微波技术在治疗肿瘤中的新应用

本文介绍了一种早诊断早期皮下肿瘤的新方法,这种方法尤其适用于乳腺癌的普查和早期诊断,另外还介绍了入微波天线加热治疗的新技术。     

放射疗法在肿瘤治疗中的临床应用

目的 肿瘤是外科的五大疾病之一,本文主要探讨放射疗法在肿瘤治疗中的临床应用.方法 根据某院的43例肿瘤患者进行放射性治疗,进行疗效分析.结果 经过放射治疗后,发现39例患者有效(90.68％),4例患者无效(9.32％).放射治疗是治疗恶性肿瘤的重要手段之一,与外科,化疗组成了肿瘤的主要治疗手段.     

腹腔镜在妇科疾病诊治中的应用(综述)

腹腔镜的发明已有近百年的历史，1947年法国的Palmer首先研制了妇科腹腔镜，但直到70年代国外才广泛应用于妇科良性疾病的诊断，我国在70年代末，开始应用于妇科良性疾病的处理。目前，随着腹腔镜设备的改进，操作技术的不断提高熟练，在妇科恶性肿瘤方面也取得了显著的进展。现将腹腔镜在妇科疾病诊治的应用综述如下： 1．子宫肌瘤、子宫肌腺症 子宫肌瘤、子宫肌腺症的诊断已无可非议。用宫颈套扎法腹腔镜子宫次全切除术治疗子宫肌瘤、子宫肌腺症。方法：采用全麻。脐窝下打洞，注入CO2气体形成有效的气腹。分别于左右髂前上棘与脐连线中外三分之一处打洞，此……     

纳米技术在肿瘤治疗中的应用

纳米技术是指在纳米空间尺度水平操纵原子和分子，对物质和材料进行加工处理的技术。纳米科技的发展是多学科交叉融合的表现，纳米生物技术是医学领域研究的热点，尤其是纳米靶向载体系统、纳米生物传感器、纳米成像技术等等。本文就纳米技术的特点及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用作一简要阐述。     

单克隆抗体药物在肿瘤靶向治疗中的应用与展望

近—个世纪以来，国际主流医学对肿瘤的治疗模式由先前的“寻找和破坏”逐渐转变为“靶向和控制”，即对难以治愈的肿瘤患者进行靶向治疗，控制病灶的扩散和转移，提高患者的生活质量，延长其生存期。近年来，对肿瘤细胞特异性靶点的研究较多，如血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、基质金属蛋白酶（MMPs）和整联蛋白（integrins）等，为抗肿瘤单克隆抗体（单抗）的制备提供了参考。     

抗肿瘤新生血管分子靶向治疗现状与进展的综述

肿瘤的生长必须借助于肿瘤内的新生血管,新生血管的分子靶向治疗已经成为当前研究的热点问题。利用分子药物进行靶向治疗延长了多种实体肿瘤患者的生存期。分子靶向治疗存在一些问题,未来研究方向可能集中于疗效评价方法、给药剂量、给药顺序等方面。     

热疗在肿瘤治疗中的应用

跨入21世纪，肿瘤治疗进人个性化的多学科综合治疗时代，愈来愈多的新方法和新技术被应用到肿瘤治疗中，其中肿瘤热疗是近年肿瘤治疗中的一个热点。 热疗在肿瘤治疗中的应用可以追说到1893年美国医生William Coley报道伴有高热的病人肿瘤会出现消退，首次证实了体温升高能有效治疗肿瘤。     

MicroRNA在肿瘤分子诊断中的应用

MicroRNA(miRNA)在大多真核生物中表达,通过抑制翻译或诱导靶mRNA降解。miRNA是一种新的转录后基因表达调控模式,在复杂疾病形成过程中发挥着重要作用,调节了多种生物学过程,包括生长发育、信号转导、免疫调节、细胞凋亡、增殖及肿瘤发生等。越来越多的证据表明异常表达的miRNA是人类疾病的标志,包括肿瘤。差异表达的miRNA可能作为疾病早期诊断、分子分型及预后判断的指标,同时也可能成为多种肿瘤耐药新的治疗靶标。因此,miRNA在肿瘤中可能作为诊断、预测和治疗的生物标志。     

闪光放射治疗(Flash-RT)在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展

闪光放射治疗(Flash-RT)作为放射治疗技术基础领域的关键性突破,可能引起放疗领域新的大变革。本文综述了Flash-RT在肿瘤治疗中应用和机制探索的最新研究进展。目前研究发现无论是电子束和光子Flash-RT还是质子FlashRT相较于常规剂量率放疗均可以降低对正常组织的损伤,但相关机制还未明确,包括但不限于氧耗竭、DNA损伤、细胞衰老、凋亡和免疫反应等。Flash-RT在肿瘤组织与正常组织损伤间的差异进一步减少了放疗的局限性,相较于常规放疗减少了不良反应和并发症,具有广阔应用前景。     

质量控制(QC)设备在肿瘤放射治疗中的应用

二十世纪末期肿瘤放射治疗学最大的进展是三维适形治疗技术的开展,而进入新世纪的以后以逆向调强为代表的三维适量治疗将实现肿瘤医生追求近于完美的目标,是当今最为先进和精确的放疗技术^[1]。     

乳腺癌分子靶向治疗的新进展

乳腺癌的靶向治疗研究已经成为乳腺癌治疗领域研究的热点,是继手术、放疗和化疗三大传统模式之后一种全新的生物治疗模式。分子靶向治疗是针对可能导致细胞癌变的靶点,如原癌基因和抑癌基因、细胞信号转导通路、细胞因子及受体、抗肿瘤血管形成等,从分子水平逆转这种恶性生物学行为,从而抑制肿瘤细胞生长,具有特异度高、副作用小的优点。本文主要对乳腺癌分子靶向治疗药物作用的靶点及靶向治疗的最新进展做一综述。     

Potential of resveratrol in anticancer and anti-inflammatory therapy

Phytochemicals present in food have shown significant prospects in the treatment and management of a vast array of human diseases. Resveratrol is a stilbene-type aromatic phytoalexin predominantly found in grapes, peanuts, berries, turmeric, and other food products. Resveratrol has been reported to exhibit several physiological activities including anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in experimental animal models, as well as in humans. Anticancer activity of this compound is mainly due to induction of apoptosis via several pathways, as well as alteration of gene expressions, all leading to a decrease in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression. Resveratrol exhibits anti-inflammatory activity through modulation of enzymes and pathways that produce mediators of inflammation and also induction of programmed cell death in activated immune cells. Resveratrol has been shown to produce no adverse effects, even when consumed at high concentrations. Hence, resveratrol possesses good potential to be used as an adjunctive or alternative therapy for cancer and inflammatory diseases.     

生物信息学在分子流行病学中的应用

分子流行病学主要是从分子水平阐明疾病发生、发展规律及其影响因素,其研究首先必须确定生物标志物。生物信息学作为一门分析生物数据的工具学科,可以分析和整合基因组学、转录组学、表观组学及蛋白组学等标志物的高通量数据。生物信息学在流行病学筛选及研究疾病易感性、病因探索、疾病诊断和预后等标志物方面发挥了重要作用。本文就生物信息学在分子流行病学研究中发挥的作用进行综述。     

Inulin/oligofructose and anticancer therapy

The results of our investigations indicate that dietary treatment with inulin or oligofructose incorporated in the basal diet for experimental animals: (i) reduced the incidence of mammary tumors induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by methylnitrosourea; (ii) inhibited the growth of transplantable malignant tumors in mice; and (iii) decreased the incidence of lung metastases of a malignant tumor implanted intramuscularily in mice. Moreover, besides such cancer risk reduction effects, the dietary treatment with inulin or oligofructose significantly potentiated the effects of subtherapeutic doses of six different cytotoxic drugs commonly utilized in human cancer treatment. If confirmed, such dietary treatment with inulin or oligofructose potentiating cancer therapy might become an interesting approach to complement classical protocols of human cancer treatment without any additional risk for the patients.     

肿瘤靶向药物相关受体研究进展

对癌细胞及其组织靶向给予抗癌药物是临床治疗癌症的新手段,当细胞毒化疗剂(如紫杉醇和阿霉素)有效杀死癌细胞时,它们并不能区分癌细胞和正常细胞;当患者需要根除肿瘤大剂量使用细胞毒剂药物时,这种非针对性的特异性选择将导致患者全身毒性不良反应,从而造成患者非肿瘤部位组织和功能损伤。本文主要针对靶向药物在肿瘤微环境过表达受体的作用机制,及7种相关受体分子的结构和功能特点进行阐述。     

分子靶向治疗在非小细胞肺癌治疗中的研究进展

癌的传统放化疗缺乏特异性,有效率低,副反应大。近年来,随着分子生物学、人类基因组学的快速发展以及细胞信号转导通路研究的不断深入使得人们对肺癌的治疗有了新的认识。一些分子靶向药物的研究进展逐渐受到人们的关注并且陆续投入到临床应用,本研究就对有关分子靶向药物对非小细胞肺癌的治疗作一综述。     

肿瘤特异性凋亡基因诱导人宫颈癌细胞凋亡作用

目的 研究肿瘤特异性凋亡蛋白基因(apoptin)在诱导人宫颈癌细胞凋亡过程中信号转导机制.方法 用含有apoptin基因的真核表达载体瞬间转染体外培养的人宫颈癌细胞(hela);采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)、DNA凝胶电泳、流式细胞术检测hela细胞的凋亡;以比色法检测胱天蛋白酶-8(caspase-8)和胱天蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)的相对活性.结果 Apoptin基因瞬间转染的hela细胞可出现典型的细胞凋亡所具有的DNA梯状带;流式细胞术检测发现,实验组细胞凋亡率[(40.45±0.76)%]明显高于正常对照组[(3.25±0.16)%]和载体对照组[(3.55±0.12)%](P＜0.01);caspase-3的活性升高,但caspase-8活性无明显变化.结论 Apoptin基因可通过激活caspase-3诱导hela细胞凋亡.     

Exercise,cachexia, and cancer therapy: a molecular rationale

Evidence from recent publications indicates that repeated exercise may enhance the quality of life of cancer patients. The lack of reported negative effects and the consistency of the observed benefits lead one to conclude that physical exercise may provide a low-risk therapy that can improve patients' capacity to perform activities of daily living and improve their quality of life. Repeated physical activity may attenuate the adverse effects of cancer therapy, prevent or reverse cachexia, and reduce risk for a second cancer through suppression of inflammatory responses or enhancement of insulin sensitivity, rates of protein synthesis, and anti-oxidant and phase II enzyme activities. These results most likely come about through the ability of physical exercise to attenuate a chronic inflammatory signaling process and to transiently activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor-kappa B pathways and through its ability to enhance insulin sensitivity. Expanded molecular-based research into these areas may provide new insights into the biological mechanisms associated with cancer rehabilitation and endogenous risk.     

Peptide-based boronates: How to achieve tissue specificity in anticancer therapy

Dipeptidyl boronic acids are suitable candidates for the design of “pro-soft” drugs because recent studies have proven that these acids undergo a pH-dependent cyclization equilibrium, generating an inactive cyclic form under physiological conditions. Dipeptidyl boronic acids possess a wide range of potential targets, and the 26S proteasome appears to be one of the main targets. This multicatalytic complex is involved in intracellular protein turnover and is overexpressed in certain pathological conditions, such as malignancies, autoimmune diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. Bortezomib is the first-in-class derivative approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hematological malignancies (i.e., relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma) but is inactive against solid tumors due to an insufficient tissue distribution. The present study suggests a possible strategy for enhancing the in vivo performance of dipeptidyl boronic acids endowed with promising proteasome-inhibiting properties and their applicability as anticancer agents. In particular, dipeptidyl boronic acids might have a fruitful application as pro-soft drugs when an appropriate recognition motif serves as a substrate for a tumor-specific protease, generating the active form of the drug in situ and preventing systemic side effects after diffusion through cells and tissues.     

Resting energy expenditure in patients with solid tumors undergoing anticancer therapy

OBJECTIVE: Few studies have investigated the resting energy expenditure (REE) of, or determined the individual predictive accuracy of prediction equations in, cancer patients undergoing anticancer therapy. This study compared the measured REE of patients with cancer undergoing anticancer therapy with (1) healthy subjects and (2) REE estimated from commonly used prediction methods. METHODS: Resting energy expenditure was measured in 18 cancer patients and 17 healthy subjects by using indirect calorimetry under standard conditions and was estimated from seven prediction methods. Fat-free mass (FFM) was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Data were analyzed with regression modeling to adjust REE for FFM. Agreement between measured and predicted REE values was analyzed using the Bland-Altman approach. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in FFM-adjusted REE between cancer patients and healthy subjects (mean difference 10%). Limits of agreement were wide for all prediction methods in estimating REE as much as 40% below and up to 30% above measured REE. CONCLUSIONS: REE in cancer patients undergoing anticancer therapies does not appear to be as high as commonly thought. None of the prediction equations examined were acceptable for predicting REE of individual cancer patients or healthy subjects.