基于贝叶斯粗糙集的肺部肿瘤CT图像高维特征选择算法

针对变精度粗糙集在高维特征选择过程中对分类错误率β的过分依赖问题,结合遗传算法提出一种基于贝叶斯粗糙集的肺部肿瘤CT图像高维特征选择算法。首先提取3000例肺部肿瘤CT图像ROI区域的104维特征构造决策信息表;然后从全局相对增益函数的角度分析属性重要度,结合属性约简长度、基因编码权值函数三者的加权和构造一个适应度函数框架,提出以此为启发式信息的属性约简算法;最后利用支持向量机进行分类识别。实验结果表明,本研究算法摆脱了阈值人工设置的束缚,并且在很大程度上提高整体性能,对肺部肿瘤计算机辅助诊断具有积极的推广价值。     

基于集成SVM的肺部肿瘤PET/CT三模态计算机辅助诊断方法

本研究提出基于集成SVM的肺部肿瘤PET/CT三模态计算机辅助诊断新方法.首先在临床采集肺部肿瘤患者PET、CT和PET/CT各2000例三模态图像数据上提取对同一病灶ROI区域;然后根据CT、PET和PET/CT的不同特点,从三模态图像的ROI区域中提取形状特征、灰度特征、Tamura纹理特征和GLCM特征等不同特征分别构成80、98、98维特征分量,并分别在不同特征空间里构造个体分类器,包括CT-SVM、PET-SVM、PET/CT-SVM;最后,基于相对多数投票原则,对CT-SVM、PET-SVM和PET/CT-SVM进行集成,识别对肺部肿瘤.实验结果表明,该方法能够有效提高肺部肿瘤的诊断正确率.     

基于集成VPRS-RUGGA支持向量机的多模态肺部肿瘤计算机辅助诊断模型

针对计算机辅助诊断模型优化过程中稳定性差和早熟问题,提出基于集成VPRS-RUGGA-支持向量机的肺部肿瘤计算机辅助诊断模型。首先,引入变精度粗糙集构造属性依赖度,结合属性约简长度和惩罚函数的加权和构造适应度函数框架;其次,采用无回放余数随机选择法、均匀交叉和高斯变异算子进行遗传操作;然后,在CT、PET和PET/CT样本空间中提取肺部肿瘤ROI区域特征,构造不同的特征空间,运用VPRS-RUGGA-支持向量机模型约简和分类识别;最后,在不同的样本空间中构造支持向量机(SVM)个体分类器,采用相对多数投票法输出集成结论。实验结果表明,集成VPRS-RUGGA-SVM模型可以有效的提高泛化性能和稳定性,VPRS-RUGGA-SVM模型可有效改善早熟问题,提高模型的分类性能。     

基于随机森林的肺部肿瘤PET/CT图像计算机辅助诊断方法研究

针对当前基于神经网络、聚类分析以及支持向量机三种辅助诊断方法存在的诊断准确性低的问题,本研究提出一种基于随机森林的肺部肿瘤PET/CT图像计算机辅助诊断新方法。该方法首先对PET/CT图像进行预处理,包括灰度化、平滑以及分割等,然后提取PET/CT图像的灰度、形态和纹理等特征,最后利用随机森林算法进行肺部肿瘤PET/CT的辅助识别,以实现肺部肿瘤的病理诊断。结果表明,本方法的ROC曲线结果优于上述三种方法,提高了诊断准确性,可为医生诊疗提供重要参考。     

基于贝叶斯粗糙集的肺部肿瘤CT图像抗噪算法设计

贝叶斯粗糙集处理噪声数据能力强,分类肺部肿瘤CT图像结果准确,为图像去噪提供精准的图像分类结果。基于此,设计基于贝叶斯粗糙集的肺部肿瘤CT图像抗噪算法,基于贝叶斯粗糙集分类模型进行肺部CT图像分类,约简贝叶斯粗糙集属性和决策规则,基于决策规则预测肺部CT图像类别;对存在肿瘤的CT图像噪声小波系数构建拉普拉斯数学模型,基于贝叶斯最大后验概率估计小波系数概率密度,计算噪声方差和子代小波系数标准差,使去噪算法具备自适应性;基于小波系数的概率密度得到最大后验(maximum a posteriori,MAP)估计值,对该值做小波反变换,实现肺部肿瘤CT图像自适应去噪。结果表明,该算法去除肺部肿瘤CT图像噪声效果好,抗噪能力强,较好保留图像细节特征,视觉效果佳。     

基于集成卷积神经网络的肺部肿瘤计算机辅助诊断模型

将卷积神经网络(CNN)用于肺部肿瘤正电子发射计算机断层扫描(PET)/电子计算机断层扫描(CT)计算机辅助诊断,不仅可以提供精确的定量分析以弥补人眼惰性及对灰阶不敏感的缺陷,也能辅助医生准确诊疗。本文首先采用参数迁移的方法初始构建三个CNN(CT-CNN、PET-CNN、PET/CT-CNN)分别用于肺部肿瘤CT、PET、PET/CT的识别;然后以CT-CNN为例探讨迭代次数、批次大小和输入图像大小对识别率和训练时间的影响,从而选择合适的模型参数训练单一CNN;最后集成三个单一CNN,采用"相对多数投票法"完成肺部肿瘤PET/CT计算机辅助诊断,进而对比集成CNN与单个CNN的性能。实验结果表明集成CNN模型比单一CNN模型对于肺部肿瘤计算机辅助诊断的性能更优。     

基于多特征融合跟踪的微小肺结节识别算法

如何在海量的肺部高分辨率CT(HRCT)序列图片中准确识别微小结节(直径为5～10 mm)一直是肺结节计算机辅助检测(CAD)系统的研究重点和难点。本文提出了一种新的微小肺结节识别算法——多特征融合跟踪算法。该算法在处理一个HRCT序列图片时,首先结合大津法和形态学方法获取每一张CT图的肺实质,再通过基于灰度阈值和改进的模板匹配算法提取感兴趣区域(ROI),接着计算ROI的多个有效特征,然后在整个HRCT序列图片中进行ROI的多特征跟踪和融合,最后根据分类规则识别并标出候选肺结节。实验证明,该算法能准确地检测出微小肺结节,且假阳率较低。     

肝包虫病和肝囊肿CT图像的分型研究

探讨计算机辅助诊断技术在肝包虫病和肝囊肿CT图像分型中的应用。方法 对单囊型肝包虫病和单发性肝囊肿CT图像感兴趣区域,分别使用传统的预处理方法和图像融合方法,提取原始ROI、预处理后的和融合后的ROI图像Haar小波、DB2小波、Tamura、Gabor滤波器和灰度-梯度共生矩阵特征,通过支持向量机和BP神经网络分类模型分类,比较三种方法的分类准确率,并对各分类模型进行参数评估。结果 从原始ROI图像直接提取的Haar小波、DB2小波、Tamura和GGCM特征的最佳分类准确率均达到了95%以上;融合后的ROI图像五种特征的分类准确率都较高,在90%以上。结论 本研究所使用的方法应用于肝包虫病和肝囊肿CT图像的分型中具有一定的分类优势,为影像学诊断提供依据。     

18氟-氟代脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射计算机断层扫描在肺部结节诊断中的临床应用

目的 探讨18氟-氟代脱氧葡萄糖（18F-FDG）正电子发射计算机断层扫描（PET/CT）在肺部结节诊断中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2016年6月~2017年12月常熟市中医院呼吸科收治的21例肺部结节病例资料,计算PET/CT在该类疾病中的诊断特异度及敏感度,评价PET/CT对肺部结节的诊断价值。结果 PET/CT诊断肺癌的特异度、敏感度分别为50.00%、94.10%;与血清肿瘤标志物检测相比,该检查的敏感度更高,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 PET/CT相对于血清肿瘤标志物检测在诊断早期肺癌方面,其诊断敏感度更高,对肺部结节的诊断有较高的价值。     

基于CT图像的肺结节计算机辅助诊断系统

本文介绍了一种基于CT图像的肺结节计算机辅助自动诊断系统。我们将肺结节的自动检测分为肺实质的提取、感兴趣区域（ROI）的分割和ROI特征参数提取及分类判别几个步骤。该系统能够在对肺部CT图像进行自动分析后给医生提示出可疑肺结节，从而提高了医疗诊断效率。     

Differential diagnosis of CT focal liver lesions using texture features, feature selection and ensemble driven classifiers

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study is to define an optimally performing computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) architecture for the classification of liver tissue from non-enhanced computed tomography (CT) images into normal liver (C1), hepatic cyst (C2), hemangioma (C3), and hepatocellular carcinoma (C4). To this end, various CAD architectures, based on texture features and ensembles of classifiers (ECs), are comparatively assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Number of regions of interests (ROIs) corresponding to C1-C4 have been defined by experienced radiologists in non-enhanced liver CT images. For each ROI, five distinct sets of texture features were extracted using first order statistics, spatial gray level dependence matrix, gray level difference method, Laws' texture energy measures, and fractal dimension measurements. Two different ECs were constructed and compared. The first one consists of five multilayer perceptron neural networks (NNs), each using as input one of the computed texture feature sets or its reduced version after genetic algorithm-based feature selection. The second EC comprised five different primary classifiers, namely one multilayer perceptron NN, one probabilistic NN, and three k-nearest neighbor classifiers, each fed with the combination of the five texture feature sets or their reduced versions. The final decision of each EC was extracted by using appropriate voting schemes, while bootstrap re-sampling was utilized in order to estimate the generalization ability of the CAD architectures based on the available relatively small-sized data set. RESULTS: The best mean classification accuracy (84.96%) is achieved by the second EC using a fused feature set, and the weighted voting scheme. The fused feature set was obtained after appropriate feature selection applied to specific subsets of the original feature set. CONCLUSIONS: The comparative assessment of the various CAD architectures shows that combining three types of classifiers with a voting scheme, fed with identical feature sets obtained after appropriate feature selection and fusion, may result in an accurate system able to assist differential diagnosis of focal liver lesions from non-enhanced CT images.     

融合图像放疗靶区定位精度的检验和初步临床结果

目的：探讨以图像融合技术为基础的肿瘤三维适形放疗靶区定位精度的检验及依据融合图像放疗靶区的确定与单纯CT影像放疗靶区确定的初步临床结果。方法：利用定制的模体分别行CT、MRI和PET成像，进行CT与MRI，CT与PET融合。检验融合后定制标记点的定位精度。对3例特殊病例分别以单纯CT图像为基础和融合图像为基础，进行三维适形放疗靶区认定，对不同医生之间和同一医生在不同时间，放疗靶区定义情况进行对照分析。结果：MRI／CT融合图像总定位精度小于2mm，PET／CT图像融合图像融合精度情况（包括同机融合和异机融合），采用不同的融合算法。定位精度有显著差异（P〈0．01，t=5．385）。单纯利用CT图像进行靶区的定义，不同医生之间，在不同的时间存在差异（P〈0．05），而采用融合技术可减少他们的争议和差异。结论：利用多模式图像融合可以提高靶区定义的准确性．有利于三维适形精确放射治疗。     

基于PET/CT图像纹理参数的肺结节诊断模型

目的基于PET/CT融合图像纹理参数建立肺结节良恶性诊断模型,提高肺癌的识别率。方法选取宣武医院核医学科经PET/CT检查的52例肺结节患者,收集其PET/CT影像图像及人口学、影像学信息。以Contourlet变换和灰度共生矩阵相结合的方式,对PET/CT图像的感兴趣区域提取纹理参数。基于所提取的纹理参数建立支持向量机模型,得到每个肺结节良恶性判别结果。为了提高模型的诊断效果,将结节边缘、最大摄取值、有晕征等影像学信息也纳入模型,重新建立支持向量机模型。通过灵敏度、特异度、正确率等指标对模型诊断效果进行评价。结果纹理参数肺结节诊断模型的灵敏度、特异度分别为90.7%、93.5%,纹理参数结合影像学信息的肺结节诊断模型的灵敏度、特异度分别为95.7%、100.0%。结论基于PET/CT图像纹理参数建立的支持向量机模型对良恶性肺结节具有较好的鉴别诊断效果。     

An efficient statistical feature selection approach for classification of gene expression data

Classification of gene expression data plays a significant role in prediction and diagnosis of diseases. Gene expression data has a special characteristic that there is a mismatch in gene dimension as opposed to sample dimension. All genes do not contribute for efficient classification of samples. A robust feature selection algorithm is required to identify the important genes which help in classifying the samples efficiently. In order to select informative genes (features) based on relevance and redundancy characteristics, many feature selection algorithms have been introduced in the past. Most of the earlier algorithms require computationally expensive search strategy to find an optimal feature subset. Existing feature selection methods are also sensitive to the evaluation measures. The paper introduces a novel and efficient feature selection approach based on statistically defined effective range of features for every class termed as ERGS (Effective Range based Gene Selection). The basic principle behind ERGS is that higher weight is given to the feature that discriminates the classes clearly. Experimental results on well-known gene expression datasets illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Two popular classifiers viz. Nave Bayes Classifier (NBC) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) have been used for classification. The proposed feature selection algorithm can be helpful in ranking the genes and also is capable of identifying the most relevant genes responsible for diseases like leukemia, colon tumor, lung cancer, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), prostate cancer.     

Improved classifier for computer-aided polyp detection in CT colonography by nonlinear dimensionality reduction

Computer-aided detection (CAD) has been shown to be feasible for polyp detection on computed tomography (CT) scans. After initial detection, the dataset of colonic polyp candidates has large-scale and high dimensional characteristics. In this article, we propose a nonlinear dimensionality reduction method based on diffusion map and locally linear embedding (DMLLE) for large-scale datasets. By selecting partial data as landmarks, we first map these points into a low dimensional embedding space using the diffusion map. The embedded landmarks can be viewed as a skeleton of whole data in the low dimensional space. Then by using the locally linear embedding algorithm, nonlandmark samples are mapped into the same low dimensional space according to their nearest landmark samples. The local geometry is preserved in both the original high dimensional space and the embedding space. In addition, DMLLE provides a faithful representation of the original high dimensional data at coarse and fine scales. Thus, it can capture the intrinsic distance relationship between samples and reduce the influence of noisy features, two aspects that are crucial to achieving high classifier performance. We applied the proposed DMLLE method to a colonic polyp dataset of 175 269 polyp candidates with 155 features. Visual inspection shows that true polyps with similar shapes are mapped to close vicinity in the low dimensional space. We compared the performance of a support vector machine (SVM) classifier in the low dimensional embedding space with that in the original high dimensional space, SVM with principal component analysis dimensionality reduction and SVM committee using feature selection technology. Free-response receiver operating characteristic analysis shows that by using our DMLLE dimensionality reduction method, SVM achieves higher sensitivity with a lower false positive rate compared with other methods. For 6-9 mm polyps (193 true polyps contained in test set), when the number of false positives per patient is 9, SVM with DMLLE improves the average sensitivity from 70% to 83% compared with that of an SVM committee classifier which is a state-of-the-art method for colonic polyp detection (p<0.001).     

Temporal Analysis of Tumor Heterogeneity and Volume for Cervical Cancer Treatment Outcome Prediction: Preliminary Evaluation

In this paper, we present a method of quantifying the heterogeneity of cervical cancer tumors for use in radiation treatment outcome prediction. Features based on the distribution of masked wavelet decomposition coefficients in the tumor region of interest (ROI) of temporal dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) studies were used along with the imaged tumor volume to assess the response of the tumors to treatment. The wavelet decomposition combined with ROI masking was used to extract local intensity variations in the tumor. The developed method was tested on a data set consisting of 23 patients with advanced cervical cancer who underwent radiation therapy; 18 of these patients had local control of the tumor, and five had local recurrence. Each patient participated in two DCE-MRI studies: one prior to treatment and another early into treatment (2–4 weeks). An outcome of local control or local recurrence of the tumor was assigned to each patient based on a posttherapy follow-up at least 2 years after the end of treatment. Three different supervised classifiers were trained on combinational subsets of the full wavelet and volume feature set. The best-performing linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers each had mean prediction accuracies of 95.7%, with the LDA classifier being more sensitive (100% vs. 80%) and the SVM classifier being more specific (100% vs. 94.4%) in those cases. The K-nearest neighbor classifier performed the best out of all three classifiers, having multiple feature sets that were used to achieve 100% prediction accuracy. The use of distribution measures of the masked wavelet coefficients as features resulted in much better predictive performance than those of previous approaches based on tumor intensity values and their distributions or tumor volume alone.     

PET/CT Fusion Viewing Software for Use with Picture Archiving and Communication Systems

We developed positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) viewing software (PETviewer) that can display co-registered PET and CT images obtained by PET/CT and stored on picture archiving and communication systems (PACS). PETviewer has tools for presetting windows for CT display; control bars for PET window level; zoom, pan, and pseudo-color functions; and allows the user to draw a rectangular region of interest (ROI) for standardized uptake value (SUV) measurement. SUV was calculated using PET DICOM header information and the pixel intensity in PETviewer. Reconstructed datasets of PET/CT and maximum intensity projection (MIP) of the PET images were transferred and archived in PACS. Phantom experiments were performed to evaluate the validity of image fusion. PET/CT images were displayed on an independent window in PACS. Transaxial PET images were reformatted as sagittal and coronal PET images, which were displayed with the corresponding CT and PET/CT fusion images with adjustable color and transparency. Transaxial, sagittal, and coronal PET images corresponding to the location of the cursor were shown using cine display of MIP images. All images were displayed in PETviewer within 20 s on a personal computer for PACS, which was equipped with a P4, 1.3-GHz CPU, and 512 Mb of RAM. We could measure maximum and mean SUV in a ROI using PETviewer. Transaxial fused images of patients and phantoms showed excellent registration and fusion of PET and CT images in the X and Y directions. PETviewer provided very useful clinical tools for assessing PET/CT images on PACS and should assist in maximizing the benefits derived from PET/CT imaging.     

A comparison approach toward finding the best feature and classifier in cue-based BCI

In this paper, a comparative evaluation of state-of-the art feature extraction and classification methods is presented for five subjects in order to increase the performance of a cue-based Brain-Computer interface (BCI) system for imagery tasks (left and right hand movements). To select an informative feature with a reliable classifier features containing standard bandpower, AAR coefficients, and fractal dimension along with support vector machine (SVM), Adaboost and Fisher linear discriminant analysis (FLDA) classifiers have been assessed. In the single feature-classifier combinations, bandpower with FLDA gave the best results for three subjects, and fractal dimension and FLDA and SVM classifiers lead to the best results for two other subjects. A genetic algorithm has been used to find the best combination of the features with the aforementioned classifiers and led to dramatic reduction of the classification error and also best results in the four subjects. Genetic feature combination results have been compared with the simple feature combination to show the performance of the Genetic algorithm.     

基于自由变形法的多模态医学图像的配准与融合

本研究提出了一种自动识别颈部PET-CT图像特征点的算法，它应用自由变形（FFD）方法以CT图像的特征点为参考使PET图像产生变形，再结合最大互信息法对颈部PET与CT图像进行非刚体配准，最后用改进的小波图像融合法把两者进行融合得出视觉效果比较理想的融合图像。经实际计算得出的变形PET图像与对应CT图像的互信息量大于原始PET图像，并且最后用改进的小波图像融合法得出的融合图像的信息量比一般小波融合大，由此证明本研究所用方法是有效的。