征患者70例,随机分为两组各35例,两组患者均予以降糖、降压、降脂等基础治疗,治疗组给予自拟温脾扶正汤,对照组给予安慰剂(剂量为治疗组自拟温脾扶正汤剂量的1/20),于早晚饭后0.5 h口服.两组疗程均为12周.考察两组临床疗效,观察两组治疗前后血压、体质量(BMI)、腰围、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹胰岛素水平(FPI)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)的差异及药物安全性.结果:治疗组和对照组总有效率分别为91.43％和71.43％,治疗组优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).治疗组治疗后血压、BMI和腰围比治疗前均有显著改善(P<0.01);治疗组收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、BMI和腰围均明显低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01).治疗组治疗后血糖变化与治疗前相比,各项数值均有明显改善(P<0.05或P<0.01);FPG、2 hPG、HbA1c和HOMA-IR均明显低于对照组(P<0.05),FPI差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).治疗组治疗后血脂变化与治疗前相比,各项数值均有明显改善(P<0.05或P<0.01);TG、TC和LDL-C均明显低于对照组(P<0.05),HDL-C差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).两组均未见严重不良反应的发生.结论:自拟温脾扶正汤能明显降低代谢综合征患者的腰围、血压、血糖和血脂,有效改善临床症状,效果确切,且安全性良好.     

厄贝沙坦对老年代谢综合征患者血管内皮细胞功能的影响

目的研究厄贝沙坦治疗前后老年代谢综合征患者内皮依赖性血流介导血管舒张功能及对血管内皮功能的影响。方法 96例老年代谢综合征患者连续序贯分为厄贝沙坦组48例和生活方式干预组48例。干预4周,干预前后分别检测血压、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、血脂、一氧化氮、前列环素、内皮素-1、超氧化物歧化酶、超声检测内皮依赖性血流介导的血管舒张功能。结果厄贝沙坦组和生活方式干预组患者治疗前后比较,血压、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、血脂、一氧化氮、前列环素、内皮素-1、超氧化物歧化酶均有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),内皮依赖性血管舒张功能明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论厄贝沙坦改善老年代谢综合征患者内皮依赖性血流介导的血管舒张功能,改善患者的胰岛素抵抗及血管内皮细胞的分泌功能。     

利拉鲁肽联合地屈孕酮治疗肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征的效果

目的探讨利拉鲁肽注射液联合地屈孕酮对肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征患者胰岛素抵抗及氧化应激水平的影响。方法将2016年1月至2018年5月收治的肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征患者94例按随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组,每组47例,对照组患者接受常规治疗+地屈孕酮片,观察组在对照组基础上加利拉鲁肽,观察2组治疗前后疗效、胰岛素抵抗及氧化应激水平。结果观察组治疗后的总有效率为96%,比对照组79%的总有效率明显更高(P<0.05);2组治疗前的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、体质量指数(BMI)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),观察组治疗后的HOMA-IR、FINS、BMI明显优于对照组(P<0.05);观察组治疗后的丙二醇(MDA)、脂质过氧化氢(LHP)较对照组低,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)较对照组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论利拉鲁肽注射液联合地屈孕酮可减轻肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征患者胰岛素抵抗,也能抑制氧化应激反应。     

复方醋酸环丙孕酮与二甲双胍干预对多囊卵巢综合征内分泌的影响

目的观察复方醋酸环丙孕酮与二甲双胍对多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者内分泌的影响。方法选取72例PCOS患者,随机分为2组,每组36例,对照组采用复方醋酸环丙孕酮片口服治疗,连续服用6个疗程,观察组患者在对照组基础上加服二甲双胍片,连续服用6个月。分别测定两组患者治疗前后雌二醇(E2)、黄体生成素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、睾酮(T)及性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)、血脂水平、空腹血糖(FBG)、胰岛素释放水平(F-Ins),并计算游离雄激素指数(FAI),对两组患者测定结果进行比较。结果对照组治疗后LH、LH/FSH、FAI较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),SHBG较治疗前明显升高(P<0.05);观察组LH、LH/FSH、FAI及T水平较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),SHBG较治疗前明显升高(P<0.05)。观察组治疗后各项指标与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者治疗后HDL-C较治疗前显著升高,LDL-C较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05),与对照组治疗后比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组治疗前后FBG及F-Ins差异无统计学意义,观察组治疗后与其治疗前及对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论复方醋酸环丙孕酮与二甲双胍干预治疗多囊卵巢综合征,可显著改善患者高胰岛素血症、胰岛素抵抗及高雄激素状态,较单用复方醋酸环丙酮治疗效果更为显著,值得临床推广应用。     

代谢综合征患者血清脂联素水平与胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

目的:探讨代谢综合征患者血清脂联素水平与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法:选取代谢综合征患者35例,另选健康对照组20例,所有实验对象空腹采血离心取血清测定脂联素、胰岛素、血糖、胰岛素敏感性指数、胰岛素抵抗指数。结果:与对照组相比,代谢综合征组血清脂联素水平、胰岛素敏感性指数显著降低(P<0.01),血清胰岛素、血糖显著升高(P<0.01)。在代谢综合征组中,血清脂联素与胰岛素、血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数呈负相关,与胰岛素敏感性指数呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论:低血清脂联素水平与胰岛素抵抗密切相关。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.