3D打印技术在鼻-颅底外科中的应用研究进展

3D打印技术近年来在生物医学领域的应用较为广泛,虽然在鼻-颅底外科领域中的应用研究鲜有报道,但凭借其快速成型、立体化三维实物重现等优势,在鼻-颅底外科领域有着广阔的应用前景。其临床应用主要涉及鼻-颅底缺损修复、术前规划及术前手术模拟、解剖教学及培训、患者教育等方面。本文围绕3D打印技术在鼻-颅底外科领域的应用现状作一概述,同时对其发展前景进行展望。     

3D打印技术应用于耳鼻咽喉科临床前瞻创新

目的 随着计算机技术不断进步、新型材料大量问世及制作成本下降,3D打印作为当今制造业前沿技术现已广泛应用于各种医疗过程尤其是外科专业,在耳鼻咽喉科领域目前主要应用于假体制造及植入、术前规划、模型重建和技能训练及教学等方面。通过定制个性化植入物及手术器械缩短手术时间、降低手术成本,通过术前规划及模型演练降低手术副损伤。近年来,组织工程学、活体组织器官的复合打印技术作为3D打印的潜在应用也得到了广泛的探索。论文主要讨论3D打印技术在耳鼻咽喉科领域的扩大应用及研究前景。     

手术预案汇报制度在耳鼻咽喉头颈外科住院医师规范化培训中的应用

目的 探讨手术预案汇报制度在耳鼻咽喉头颈外科住院医师规范化培训中的应用效果。方法 以2016—2020年在首都医科大学宣武医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科进行住院医师规范化培训的15名住院医师为研究对象,分为实验组(8名)和对照组(7名)。对照组按照住院医师规范化培训大纲进行培训,实验组要求住院医师在完成培训大纲的基础上,制作并汇报手术预案,通过比较两组的出科考核成绩和年度考核成绩,分析手术预案汇报在教学中的效果。结果 实验组住院医师出科考核成绩为(92.44±2.41)分,而对照组为(88.79±2.67)分,差异具有统计学意义(t=-2.78,dF=13,P<0.05)。实验组住院医师年度考核成绩为(85.87±3.64)分,对照组为(80.29±2.98)分,差异具有统计学意义(t=-3.22,dF=13,P<0.05)。实验组8名住院医师共汇报预案397例,平均(49.62±17.20)例。结论 在耳鼻咽喉头颈外科住院医师规范化培训中,住院医师通过制作和汇报手术预案,巩固了基础理论知识、提高了临床思维能力,指导教师对预案中暴露出的问题进行针对性指导,提高了教学效果。     

颞骨解剖培训在耳鼻咽喉科住院医师规范化培训中作用的思考与体会

2014年2月,我国住院医师规范化培训制度(简称规培)建设正式全面启动,并很快在全国实行及推广.目前住院医师规范化培训已经是培养临床医学人才必需的重要途径,该培训制度在医学生和专科医师的培训之间起着承上启下的关键作用[1 ,2 ].耳鼻咽喉科住院医师规范化培训是指住院医师通过3年的规范化培训和考核,在上级医师指导下进行...     

3D打印辅助上颌骨切除术后缺损重建

目的：探讨3D打印技术在上颌窦恶性肿瘤外科治疗中的可行性和应用效果。方法对5例因上颌窦恶性肿瘤行手术治疗的患者,根据术前CT扫描数据,应用3 D打印技术打印出患侧上颌窦的树脂模型,在此模型上对钛网进行塑形,制备出个性化钛网,将个性化钛网植入缺损区。通过临床和CT检查,评价其颌面部外形与功能。结果所有病例手术顺利,颌面部外形恢复良好,两侧对称,未见复视及眼球内陷,植入的钛网与缺损周边骨床贴合紧密。术后随访8～30个月,经临床和CT检查未见肿瘤复发。结论3 D打印技术在上颌窦恶性肿瘤的外科治疗中具有较好的可行性和可靠性,可提高上颌窦恶性肿瘤手术治疗的精确性及临床治疗效果。     

3D打印技术在耳科学的应用

3D打印是一种基于预先设计、利用特定的材料逐层叠加,构建出三维物体的数字化制造技术。近年来,3D打印技术越来越多的被应用于包括生物医学在内的多个领域。本文就3D打印技术在耳科学教学与解剖训练、术前规划与手术模拟、修复重建等方面的应用及其在耳科学的发展前景进行综述。     

病例讨论教学法在耳鼻咽喉头颈外科住院医师规范化培训中的应用

探讨病例讨论教学法在耳鼻咽喉头颈外科住院医师规范化培训中的应用及教学效果,以更适合住院医师规范化培训的教学方法促进临床教学的发展。     

3D打印技术在耳鼻咽喉科的应用进展北大核心CSCD

3D打印(Three-Dimensional Printing,3DP)技术又称增材制造,该技术以CAD三维模型数据为基础,采用逐层制造方式,具有高效、快捷、无需组合拼装等独特优势。其中,以生物活性材料配合传统材料为原料,利用生物3D打印机,实现以人体组织或器官再生为目的的生物3D打印(Bio-three-Dimensional Printing,Bio-3DP)技术,是目前3DP的最高成就之一。3DP在耳鼻咽喉科的临床应用已有数十年,推动了耳鼻咽喉科的医疗技术发展。目前该技术在耳鼻咽喉科的应用主要包括:术前规划、手术模拟以及术前教育、构建个体化植入物、定制个性化医疗器械、制作教具用于临床教学以及医师培训等。本文将从以下几个方面对3DP在耳鼻咽喉科的应用进行简要介绍。     

3D打印颞骨模型制备方法及其在耳科中的应用展望

颞骨是人体最复杂的骨性结构之一,内部重要的神经、血管与位听觉结构关系密切。颞骨相关的耳科及耳神经外科手术要求医生对颞骨解剖有着全面、透彻的认识以避免损伤一些精细、重要结构,如面神经、内耳、颈内动脉和听神经。长久以来,耳外科医生通过反复解剖人体尸头的颞骨来获取和提高相关的手术技能。但人体尸头来源有限,价格日益昂贵,造成尸体颞骨解剖训练越来越困难。随着3D打印技术的发展,世界各国的研究者们制造出了可用于耳科教学和手术技能训练的3D打印颞骨模型。本文就3D打印颞骨模型的制备过程、评价方法以及近年来在耳科领域的应用作一综述。     

耳内镜下颞骨解剖在耳鼻咽喉科住院医师规范化培训中的应用

目的　探讨耳内镜下颞骨解剖在耳鼻咽喉科住院医师规范化培训中的应用意义。方法　选取2019级广东省耳鼻咽喉科住院医师规范化培训的36名住培医师随机分为两组,实验组采用耳内镜下颞骨解剖练习方式学习颞骨解剖,对照组采用耳科手术示教方式,两组既往参与基础理论课、轮转耳科时间及授课老师均相同。结束后分别对两组医师进行解剖名词、解剖空间方位、解剖标志认识、内镜下操作能力、对授课方式主观评价等方面进行考核并统计分析。结果　两组医师在解剖名词考核成绩上无明显差异,实验组医师在解剖空间方位、解剖标志认识、内镜下操作能力、对授课方式主观评价等方面考核的成绩明显优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论　耳内镜下颞骨解剖应用在耳鼻咽喉科住院医师规范化培训中,有助于激发学生学习兴趣并提高学习效率,减少对晦涩解剖知识学习的抵触和恐惧,提高耳内镜操作能力,有助于推广耳内镜外科技术。     

Foreign bodies in the ear,nose, and throat in Japan: association with sociocultural and geographical conditions

ObjectiveForeign bodies (FBs) in ear, nose, and throat (ENT) are common ENT emergencies but are sometimes life-threatening. However, FBs could be avoidable by the efficient announcement about the risk of these occurrence to the public. Fish bones are commonly found as throat FBs, and small toys are commonly found as pediatric ear and nose FBs. We hypothesized that there were relationships between the occurrence of FBs and sociocultural/geographical conditions. The purpose of this study is to clarify the risk factors of FBs in ENT regions related to eating customs and weather conditions.MethodsFrom April 2009 to March 2014, 94,479 patients visited the Chuo Emergency Clinic (CEC) in Osaka, which is a local emergency center for Osaka prefecture in Japan. Among them, 3229 patients with throat FBs, 577 children (0–15 years of age) with ear FBs, and 1999 children (0–15 years of age) with nose FBs were enrolled into the present study. Monthly trends in the number of throat FBs were examined in relation to fish eating customs. The monthly average of the daily ratio of pediatric patients with ear or nose FBs to the total number of patients were examined in relation to weather parameters using a database of the Japan Meteorological Agency.ResultsThe incidence of throat FBs was significantly higher in July and January (p < 0.05, analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer test), presumably because Japanese people have more chances to eat fish in these months due to the traditional fish-eating customs. There was also a significant correlation between the number of pediatric patients with ear and nose FBs and the bad weather parameters including daily rainfall (r = 0.76, p = 0.0043; r = 0.57, p = 0.050, respectively, analyzed by the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient). This is because children would spend longer time inside on rainy days, which increases the chance of putting a small toy part in the ear and nose.ConclusionsFBs in throat and ear/nose occurred more frequently in the specific periods to eat fish and rainy days, respectively. Therefore, public announcement on the risk of occurrence of FBs based on sociocultural and geographical data is helpful to prevent FBs.     

ENT manifestation in COVID-19 patients

Objectiveto detect, analyze and discuss the different ear nose throat (ENT) manifestations those were reported in COVID19 positive patients in the reviewed and published literatures.MethodsWe performed a search in the PubMed databases, Web of Science, LILACS, MEDLINE, SciELO, and Cochrane Library using the keywords; COVID-19, Novel coronavirus, corona, 2019-nCoV, SARS-CoV-2, ENT, ear, nose, throat, otorhinolaryngology, ORL, pharynx, ORL, smell, larynx, different ENT related symptoms. We reviewed published and peer reviewed studies that reported the ENT manifestations in COVID-19 laboratory-confirmed positive patients.Resultswithin the included 1773 COVID-19 laboratory-confirmed positive patients, the most common ENT manifestations of COVID-19 were sore throat (11.3%) and headache (10.7%). While the other reported ENT manifestations were pharyngeal erythema (5.3%), nasal congestion (4.1%), runny nose or rhinorrhea (2.1%), upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) (1.9%), and tonsil enlargement (1.3%).ConclusionENT manifestations for COVID-19 are not common as fever and cough. But, a universal questionnaire using well-defined COVID-19 manifestations is needed to make the COVID-19 data precisely defined, complete and homogenous.     

Detection of hypopharyngeal cancer (Tis,T1 and T2) by ENT physicians vs gastrointestinal endoscopists

ObjectivesHypopharyngeal cancer is typically detected at a late stage by ear, nose, and throat (ENT) physicians, when the prognosis is poor. We evaluated how hypopharyngeal cancer (Tis, T1 and T2) were detected by ENT physicians and gastrointestinal endoscopists (GEs) according to the detection reasons.Materials and MethodsA total of 109 consecutive patients with hypopharyngeal cancer (Tis, T1 and T2) who received treatment in our institution from January 2014 to February 2018 was enrolled. The detection detail of hypopharyngeal cancer lesions by ENT physicians and GEs, tumor size and location, and the characteristics of the lesions missed by ENT physicians and GEs were reviewed retrospectively.ResultsTwenty seven and 82 of 109 (24.8% and 75.2%) patients were detected by ENT physicians and GEs, respectively. The most frequent original reasons for ENT physicians and GEs were both pharyngeal discomfort screening and examination of swollen neck lymph nodes (12 of 27, 44.4% for each) and pre-treatment or follow-up screening for esophageal cancer (25 of 82, 30.5%), respectively. Among the 13 cases of upper gastrointestinal tract screening of the head-and-neck cancer other than pharyngeal cancer detected by GEs, 11 (84.6%) were missed by ENT physicians. In contrast, among the 25 cases of pre-treatment screening of the esophageal cancer detected by GEs, 12 (48%) were missed by other GEs just before the consultation from other institutions.ConclusionsThe percentage of detection of hypopharyngeal cancer (especially, Tis and T1) by ENT physicians is low. A careful examination of the pharynx should be conducted by GEs.     

Clinical evaluation of the electronic nose in the diagnosis of ear, nose and throat infection: a preliminary study

The term electronic nose describes an electronic system that is able to mimic the human sense of smell. Electronic noses have been developed over the last 10 or more years to perform a variety of identification tasks in various industries. More recently electronic noses have attracted new interest in their application in the field of medical diagnosis. The aim of this study is to explore the use of an electronic nose to identify and classify pathogens associated with ear, nose and throat (ENT) infections. In this study 90 bacterial swab samples were collected from 90 patients with ENT infections. Some of these samples were analysed immediately with a commercial electronic nose (Cyranose C320). Similar numbers of swabs were also taken from the same site of infection and were sent for microbiology culture and sensitivity. The electronic nose diagnosis was compared with the microbiology diagnosis and it was found that the electronic nose diagnosis was correct in 88.2 per cent of the cases, which is an encouraging result.     

Ear, nose, and throat operations in the United States, 1979 to 1984

Using data from the National Center for Health Statistics for 1979 to 1984, I found a 5% decrease in total ear, nose, and throat (ENT) operations, the largest decline of any surgical specialty. For the same five-year period, the number of ENT surgeons increased 15%. In 1983, ENT surgeons performed 478 000 operations on tonsils and adenoids, an 18% decrease from the 1979 total (584 000). The removal of tonsils and adenoids is the eighth most common operation performed in the United States. The second most common ENT operation, nose repair and plastic operations (263 000), is the country's 14th most frequent operation. The 20 most common ENT operations constitute 87% of all ENT operations. In 1983, ENT operations represented 9% of all surgery in this country. These figures show that numbers of ENT surgical operations have decreased over the last five years, despite a constantly increasing number of ENT surgeons.     

Assessment of common otolaryngological diseases among children in rural primary schools in south eastern Nigeria

ObjectivesDespite a global improvement in health care delivery, rural areas in developing countries still have poor access to specialist care. This study aims to assess the occurrences of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) disorders among rural primary school children in south-eastern Nigeria.MethodsTwo rural primary schools were selected randomly from one of the rural regions of South Eastern State of Nigeria. All the pupils of the schools who gave consent were recruited. A structured study proforma investigating the pupils' biodata, otolaryngological symptoms, ear, nose and throat examination findings, was used to evaluate each pupil in the presence of the teachers.ResultsA total of 246 children participated in the study. 145(58.9%) were males while 101(41.1%) were females with a mean age of 8.5 ± 2.4 years. The commonest symptoms reported were nasal discharge (20%) followed by nasal obstruction (11.1%), itching of the ears (11.1%) and sneezing bouts (10%), while 3.7% had subjective hearing impairment. The commonest ENT finding was cerumen auris (43%) and this was observed in 43.4% of males and 42.4% of females, 11% had abnormal tympanic membranes and 20% had grades 3/4 tonsils(Brodsky grading).ConclusionENT disorders are still common in children in the rural areas of developing countries. To avoid the morbidity associated with these preventable and easily manageable disorders, community health workers should be trained to manage common ENT disorders and mobile clinics with scheduled visits made available in areas where ENT services remain inaccessible.     

Clinical guidelines, defensive medicine, and the physician between the two

PURPOSE: In this article, we study the use of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery recommendations regarding coagulation screening tests before tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy by ear, nose, and throat (ENT) physicians in Israel and offer insights into the reasons for accepting/declining this recommendation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During April and May 2002, 309 self-administered questionnaires were sent to all ENT physician members of the Israeli Society of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Physicians answered questions regarding demographic data, their habits of preoperative laboratory and imaging tests before tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, and the reasons for performing these tests. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-six (63.4% compliance rate) physicians responded to the survey. One hundred fifty-four (78.6% of the responding physicians) do not follow guideline recommendations and ask their otherwise healthy patients to undergo prothrombin time/partial thromboplastin time (PT/PTT) tests before tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Common practice in their departments was the leading reasoning for preoperative PT/PTT testing for 101 (51.5%) physicians. Eighty-nine physicians (45.4%) specifically stated that the reason for this behavior is defensive medicine, thirty-two physicians (16.3%) stated that the reason for those tests is hospital requirements, and literature recommendation was the reason in 24 (12.2%), followed by personal experience for 11 physicians (5.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Most ENT physicians in Israel do not follow clinical guidelines and perform unnecessary coagulation tests before tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. More studies are needed to find ways to change physicians' behavior regarding preoperative tests.     

Physiological changes in ENT during pregnancy

Although a number of changes occur in ear, nose, throat during pregnancy, yet these changes are neglected because majority of these changes go away after the pregnancy is over. Almost every corner of ENT is effected during pregnancy e.g., ear, nose, larynx (voice), oesophagus, thyroid etc. This paper deals with the various physiological changes in ENT during pregnancy and the worsening of symptomatology of various ENT ailments during pregnancy. These physiological changes are mainly due to the changing levels of estrogens and progesterone hormones during pregnancy. Many of these changes lead to symptomatology referable to head & neck and various disorders managed by otolaryngologist are more prevalent during pregnancy. A thorough understanding of these various effects of pregnancy is mandatory for an otolaryngologist to treat these disorders.     

Epidemiological considerations and clinical features of ENT tuberculosis

Between 1 April 1996 and 30 June 1997, 1003 ear, nose and throat (ENT) outpatients and 340 inpatients diagnosed as having pulmonary tuberculosis were analysed for ENT manifestations of tuberculosis to determine the relationship to sputum positivity, whether any high risk factors exist for the ENT manifestations as compared to other pulmonary tuberculosis patients, and the response to anti-tubercular treatment. The commonest ENT manifestation was found to be laryngitis (seven cases), which was more common in pulmonary tuberculosis patients (five out of seven), all except one of whom were sputum negative. All of these patients were defaulters from anti-tuberculosis treatment or relapse cases, and vocal cords were the commonest site of involvement. One case of tuberculous tonsillitis and one case of tuberculous mastoiditis were also noted. The practical implications of an awareness of ENT tuberculosis is a benefit of anti-tubercular therapy and hence conservative management usually suffices.