上颌骨掀翻入路颅底应用显微解剖学

目的研究上颌骨掀翻入路所暴露的颅底解剖区域以及所受到的限制,为采用该术式处理颅底病变提供显微解剖学资料。方法对10例（20侧）经甲醛固定的成人尸头,模拟上颌骨掀翻入路,对涉及的组织结构,神经、血管进行显微解剖观测。结果上颌骨掀翻入路可暴露广阔的颅底解剖区域,可以同时处理中颅底和侧颅底包括鞍区、垂体、斜坡全程和至少第1颈椎、手术侧海绵窦、鼻咽部、翼腭窝、颞下窝、咽旁间隙的茎突前、后间隙,颈内动脉岩骨内段及岩尖等区域的病变。结论①经一侧上颌骨掀翻入路可同时获得对中颅底及侧颅底良好的暴露;②蝶骨翼突及其后方的腭帆张肌、腭帆提肌及咽鼓管等结构是限制同时处理中颅底和侧颅底病变的主要障碍;③经一侧上颌骨掀翻入路处理咽旁间隙的茎突后间隙、茎突外区域、颈内动脉岩骨水平段及海绵窦区域病变时会受到一定限制。     

鼻内镜下咽旁间隙解剖研究

目的采用鼻内镜经鼻径路对咽旁间隙区域的重要血管、神经结构进行解剖,掌握其分布的规律,以寻找用于指导手术有效的解剖标志并测量相关的数据,从而为处理该部位病变的鼻内镜手术提供解剖依据。方法对福尔马林浸泡的尸头4例（8侧）,模拟鼻内镜下鼻径路咽旁间隙进行解剖。对手术入路的安全范围进行评估,并观测手术径路的重要标志和毗邻关系,测量相应的解剖数据。结果经鼻径路咽旁间隙前为咽鼓管,外为翼内板残端,上为蝶窦底、破裂孔,下为后鼻孔下缘,内为头长肌。翼管的长度、咽鼓管峡部与颈内动脉的距离分别为（14．50±1．77）m／n、（11．04±1．08）mm。结论鼻内镜下经鼻径路可以暴露咽旁间隙的茎突前间隙部分,在该区域保护颈内动脉是关键。该径路以颈内动脉（interal carotid artery,ICA）的外口和破裂孔两点连线水平作为上界,相对安全地暴露ICA的颈段。     

鼻内镜径路对颅底病变的手术治疗

随着鼻内镜手术技术的日益成熟,除用于治疗颅底鞍区的垂体瘤病变外,已逐渐向鞍上、海绵窦、斜坡等颅底其它区域广泛延伸。本文就该技术的相关解剖,手术径路及治疗方法等进展情况加以综述。     

鼻内镜径路对颅底病变的手术治疗

随着鼻内镜手术技术的日益成熟,除用于治疗颅底鞍区的垂体瘤病变外,已逐渐向鞍上、海绵窦、斜坡等颅底其它区域广泛延伸。本文就该技术的相关解剖,手术径路及治疗方法等进展情况加以综述。     

内镜下经鼻入路暴露岩尖的解剖研究

目的通过影像学、内镜手术两种方法对内镜下经鼻入路暴露岩尖这一手术入路进行研究,为临床应用提供依据。方法选取24具国人成人尸头标本,进行轴位、冠状位及矢状位高分辨率CT扫描,观察与内镜下经鼻入路暴露岩尖的相关解剖标志,并测量其距离。选择5例10%甲醛固定、动脉灌注染料的尸头标本,模拟内镜下经鼻入路暴露岩尖（10侧）。记录内镜下解剖图像,描述其相关解剖关系。结果通过影像学资料可了解蝶窦发育情况并测量一系列颅底骨性解剖标志的距离,蝶骨嵴至两侧视神经管眶口直线距离相比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。所有标本通过内镜经鼻入路均从颈内动脉内侧到达岩尖,翼管及翼管动脉可作为寻找颈内动脉的重要解剖标志。结论影像学资料应作为内镜下经鼻入路暴露岩尖手术的术前常规参考;蝶骨嵴位于两侧视神经管眶口的中点,为术中可靠的解剖标志。从解剖学角度内镜下经鼻入路暴露岩尖具有可行性,该入路径路短,副损伤小,可作为临床治疗岩尖病变的重要术式之一。     

翼管在内镜经鼻颅底手术中的标志作用

目的通过影像学和解剖学方法进行研究以明确翼管在鼻内镜经鼻颅底手术中的价值并为临床提供参考。方法选23具尸头行冠状位及轴位高分辨CT扫描,观察翼管及其与周围结构的关系,并测量相关距离。选其中3具经过动脉灌注的尸头,分别采用经上颌窦、经鼻至翼腭窝-海绵窦入路进行鼻内镜下的解剖学研究。结果高分辨CT能够清晰显示翼管形态、走行及其与周围结构的关系。所有翼管均位于颈内动脉管水平段或其以下层面。鼻内镜解剖与相应的影像学提示相同,翼管内容恒定地指向颈内动脉前膝;翼管和圆孔之间的距离标定了一个手术门户。结论翼管是内镜经鼻颅底手术的一个重要解剖标志,作为骨性管道,高分辨CT可以清晰显示翼管。     

鼻内镜下上颌窦入路鼻-颅底区域的解剖学分析

目的创建内镜下经上颌窦入路翼腭窝及颞下窝解剖模型,寻找内镜下咽旁间隙段颈内动脉的定位方法。方法 对100例成人行鼻、颅底CT扫描并用Mimics软件进行三维重建;在重建模型上分别测量犁骨后缘中点至颈内动脉相关解剖标志的角度和距离。同时对6具尸头于鼻内镜下经上颌窦联合入路解剖翼腭窝和颞下窝,以咽鼓管为中心向外、向后逐步暴露并定位咽旁间隙段颈内动脉。结果犁骨后缘中点至破裂孔、颈动脉管外孔、颈静脉孔的角度平均值分别为72.0°、57.6°、54.1°,犁骨后缘中点至以上各孔的距离平均值分别为13.65、31.81、32.5 mm,蝶骨角棘与颈动脉管外口前界平均距离为5.92 mm。结论鼻内镜下经鼻联合上颌窦开窗入路能充分的暴露翼腭窝和颞下窝结构。犁骨后根、蝶骨翼突、蝶骨角棘、卵圆孔和茎突是颈内动脉相关颅底解剖的重要标志;蝶骨角棘、骨性咽鼓管口为颈动脉管外口前界的重要骨性标志,术中不超越该界限有助于减少损伤咽旁间隙段颈内动脉。     

内镜经眶外侧壁进路中颅窝手术的解剖学研究[论著]

目的　探讨内镜经眶外侧壁到达中颅窝的解剖进路,明确入路中的重要解剖标志。方法　观察10例颅骨标本,定位重要的骨性解剖标志。内镜下解剖5例（10侧）新鲜冷冻尸头标本,采用经眶进路到达颅中窝。结果　内镜下经眼眶外眦切口进路,磨除蝶骨大翼可以获得进入中颅窝的通道,清晰显露颞叶、海绵窦外侧壁、动眼神经、滑车神经、Meckel腔、三叉神经半月结及其分支神经、岩尖部、脑膜中动脉、岩浅大神经等重要结构。解剖定位标志包括眶骨缘、泪孔、眶上裂、眶下裂、颞肌、海绵窦外侧壁、颞骨岩尖等。结论　内镜经眶外侧壁进路可以进入中颅窝,显露海绵窦外侧壁、颞极、颞骨岩尖等重要结构,为处理中颅窝及颅眶沟通区域病变提供新的选择。     

内镜下经鼻扩大入路至斜坡区的应用解剖学研究

目的　对颅底斜坡区周围的重要解剖标志进行观察,为内镜下经鼻扩大入路至斜坡区的临床手术应用提供解剖学依据。方法　选取10具湿性头颅标本,分别进行显微和内镜解剖学研究。结果　①通过模拟经鼻扩大至斜坡区的手术入路,确定了内镜下磨除斜坡区域骨质可以暴露自脚间窝至枕骨大孔的脑干腹侧面及三对血管神经复合体。②骨性斜坡区由蝶骨体及枕骨斜坡部共同构成,该区域的上界为鞍背,下界为枕骨大孔前缘。岩斜裂位于斜坡区的外缘,将枕骨与颞骨岩部分隔开。结论　①内镜下经鼻扩大入路可根据斜坡区及其邻近的后颅窝病变的具体位置通过磨除局部斜坡区骨质后到达并切除病变组织;②理解和掌握斜坡区的解剖结构有助于提高术者对该区域手术操作的精确性和安全性。     

内镜经鼻经翼突手术入路研究进展

内镜经鼻经翼突（pterygoid process，PP）入路是颅底手术入路中的基本入路，可以单独或联合其他手术入路处理蝶窦外侧隐窝（lateral recess of sphenoid sinus）、翼腭窝（pterygopalatine fossa,PPF）、海绵窦（cavernous sinus，CS）、眶尖（obital apex）、Meckel’s腔（Meckel’s cavity）、中颅窝（middle cranial fossa）、颞下窝（Infratemporal fossa，ITF）、岩尖（petrous apex）以及岩斜区的病变。由于上述结构复杂，经翼突入路到达上述结构的研究成为近年来颅底外科热点。以往的研究局限于该入路与翼腭窝、颞下窝等靶区的关系。本文主要对经翼突至翼腭窝、颞下窝、颅中窝、海绵窦、Meckel’s腔、岩尖等区域的手术入路及其研究进展作一个综述。     

Endonasal endoscopic approach to the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae

The pterygopalatine fossa and infratemporal fossa are spaces located under the skull base, housing important neurovascular structures. Surgical access to these spaces is challenging because of their deep location and complex anatomy. Their surgical access has been classically carried out through multiple craniofacial approaches until the advent of endoscopic endonasal surgery at the end of the XX^th century. Our goal is to describe the transmaxillary-transsphenoidal-transpterygoid approach to the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae through endonasal endoscopic surgery based on anatomo-surgical dissection and an illustrative clinical case. We conclude that after careful radiologic evaluation of the feasibility of this technique, the endonasal endoscopic access to these spaces for tumor resection is efficient with reduced surgical morbidities. The endonasal approach is versatile and can be fashioned according to the nature and extent of the lesion.     

Application of the navigation system in endoscopic surgery of paranasal sinuses and base of the skull

The intraoperative navigation computer system Stealth Station is an effective technique of stereotactic guidance during endoscopic endonasal interventions. Use of navigation allows performance of a radical operation without damaging basic anatomical structures of the base of the skull (vision nerve, cribriform lamina, internal carotid arteries, cavernous sonus, etc.). In rhinosurgery, Stealth Station is indicated in borderline pathology of the paranasal sinuses and base of the skull. Ten cases of patients with combined pathology of the paranasal sinuses and base of the skull, cases of endoscopic endonasal removal of the lesions of the base of the skull and foreign bodies with application of the navigation system are reported.     

翼腭窝鼻内镜临床解剖学研究

目的研究翼腭窝鼻内镜下临床解剖,为内镜下翼腭窝手术提供解剖学依据。方法10例(20侧)中国成人干性颅骨,用0°、25°Wolfe鼻内镜,在监视器下,分别从翼上颌裂、鼻腔以及底部不同角度观察翼腭窝结构。结果翼腭窝是一狭窄裂隙,由蝶骨体、蝶骨翼突和腭骨垂直板、上颌窦后壁共同围成,大小为(21.4±0.8)mm×(5.2±0.3)mm×(3.2±0.3)mm,从上面观察似三棱锥体型,上宽下窄。鼻内镜从翼上颌裂置入翼腭窝,可以观察到翼腭窝顶部眶下裂与位于其外侧3mm的圆孔,向下可见翼腭窝底部腭大孔与腭小孔。将鼻内镜置入鼻腔观察,咬除上颌窦骨性开口后方腭骨垂直部骨质并咬除上颌窦后内侧骨壁,0°鼻内镜可以窥及整个翼腭窝以及后壁全貌,后壁呈上宽下窄的梯形,见其内下方之翼管开口以及外上角之圆孔,二者之间有一明显的纵形骨嵴分隔。结论经鼻内镜下去除上颌窦口后部骨质以及部分上颌窦后内侧壁,可以完整显露整个翼腭窝的结构,表明翼腭窝范围的疾病可以采用鼻内镜处理。     

内镜下经眶外下壁入路颅底手术应用解剖研究初探

目的通过尸头解剖来探索经眶外下壁入路内镜手术所能达到的解剖通道、解剖标志及解剖方法等。方法对5具尸头（10侧）进行内镜下经眶外下壁入路颅底手术的细分解剖,通过逐步解剖来界定该入路所能达到解剖通道、颅内外重要解剖标志、解剖边界等。结果本研究界定了内镜下经眶外下壁入路颅底手术所能达到的5个通道,它们分别是三叉神经通道、破裂孔通道、海绵窦通道、岩锥及后颅窝通道、中颅窝通道,它们的边界、解剖标志、解剖通道、解剖步骤及方法都得以明确的界定。结论内镜下经眶外下壁入路颅底手术可以到达旁中线颅底、中颅窝,甚至是部分侧颅底及后颅窝,而且对于上颌神经、下颌神经颅内外段的暴露能提供很好的视野。当然,这还需要进一步的解剖研究及临床实践加以完善及检验。     

Palatal Flap Modifications Allow Pedicled Reconstruction of the Skull Base

Objectives: Defects after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches (EEA) to the skull base, have exposed limitations of traditional reconstructive techniques. The ability to adequately reconstruct these defects has lagged behind the ability to approach/resect lesions at the skull base. The posteriorly pedicled nasoseptal flap is our primary reconstructive option; however, prior surgery or tumors can preclude its use. We focused on the branches of the internal maxillary artery, to develop novel pedicled flaps, to facilitate the reconstruction of defects encountered after skull base expanded endonasal approaches. Study Design: Feasibility. Methods: We reviewed radiology images with attention to the pterygopalatine fossa and the descending palatine vessels (DPV), which supply the palate. Using cadaver dissections, we investigated the feasibility of transposing the standard mucoperiosteal palatal flap into the nasal cavity and mobilizing the DPV for pedicled skull base reconstruction. Results: We transposed the palate mucoperiosteum into the nasal cavity through limited enlargement of a single greater palatine foramen. Our method preserves the integrity of the nasal floor mucosa, and mobilizes the DPV from the greater palatine foramen to their origin in the pterygopalatine fossa. Radiological measurements and cadevaric dissections suggest that the transposed, pedicled palatal flap (the Oliver pedicled palatal flap) could be used to reconstruct defects of the planum, sella, and clivus. Conclusions: Our novel modifications to the island palatal flap yield a large (12–18 cm²) mucoperiosteal flap based on a ～ 3 cm pedicle. The Oliver pedicled palatal flap shows potential for nasal cavity and skull base reconstruction (see video, available online only).     

Utilidad de los colgajos e injertos endonasales en cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal y de base de cráneo. Documento de consenso

IntroductionSkull base reconstruction is one of the greatest challenges extended endonasal endoscopic surgery. Many grafts and flaps from the endonasal fossa have been demonstrated to be useful in the control of complications such a cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Review and analysis of these resources are necessary in skull base recontruction to improve outcomes.ObjectivesThe target is to create a consensus document on the use of different endonasal flaps and grafts in the skull base surgery.Material and methodsLiterature review of the most relevant free grafts and vascularized flaps from the endonasal fossa. Analysis using the Delphi method on the use of the different endonasal resources for endoscopic repair of skull base defects.ResultsWe obtained two results: 1) A selection of the most representative flaps and grafts from the endonasal fossa, describing origin, surface and indications, based on a literature review. 2) A consensus document, using Delphi methodology, with general considerations (2), recommendations (10) and limitations (6) of the different endonasal flaps and grafts.ConclusionsWe present the first consensus document in the field of extended endonasal endoscopic surgery using the Delphi method as a working tool. We highlight the usefulness of the nasoseptal flap together with other endonasal flaps and grafts for skull base reconstruction.     

神经内镜经双鼻孔入路在颅底外科中的应用

目的回顾性分析神经内镜经双鼻孔入路在颅底外科手术中的应用。方法收集70例颅底疾病患者神经内镜经双鼻孔入路行颅底手术治疗的临床资料。其中垂体腺瘤40例,鞍结节脑膜瘤11例,嗅沟脑膜瘤、脊索瘤、脑脊液鼻漏修补及视神经管减压各3例,颅咽管瘤、齿状突畸形各2例,眶内海绵状血管瘤、表皮样囊肿及鼻咽癌各1例。术后观察患者临床疗效。结果手术切除肿瘤62例,完全切除54例(87.1%),次全切除8例(12.9%);其中3例脑脊液鼻漏修补完全治愈,3例视神经管减压后视力好转,2例齿状突切除术后神经症状明显改善。结论神经内镜经双鼻孔入路能充分暴露鞍区等颅底结构,有效避免因空间狭窄所引起的操作不便,值得临床推广应用。