修饰电极新动向:在药物分析中的应用

修饰电极(Modified electrodes)技术所获得的成就推动了电化学的发展.经研究证实固相化化学品、酶或药品都有较好的电化学反应性.为了对各种药物进行分析,对设计高度专一性的材料以制备增强活性的新型电极已进行大量的研究.一种是以共价结合到金属氧化物电极表面(硅烷化);另一种是接到碳电极上(游离氧化物碳、碳糊,化学吸附于碳上及其他);第三种是在电极上进行薄膜聚合.电活性基团可能是聚合物中的一部分或通过静电效应如通过离子交换过程嵌入聚合物中.     

烟酰胺在玻碳及聚吡咯修饰电极上的电化学行为

目的：研究烟酰胺在玻碳电极及聚吡咯电极上的电化学行为,有助于了解其在人体内的代谢情况。方法：在不同酸度的支持电解质溶液中,分别研究了烟酰胺在玻碳电极和聚吡咯修饰电极上的电化学信息,测试了不同电位范围内烟酰胺的循环伏安电化学信号和电化学反应产物的红外、紫外光谱。结果：在玻碳电极表面,烟酰胺可被分两步电化学还原为二氢吡啶和四氢吡啶结构。四氢吡啶结构的电化学还原产物有电活性,可被分步氧化为环内共轭双键结构和烟酰胺。结论：支持电解质的酸度对氧化还原峰的电流影响较大;聚吡咯（ＰＰｙ）膜对烟酰胺的还原反应有电化学催化作用。提出了烟酰胺电化学反应的机理。     

烟酰胺在玻碳及聚吡咯修饰电极上的电化学行为

目的：研究烟酰胺在玻碳电极及聚吡咯电极上的电化学行为,有助于了解其在人体内的代谢情况。方法：在不同酸度的支持电解质溶液中,分别研究了烟酰胺在玻碳电极和聚吡咯修饰电极上的电化学信息,测试了不同电位范围内烟酰胺的循环伏安电化学信号和电化学反应产物的红外、紫外光谱。结果：在玻碳电极表面,烟酰胺可被分两步电化学还原为二氢吡啶和四氢吡啶结构。四氢吡啶结构的电化学还原产物有电活性,可被分步氧化为环内共轭双键结构和烟酰胺。结论：支持电解质的酸度对氧化还原峰的电流影响较大;聚吡咯(PPy)膜对烟酰胺的还原反应有电化学催化作用。提出了烟酰胺电化学反应的机理。     

玻碳电极吸附伏安法测定泰尔登

泰尔登,化学名2-氯-N,N-二甲基噻吨-△~9丙胺,为噻吨类抗精神病药物的主要品种,临床治疗精神分裂症,效果较好,但有关该药物的分析报道甚少。本文首次提出了泰尔登的电化学分析方法——玻碳电极吸附伏安法。作者曾用碳糊电极测定了吩噻嗪类药物,但用该电极测定泰尔登时,却因不能有效富集而未获成功。实验中发现,泰尔登在玻碳表面有强烈的吸附作用,并能在电极上发生氧化反应,溶出峰电流和浓度呈线性关系。本文     

阳、阴离子型药物电位滴定通用电极的比较研究

磷钨酸十六烷基三辛基铵电极可用于多种阳离子型及阴离子型药物的电位滴定,分别用四苯硼钠及硫酸作滴定剂,电位突跃可达150～400 mV,最低测定浓度可达10^-5mol/L左右,经过短时转化,即可改用于不同药物的滴定。季磷、季钟盐型电极或其它阴离子型电极性能较差。电活性物显示烃基加重效应。电极结构无显著影响。表面活性剂苯扎溴铵可加速活化。     

黄连素离子选择电极的研制

本工作对黄连素离子选择电极进行了研制。用这种电极测定黄连素有简便快速的特点。膜用聚氯乙烯为基体,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯为增塑剂,黄连素—四苯硼盐为电活性物质。所制成的电极对药根碱,小蘗胺及其它一些生物碱具有一定的选择性,可不经预先分离直接测定片剂中黄连素的含量。     

电化学分析法在药物分析中的应用简介及电容量分析法在药物分析中…

以某些电物理量如电极电位，电流、电量等的突变作为滴定分析法的终点判断，具有简单、灵敏，准确等优点，且能用于非水介质中的测定，因此被广泛用于药物分析。本文就电容量分析法在药物分析中的应用近况进行介绍。     

电化学分析法在药物分析中的应用简介及电容量分析法在药物分析中的应用

以某些电物理量如电极电位，电流、电量等的突变作为滴定分析法的终点判断，具有简单、灵敏，准确等优点，且能用于非水介质中的测定，因此被广泛用于药物分析。本文就电容量分析法在药物分析中的应用近况进行介绍。     

测定某些有机药物的通用石墨内导PVC膜电极

用石墨作内部接触制备了一种通用PVC膜电极,可用于某些药物的分析测定。PVC膜用十六烷基三辛基碘化铵作定域体,并用邻苯二甲酸二丁酯作溶剂介体,测定某一药物时,用相应药物的溶液活化电极。报道了电极对苯巴比妥,硫喷妥,异戊巴比妥、苯妥英、利尿酸及水杨酸的电位响应特性及最佳pH与浓度区间。用该电极测定上述药物获得了较好的回收率。     

测定某些有机药物的通用石墨内导PVC膜电极

用石墨作内部接触制备了一种通用PVC膜电极,可用于某些药物的分析测定。PVC膜用十六烷基三辛基碘化铵作定域体,并用邻苯二甲酸二丁酯作溶剂介体,测定某一药物时,用相应药物的溶液活化电极。报道了电极对苯巴比妥,硫喷妥,异戊巴比妥、苯妥英、利尿酸及水杨酸的电位响应特性及最佳pH与浓度区间。用该电极测定上述药物获得了较好的回收率。     

Solid-state PVC flow-through benzoate electrode

A general construction procedure for conventional shape ion-selective electrodes based on a conductive support prepared with a mixture of a non-conductive epoxy and graphite was used in the preparation of a flow-through benzoate electrode to be used as potentiometric detector in flow injection analysis manifolds. The membranes were prepared from tetraoctylammonium benzoate in o-nitrophenyloctylether immobilized on PVC.

The results of the assessment of the tubular electrodes behaviour in low dispersion manifolds against that of conventional electrodes with the same membrane are reported.

Data obtained with a double-channel flow injection manifold incorporating these tubular detectors for benzoate determinations in several commercially available pharmaceutical preparations are also presented.     

Amperometric biosensors for clinical and therapeutic drug monitoring: a review

The coupling of enzymes and electrode transducers permits the rapid and simple determination of endogeneous compounds and therapeutic drugs in clinical samples. New developments in the operation, miniaturization and microfabrication of electrochemical biosensors offer exciting possibilities for biomedical and pharmaceutical analysis. This review focuses on the current state of amperometric enzyme electrodes for biomedicine, with emphasis on recent advances, challenges and trends.     

经济转型的中国医药产业技术结构调整路径分析

目的 “十二五”初期,中国政府多项医药、卫生发展专项规划提出了医药产业“经济发展方式转变”、“结构调整和优化升级”的政策目标。对中国医药产业技术结构调整路径进行探索和研究,旨在为各级政府实现“十二五”期间的战略目标提供决策支持。方法 梳理影响医药产业技术结构调整的相关因素;分析技术结构调整与经济增长、技术创新的关联性;对技术结构调整进行Panel Data（面板数据）模型的实证研究。结果与结论 中国医药产业技术结构的基础力量不强,专利申请的贡献度不大,化学制药业和中药制造业属于粗放型增长方式。可采取制度创新、通用技术、企业信息化、创新活动等技术结构调整的路径,推进实现“经济发展方式转变”,“结构调整和优化升级”的政策目标。     

Flow-injection potentiometric and conductometric determination of papaverine hydrochloride in the parent substance and a related pharmaceutical preparation

Papaverine (Pap) ion-selective plastic membrane electrodes based on ion associates of papaverine with phosphotungstic acid (Pap-PTA) and phosphomolybdic acid (Pap-PMA) were prepared and fully characterized in terms of membrane composition, life span, pH, and temperature. The proposed electrodes were applied to potentiometeric determination of papaverine in the parent substance and a related pharmaceutical preparation under batch and flow-injection analysis conditions. In addition, conductometric titrations were used for the assay of papaverine in the parent substance and the related pharmaceutical preparation. The selectivity of electrodes with respect to a large number of foreign inorganic cations, amino acids, and sugars was tested. The solubility product of the ion associate and the rate constant of the precipitation reaction leading to the ion associate formation were determined conductometrically. Published in Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 41, No. 8, pp. 49–56, August, 2007.     

制药用水系统微生物菌群特性分析及培养探讨

制药用水是药品生产过程中应用最广泛的原料和溶剂，大量用于器具、设备设施和系统的清洗、消毒过程等，参与药品的整个生产过程。制药用水是药品微生物污染的主要源头之一，因此制药用水的微生物安全对药品质量至关重要。本文主要介绍制药用水系统微生物菌群及特性，并进行生物膜分析。因制药用水系统中微生物具有寡养、生长缓慢等特性，本文也进一步探讨制药用水微生物检查方法及培养方法，为建立科学合理的微生物检测体系提供参考，也为深入研究难培养微生物的培养提供思路与理论基础。     

药物共晶研究进展及应用

药物共晶是活性药物成分通过非共价键和共晶形成物结合在一个晶格中形成的.它是一种新的药物固体型态,可以改善药物的理化性质,比如改善溶解度、增加稳定性、提高生物利用度等,是目前药物研发的一个新的热点.本文主要介绍了药物共晶在药物研发中的应用及其设计、制备以及分析方法.     

Flow injection potentiometric determination of chlorpromazine

New chlorpromazine selective electrodes with a tubular arrangement and no internal reference solution are proposed. Selective membranes are of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with the tetraphenylborate.chlorpromazine (TPB.CPZ) ion-exchanger dissolved in o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (oNPOE). Analytical features of the electrodes were evaluated on a single-channel flow assembly having 500 microl injection volumes and flow-rates of 4.5 ml min(-1). For a carrier solution of 3.3 x 10(-3)M in sodium sulphate, Nernstian response was observed over the concentration range 1.0 x 10(-5) to 1.0 x 10(-2)M. Average slopes were about 59 mV decade(-1) and squared correlation coefficients were >0.9984. Slight hiper-Nernstian behaviour was observed in buffer solutions of 4.4 pH; average slopes were of 62.06 mV decade(-1). The electrode displayed a good selectivity for CPZ, with respect to, several foreign inorganic and organic species. The selective electrodes were successfully applied to the analysis of pure solutions and pharmaceutical preparations. Proposed method allows the analysis of 84 samples h(-1), producing wastewaters of low toxicity. The proposed method offers the advantage of simplicity, accuracy, applicability to coloured and turbid samples, and automation feasibility.     

紫杉醇新剂型的研究进展

紫杉醇是一种广谱、高效的抗肿瘤药物,但由于其水溶性差,临床上应用的注射剂加入聚氧乙烯蓖麻油以增加紫杉醇的水溶性,但聚氧乙烯蓖麻油在体内会产生严重的毒副作用.为了解决紫杉醇注射剂中聚氧乙烯蓖麻油的毒性问题,开发紫杉醇新剂型是近年来新药研发的热点之一.该文综述了近年来研发的一些紫杉醇新剂型,如乳剂、胶束、环糊精包合物、脂质体、微球、纳米粒和药物释放支架等,并对其可行性进行了分析.     

注射用水分配系统低温使用点的合理设计

在制药领域中,注射用水将直接影响最终产品的质量.其分配系统的低温(70℃以下)使用点设计是决定注射用水整个系统设计的关键.本文通过对常见低温点设计的分析,提出了几种并联结构的低温使用点设计的优化方案.     

Single and mixed chemically modified carbon paste ion‐selective electrodes for determination of ketotifen fumarate

New modified carbon paste electrodes for determination of ketotifen fumarate in its pure and pharmaceutical preparations were constructed. The used modifiers are ketotifen phosphotungestate (Keto₃PT), and ketotifen tetraphenylborate (Keto‐TPB). Single and mixed ion‐associate electrodes were prepared. Both Keto‐TPB and mixed (Keto‐TPB and Keto₃PT) electrodes have a linearity range of 1.00 × 10^?5‐1.00 × 10^?2 mol L^?1. The slopes were 58.30 and 54.20 mV/decade for Keto‐TPB and mixed chemically modified carbon paste electrodes (CMCPE), respectively. The limits of detection were 1.42 × 10^?6 and 1.00 × 10^?5 mol L^?1 for Keto‐TPB and mixed CMCPEs, respectively. The potential variation due to pH change is considered acceptable in the pH ranges 4.44–9.11 and 2.50–9.00 for Keto‐TPB and mixed ion‐exchanger CMCPE, respectively. The response time was ≤10 s for both electrodes. Selectivity coefficients values towards different inorganic cations, sugars, and amino acids reflect high selectivity of the prepared electrodes. Potentiometric titrations and standard addition methods were applied for the determination of ketotifen ion in its pure samples and pharmaceutical formulations (Zaditen tablet and syrup) using proposed electrodes. The electrodes were also tested in flow injection analysis (FIA). The results obtained from both methods were statistically treated by F‐ and t‐tests. The carbon paste electrodes have the advantages of being more easily prepared and longer life span compared to the plastic membrane electrodes previously reported. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.