牙周非手术治疗对2型糖尿病伴牙周炎患者糖代谢及血清白细胞介素6的影响

目的 观察牙周非手术治疗对2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎(chronic periodontitis,CP)患者牙周状况、糖代谢及血清白细胞介素6(IL-6)的影响,探讨其可能的影响机制.方法 选取2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎(type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic periodontitis,DMCP组)和不伴有全身系统性疾病的CP患者(CP组)各55例进行牙周非手术治疗,其中DMCP组中糖化血红蛋白(glycated hemoglobin,HbA1c)＜7.00%的患者为血糖控制较好组(A1组),HbAlc≥7.00%的为血糖控制较差组(A2组).在治疗前及治疗后6周、3个月时分别记录全口探诊深度(probing depth,PD)、附着丧失(attachment loss,AL)、出血指数(beeding index,BI)和菌斑指数(plaque index,PLI),并检测空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、HbA1c及血清IL-6水平.结果 DMCP组和CP组PD、AL、BI、PLI和血清IL-6水平在治疗后6周及3个月时均显著降低(P＜0.05),其中DMCP组血清IL-6从(3.47±0.33)ng/L(治疗前)显著降至(3.21±0.66)ng/L(治疗后6周),再降至(3.03±0.54)ng/L(治疗后3个月).DMCP组治疗后3个月HbA1c水平[(6.80±1.21)%]与治疗前[(7.35±1.73)%]相比显著降低(P＜0.05),其中A2组HbA1c水平从治疗前的(8.72±1.51)%显著降至治疗后3个月的(7.59±1.28)%(P＜0.05),而A1组HbA1c水平则无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论 牙周非手术治疗能够降低DMCP患者血清IL-6水平,并在一定程度上改善患者糖代谢状况;该治疗能显著改善血糖控制较差者的糖代谢,而对血糖控制较好者的糖代谢则无明显影响.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on periodontal status, glycemic control and the level of serum interleukin(IL)-6 in type 2 diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis (DMCP). Methods Fifty-five DMCP and 55 systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis(CP) were recruited in this study. The diabetes were classified into two groups, the wellcontrolled group [glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ＜ 7.00%]and the poorly controlled group (HbA1c ≥7.00%). All subjects received non-surgical periodontal therapy. Periodontal clinical parameters including periodontal probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL), bleeding index (BI) and plaque index (PLI) were recorded at baseline, 6 weeks and 3 months after the treatment. Fasting plasma glucose(FPG), HbA1c and the concentration of serum IL-6 were measured. Results At 6 weeks and 3 months after treatment, PD,AL, BI, PLI and the concentration of serum IL-6 of both groups significantly reduced(P ＜ 0. 05). The level of IL-6 in diabetic patients reduced significantly from (3.47 ±0.33) ng/L to (3.21 ±0.66) ng/L and to (3.03 ± 0. 54) ng/L. The HbA1c of diabetic patients reduced significantly 3 months after treatment [(6.80±1.21%]compared with the baseline[(7.35 ± 1.73)%, P ＜0.05]. HbA1c of the poorly controlled group reduced significantly(P ＜0. 05), while HbA1c of the well-controlled diabetes did not show any apparent reduction (P ＞ 0. 05). Conclusions Non-surgical periodontal therapy can effectively reduce the concentration of serum IL-6, thereby improving glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients with chronic periodontitis. However, there was no any significant reduction of HbA1c in the well-controlled diabetes.     

牙周非手术治疗对2型糖尿病伴牙周炎患者糖化血红蛋白A1c和血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1的影响

目的 探讨牙周非手术治疗对2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎（DMCP）患者牙周状况、糖代谢及血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1（sICAM-1）的影响。方法 选择诊断为2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎的患者,按糖化血红蛋白A1c （ GHbA1c ）控制水平分为血糖控制良好组（GHbA1c＜7.00％,DMCP1组,30例）和血糖控制较差组（GHbA1c≥7.00％,DMCP2组,30例）;选择不伴有系统性疾病的慢性牙周炎患者（CP组,30例）为对照组。所有患者均进行牙周非手术治疗,分析治疗前（基线）及治疗后1、3个月时探诊深度（PD）、临床附着丧失（CAL）、菌斑指数（PLI）、龈沟出血指数（SBI）、探诊出血（BOP）、空腹血糖（FPG）、GHbA1c及血清sICAM-1水平的变化。结果 治疗后1、3个月时,3组PD、SBI、PLI、BOP阳性率、血清sICAM-1水平比基线时均明显降低（P＜0.05）,CP组和DMCP1组CAL比基线时亦均明显降低（P＜0.05）,但DMCP2组CAL无明显变化（P＞0.05）。治疗后3个月时,DMCP2组GHbA1c水平与基线时比较平均降低1.12%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,但CP组和DMCP1组在整个观察期间GHbA1c水平与基线时比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 牙周非手术治疗可降低2型糖尿病伴牙周炎患者的牙周炎症程度及血清sICAM-1的水平,并可改善血糖控制良好者的牙周附着水平;该治疗还可以降低血糖控制较差者的GHbA1c水平。     

牙周非手术治疗对2型糖尿病伴牙周病老年患者糖化血红蛋白的影响

目的：观察牙周非手术治疗对2型糖尿病伴牙周病老年患者血糖（GLU）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）水平的影响。方法：选择2型糖尿病伴牙周病老年患者107例,按糖尿病控制良好、不佳分为A、B两组,经牙周非手术治疗后随访,分析治疗前和治疗后4个月的牙周袋探诊深度（PD）、附着丧失（AL）以及GLU、HbA1c的水平。结果：A组治疗前牙周状况和B组相比,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）。两组患者治疗后牙周状况较治疗前均有改善,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）,并且A组治疗效果好于B组,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）。牙周治疗后患者的GLU、HbA1c与治疗前均有改善,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论：2型糖尿病伴牙周病老年患者的牙周健康状况与血糖控制状态有关。牙周非手术治疗可降低其GLU、HbA1c的水平,可以明显改善2型糖尿病伴牙周病老年患者的牙周健康状况。     

Collagenases in gingival crevicular fluid in type 1 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated that high levels of collagenase activity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) are associated with degradation of periodontal tissues in progressive periodontitis compared to periodontally healthy tissues. Because the activation of collagenases is an important issue in periodontitis, we have studied the activation of collagenase in gingival crevicular fluid samples of diabetic patients. METHODS: Collagenase activity was studied in human gingival crevicular fluids. Twenty-two poorly controlled diabetic patients (e.g., blood glucose: 11.0+/-0.7 mmol/l; hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c]: 9.6%+/-0.3%) and five well-controlled diabetic patients were compared to six chronic periodontitis subjects and five healthy controls. Collagenase activity against type I collagen was measured using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis quantitated by laser densitometry. RESULTS: The poorly controlled diabetic patients had more alveolar bone loss than the well-controlled diabetic subjects and controls (P<0.001; t test). The activity of collagenases in GCF in poorly controlled diabetic patients was similar to that seen in chronic periodontitis subjects (P>0.05) but higher than in healthy controls (P<0.01; t test), whereas there was no difference between the well-controlled diabetic subjects and systemically healthy controls (P>0.05; t test). CONCLUSION: Poorly controlled diabetes is strongly related to periodontal tissue destruction, and collagenases in GCF may mediate and reflect this effect.     

Heightened gingival inflammation and attachment loss in type 2 diabetics with hyperlipidemia

BACKGROUND: Our previous studies in diabetic (DB) rats suggest that hyperlipidemia may cause a dysregulation of the cellular and local cytokine response to periodontitis (AP). The objective of the present study was to determine if diabetes has a similar dysregulatory effect on the gingival response to AP in humans. METHODS: Peripheral blood, as well as gingival tissue (GT) and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), was obtained from a total of 35 patients who were categorized into the following groups based on level of diabetic (type 2) control and presence or absence of adult periodontitis (AP): group 1, systemically and periodontally healthy (n = 6); group 2, systemically healthy with adult periodontitis (n = 7); group 3, well-controlled diabetes and periodontally healthy (n = 6); group 4, well-controlled diabetes with adult periodontitis (n = 5); group 5, poorly controlled diabetes and periodontally healthy (n = 5); group 6, poorly controlled diabetes and adult periodontitis (n = 6). All subjects were given a thorough periodontal examination, including probing depths (PD), clinical attachment levels (CAL), gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and vertical bitewing radiographs. Blood studies included levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (CHL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). The levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) in GCF and GT, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and platelet-derived growth factor AB (PDGF-AB) in GT from patients in each experimental group were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Our results indicate that all clinical indices except PI were significantly elevated in the poorly controlled and well-controlled diabetics, compared to systemically healthy patients, but only in the subjects without preexisiting AP (Tukey's multiple comparisons, P <0.05). Pairwise linear regression analysis revealed significant (P <0.01) positive associations between periodontal inflammation (PD, CAL, PI, GI) and levels of GCF IL-1beta, GT IL- 1beta GT IL-6, but not GT PDGF; moreover, GT IL-6 levels were significantly associated (P<0.05) with GT IL-1beta. As TG levels increased in the non-AP patients (group 1 < group 3 < group 5), there was a trend, not significant, for increased GCF IL-1beta levels and increased gingival inflammation. Interestingly, periodontitis resulted in increased PDGF-AB levels in the gingiva of systemically healthy and well-controlled diabetes patients, but this increase was obtunded in poorly controlled diabetes patients. CONCLUSIONS: This confirms our earlier work in the diabetic rat model. These studies indicate that decreased metabolic control in type 2 diabetics results in increased serum triglycerides and has a negative influence on all clinical measures of periodontal health, particularly in patients without preexisting periodontitis. Levels of the cytokine IL- 1beta showed a trend for increasing as diabetic control diminished. In contrast, levels of the growth factor PDGF, which normally increase in periodontitis, decreased in poorly controlled diabetics with periodontitis. These studies suggest a possible dysregulation of the normal cytokine/growth factor signaling axis in poorly controlled type 2 diabetics that may contribute to periodontal breakdown/diminished repair.     

Comparison of Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in Individuals Without Diabetes and With and Without Periodontitis Before and After Non‐Surgical Periodontal Therapy

Background: Only a few studies have examined the association between periodontitis and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in individuals without diabetes. The aim of this study is to compare HbA1c levels in individuals without diabetes and with and without periodontitis before and after non‐surgical periodontal therapy. Methods: This comparative study was done on individuals without diabetes who were 35 to 65 years old. Group A consisted of 30 individuals without periodontitis, and group B consisted of 30 individuals with periodontitis. Body mass indices and clinical parameters, including oral hygiene index‐simplified (OHI‐S) score, gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and HbA1c level, of all participants were recorded. All participants received non‐surgical periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing). After 3 months, all participants were reexamined, and clinical parameters and HbA1c levels were evaluated and compared to baseline values. Results: There were significant differences between group A and group B in regard to baseline OHI‐S, GI, PD, and HbA1c (P <0.05). There was no clinical attachment loss in group A, either at baseline or after 3 months. At the end of 3 months, group B showed improvement in all clinical parameters (P <0.05) and their HbA1c levels also significantly decreased (P <0.05), although the values never reached those of group A. Conclusion: The HbA1c levels of individuals without diabetes and with periodontitis (group B) were significantly reduced 3 months after non‐surgical periodontal therapy, although they never reached the same levels as those of the individuals without diabetes or periodontitis (group A).     

Effect of periodontal treatment on metabolic control, systemic inflammation and cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of periodontal therapy on the circulating concentration of high-sensitivity capsule-reactive protein (hs-CRP), fibrinogen (FIB), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ) and on the metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.
Material and Methods: Twenty-three T2DM patients with chronic periodontitis were enrolled in this study. Periodontal clinical parameters, namely visible plaque index, gingival bleeding index, bleeding on probing, probing depth and clinical attachment levels, were evaluated. Blood samples for plasma were collected and assessed for the levels of hs-CRP, FIB, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF- α . The glycated haemoglobin (HbA_1c) and fasting plasma glucose were also measured. All parameters were evaluated before and 3 months after non-surgical periodontal therapy.
Results: All clinical parameters were significantly improved 3 months after the periodontal therapy. A univariate comparison showed a tendency towards a decrease of the measured biomarkers, most pronounced for TNF- α and FIB, after therapy. Periodontal treatment also reduced HbA_1c and hs-CRP levels, albeit not significantly.
Conclusions: The clinically successful non-surgical periodontal therapy tended to reduce systemic inflammation and the concentration of some circulating cytokines.     

Clinical and metabolic changes after conventional treatment of type 2 diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the response to conventional periodontal treatment between patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus from a clinical and metabolic standpoint. METHODS: A prospective, parallel, comparative longitudinal clinical study was performed between type 2 diabetics and non-diabetics with moderate generalized chronic periodontitis. The study period was 6 months. Conventional periodontal scaling and root planing were performed, and the response to this treatment was compared between the groups at 3 and 6 months, measuring the plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, level of clinical attachment, and gingival recession. In the diabetic patients, the clinical response was related to measurements of HbA1c and glucose in blood at 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: An improvement in all clinical variables was observed, with no statistically significant differences between the groups, with the exception of probing depth (P <0.0207). The improvement observed in blood HbA1c levels confirmed a positive metabolic response to periodontal treatment, with a lower value for this variable at each measurement time. CONCLUSIONS: Both groups of patients showed a clinical improvement after basic non-surgical periodontal treatment. The diabetic patients showed improved metabolic control (lower HbA1c) at 3 and 6 months after periodontal treatment.     

Relationship of Porphyromonas gingivalis with glycemic level in patients with type 2 diabetes following periodontal treatment

Introduction:  The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between serum glycemic levels and subgingival microbial profile alteration following periodontal treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods:  We studied 30 periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who received full-mouth subgingival debridement by analyzing their subgingival microbial profiles using a polymerase chain reaction method at baseline and various time-points for 12 months following treatment. Concurrently, probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and metabolic parameters, including glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood sugar level, C-reactive proteins, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, were recorded.
Results:  Periodontal conditions were significantly improved after treatment, and the occurrence rates of periodontal bacterial species, including Porphyromonas gingivalis , Tannerella forsythensis , Treponema denticola , and Prevotella intermedia , were also reduced. Interestingly, P. gingivalis was detected more frequently in subjects with increased HbA1c values after periodontal treatment than in those patients with decreased HbA1c values. Furthermore, P. gingivalis with type II fimbriae was detected only in HbA1c-increased subjects, while improvements in HbA1c values were observed only in subjects without type II clones.
Conclusions:  These results suggest that glycemic level in diabetes is affected by the persistence of P. gingivalis , especially clones with type II fimbriae, in periodontal pockets.     

伴糖尿病的慢性牙周炎患者牙周基础治疗效果研究

目的研究牙周基础治疗对伴有糖尿病的慢性牙周炎患者的治疗效果。方法选择伴Ⅱ型糖尿病的老年慢性牙周炎患者(糖尿病组)与不伴糖尿病的老年慢性牙周炎患者(非糖尿病组)各20例行牙周基础治疗,记录并比较两组患者在基线和术后3、6、12个月的菌斑指数、牙龈指数、探诊出血、探诊深度、附着丧失等指标。结果牙周基础治疗对两组患者均有较好的治疗效果,各项指标均明显改善,与基线水平比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而两组间各项牙周指数的改善在术后3、6、12个月差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论牙周基础治疗对伴有糖尿病的老年慢性牙周炎患者在短期内(12个月)有良好的治疗效果。     

Clinical case report of long-term follow-up in type-2 diabetes patient with severe chronic periodontitis and nifedipine-induced gingival overgrowth

In this case report, we describe the clinical course over a 14-year follow-up in a 47-year-old diabetes patient with severe chronic periodontitis and nifedipine-induced gingival overgrowth. The patient had a history of hypertension for over 5 years and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. Overgrown gingiva was observed in most of the teeth and was marked in the upper and lower anterior teeth. A probing pocket depth of ≥ 4 mm and bleeding on probing (BOP) were observed in 94 and 90% of sites examined, respectively. At baseline, his hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was 8.5%. The patient received periodontal and diabetic treatment simultaneously. Medication was changed from nifedipine chloride to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. After initial therapy and subsequent periodontal surgery, gingival overgrowth disappeared and probing depth and BOP showed a significant improvement. No recurrence was observed during supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). The HbA1c level improved from 8.5 to 6.3% after periodontal treatment, subsequently remaining at a good level during SPT over 10 years. This study demonstrated that periodontal treatment, withdrawal of medication and control of diabetes can result in remarkable improvements in type 2 diabetes patients with chronic periodontitis and nifedipine-induced gingival overgrowth. These results suggest that comprehensive periodontal treatment in combination with treatment for diabetes mellitus can exert a positive influence on blood glucose levels and periodontal condition in diabetic patients.     

The effect of improved periodontal health on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of improved periodontal health on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fourty-four patients with type 2 DM were selected. Subjects were randomly assigned into two groups. Data collection: Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment levels (CALs), gingival recession (GR) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded at baseline at 1st and 3rd months. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h post-prandial glucose (PPG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and microalbuminure were analysed at baseline, 3 months following the periodontal therapy. The treatment group received full-mouth scaling and root planing whereas the control group received no periodontal treatment. RESULTS: A statistically significant effect could be demonstrated for PI, GI, PPD, CAL and BOP for the treatment group. HbA1c levels in the treatment group decreased significantly whereas the control group showed a slight but insignificant increase for this parameter. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study showed that non-surgical periodontal treatment is associated with improved glycaemic control in type 2 patients and could be undertaken along with the standard measures for the diabetic patient care.     

The effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on peroxidase activity in diabetic patients: a case-control pilot study

Objective: To evaluate the effect of periodontal therapy on clinical parameters as well as on total salivary peroxidase (TSP) activity and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and of systemically healthy individuals.
Material and Methods: Twenty DM2 subjects with inadequate metabolic control (test group) and 20 systemically healthy individuals (control group), both groups with chronic periodontitis, were enrolled. Periodontal clinical parameters, namely periodontal probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), visible plaque index (VPI), bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival bleeding index (GBI) and presence of suppuration (SUP), as well as TSP activity and GCF MPO activity, were assessed before and 3 months after non-surgical periodontal therapy.
Results: At baseline and 3 months post-treatment, the test group presented a higher percentage of sites with VPI and BOP ( p <0.01). MPO activity in the GCF presented lower values ( p <0.05) for the test group at both baseline and the post-treatment period. The periodontal treatment resulted in a significant improvement of most clinical and enzymatic parameters for both groups ( p <0.05).
Conclusions: In both groups, the periodontal therapy was effective in improving most clinical parameters and in reducing salivary and GCF enzymatic activity. The diabetic individuals presented lower MPO activity in the GCF.     

牙周基础治疗对2型糖尿病伴慢性牙周炎患者龈沟液丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂和肿瘤坏死因子-α水平的影响

目的 观察牙周基础治疗对2型糖尿病伴发或不伴发慢性牙周炎患者龈沟液(gingival crevicular flu-id,GCF)丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(vaspin)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平的影响.方法 本研究包含60个研究对象,分为4组:15例2型糖尿病伴发慢性牙周炎患者为DM-CP组;15例慢性牙周炎不伴发2型糖尿病患者为CP组;15例牙周健康的2型糖尿病患者为DM组;15例牙周及全身系统均健康的个体为CTRL组.治疗前与牙周基础治疗8周后取样GCF并检测牙周临床指标.通过ELISA法检测GCF样本中vaspin和TNF-α的水平.结果 治疗前慢性牙周炎组GCF中vaspin和TNF-α水平显著高于牙周健康组(P<0.05),治疗后慢性牙周炎组GCF中vaspin和TNF-α水平显著降低(P<0.05).各组vaspin总量与TNF-α总量、糖化血红蛋白水平、牙龈指数以及探诊深度在统计学上存在正相关关系(P<0.05).结论 牙周基础治疗能明显降低慢性牙周炎患者GCF中vaspin和TNF-α的水平.提示GCF中vaspin和TNF-α可作为糖尿病、牙周炎诊断及其预后的炎性标志物.     

Toll-like receptors 2 and 5 in human gingival epithelial cells co-operate with T-cell cytokine interleukin-17

Background/aim:  Periodontitis begins as the result of perturbation of the gingival epithelial cells caused by subgingival bacteria interacting with the epithelial cells via pattern recognition receptors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to play an important role in the recognition of periodontal pathogens so we have studied the interaction of TLR ligands with TLR2 and TLR5 for cytokine production in the cultures of gingival epithelial cells.
Methods:  Immunohistochemistry was used for the localization of TLR2 and TLR5 in tissue specimens. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to detect the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), released from gingival epithelial cell cultures following stimulation with TLR ligand alone or in combination with IL-17.
Results:  Both TLR2 and TLR5 were increased in periodontitis (2128 ± 159 vs. 449 ± 59 and 2456 ± 297 vs. 679 ± 103, respectively, P  < 0.001) including gingival epithelial cells that stained strongly. Cultured gingival epithelial cells stimulated with their respective ligands (HKLM, a TLR2 ligand that is also found in Porphyromonas gingivalis , and flagellin, a TLR5 ligand that is also found in Treponema denticola ) produced both IL-1β and TNF-α. To mimic T-cell help, IL-17 was added. This further greatly enhanced TLR ligand-induced IL-1β ( P  < 0.001) and TNF-α ( P  < 0.01) production.
Conclusions:  These findings show how pathogen-associated molecular patterns, shared by many different periodontopathogenic bacteria, stimulate the resident gingival epithelial cells to inflammatory responses in a TLR-dependent manner. This stimulation may be particularly strong in periodontitis and when T helper type 17 cells provide T-cell help in intercellular cooperation.     

Lipid peroxidation levels, total oxidant status and superoxide dismutase in serum, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid in chronic periodontitis patients before and after periodontal therapy

Background:  Recent data have demonstrated increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels and oxidative stress in periodontitis. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are both increased during oxidative stress. Furthermore, this study examined SOD concentration, total oxidative status (TOS) and MDA levels in periodontal patients and investigated the longitudinal effect of periodontal therapy on the index levels of chronic periodontitis (CP) patients.
Methods:  Serum, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were obtained from 48 CP patients and 35 healthy control subjects prior to, as well as after 16 weeks following non-surgical post-periodontal therapy. MDA, TOS and SOD and clinical parameters were determined pre- and post-therapy.
Results:  The levels of TOS and SOD values were significantly higher in the CP group than in the control group (p < 0.05), but only MDA in GCF. Post-periodontal therapy, serum, saliva and GCF TOS and SOD levels significantly decreased compared to basal levels (p < 0.05), but only MDA in GCF.
Conclusions:  LPO was higher in the periodontal region, with TOS and SOD increasing both locally and peripherally. Non-surgical therapy can restore and control the subject antioxidant capacity by locally and systemically modifying the levels of MDA, TOS and SOD.     

Healing response to non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus: clinical, microbiological, and immunologic results

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to monitor clinical, microbiological, medical, and immunological effects of non-surgical periodontal therapy in diabetics Lind healthy controls. 20 IDDM (insulin dependent. n = l) or NIDDM (non-insulin dependent. n = 13) diabetic patients (median duration 11.5 years, range of HbA_1C: 4.4–10.6%) with moderate to advanced periodontal disease and 20 matched healthy control patients, were subjected to supragingival pretreatment and subsequent subgingival therapy Periodontal examinations (API. PBI, BOP. PPD, PAL), microbiological examinations (culture), medical routine examinations, and immunological examinations (oxidative burst response of PMNs to TNF-α and FMLP) were performed at baseline, 2 weeks after supragingival, and 4 months after subgingival therapy. 4 months after completion of non-surgical therapy, the following compared to baseline significant ( p ≤0.05) changes (Δ) of clinical parameters (median) were found in diabetic patients versus control patients: JAPI (30.4% versus 36.3%), ΔPBI (22.9% versus 24.2%), ΔBOP (39.5% versus 46.9%). The median % per patient of pockets with PPD≥4 mm decreased from 41.9% to 28.3% in diabetics, and from 41.6% to 31.8% in controls. Microbiologically. similar reductions of periopathogenic bacteria were found in diabetics and controls. Neither periodontal data nor the oxidative burst response of PMNs showed any significant difference ( p >0.05) between diabetics and control patients. In this study, periodontal therapy had no significant influence on medical data of diabetics. In conclusion, this study indicates that metabolically well-controlled diabetics might respond to non-surgical periodontal therapy as well as healthy control patients.     

Periodontal disease and diabetes metabolic control: a full-mouth disinfection approach

Some studies demonstrated that local mechanical periodontal treatment and systemic antibiotics might improve the level of metabolic control in patients with diabetes. The aim of this clinical pilot trial was to evaluate if type 1 diabetes patients with periodontitis will experience improvement in periodontal status and glycemic control after a full-mouth disinfection treatment. Ten adult patients with poor metabolic control (mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) = 10.7 %) and periodontitis were included in the study. All patients received a full-mouth disinfection in 24 hours as described by Quirynen et al. (1995) at baseline and 6 months later. The periodontal parameters included plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing, probing depth and clinical attachment loss. Metabolic control was measured by the serum level of HbA1c. All measurements were done at baseline and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The results demonstrated a significantly lower PI, less bleeding on probing, reduction in probing depth and gain of clinical attachment at 3 months and 9 months of the study. Similarly, a significant reduction in the serum level of HbA1c was measured three months after full-mouth disinfection but disappeared 6 months later at the 6- and 12-month check points. We conclude that a full-mouth disinfection approach significantly improves periodontal status and metabolic control in type 1 diabetes patients with periodontitis. However, the results of our study imply that a full-mouth disinfection method has to be applied at least every 3 months to control periodontal status and glycemic control in type 1 diabetes patients. Further studies with greater numbers of diabetes patients are needed to confirm the long-term beneficial effects of a full-mouth disinfection approach on diabetic metabolic control.     

Resolution of periodontal inflammation does not guarantee improved glycemic control in type 1 diabetic subjects

Objective: The aim of this study was to find out if periodontal therapy has any effect on glycemic control of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM).
Subjects and Methods: The periodontal health status of 65 type 1 diabetic subjects was assessed at the baseline and 8 weeks after completion of periodontal therapy. Glycemic control was assessed on both visits by measuring the percentage of glycosylated haemoglobin (GHbA1c). The change in HbA1c (ΔHbA1c) was assessed by using both a positive or negative change 0.5% and any change in HbA1c.
Results: The mean HbA1c level (±SD) of the whole study group was 8.6% (±1.5) at the baseline and 8.5% (±1.5) after treatment. Glycemic control improved during the study period in 23 subjects (35%) and worsened in 18 subjects (28%). Approximately 78% of the bleeding sites and 87% of the sites with probing depth 4 mm presented healing. ΔHbA1c associated significantly with baseline HbA1c but not with baseline periodontal health status or periodontal healing.
Conclusion: Regardless of a significant resolution of periodontal infection, a great majority of the subjects did not present any improvement in their glycemic control.     

Non-surgical periodontal therapy affects metabolic control in diabetics: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Background: Periodontal diseases and diabetes are two common diseases with high prevalence. Many clinicians have accepted the relationship between these two diseases. Some investigators have reported that periodontal treatment may enhance the metabolic control of diabetes. The effects of non‐surgical periodontal treatment on metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) were examined. Methods: Forty patients with DM2 and chronic periodontitis [mean age = 50.29 years; mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) = 8.72] were randomly assigned to two groups. The treatment group (n = 22) received full‐mouth scaling and root planing, whereas the control group (n = 18) received no periodontal treatment. Gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels were recorded at baseline and compared to data collected three months later. Results: The groups did not differ in gender ratio, age or clinical parameters [PPD (p = 0.107), CAL (p = 0.888), PI (p = 0.180)] and biochemical markers at baseline [FPG (p = 0.429), HbA1c (p = 0.304), TG (p = 0.486), TC (p = 0.942), LDL (p = 0.856) and HDL (p = 0.881)]. FPG, HbA1c and clinical parameters differed between the treatment and control groups (p = 0.006, 0.003 and 0, respectively). From baseline to follow‐up (after three months), HbA1c levels decreased in the treated group (p = 0.003). In the same time period, FPG, GI, PPD and CAL increased in the control group (p = 0.016, 0.0, 0.0 and 0.004, respectively) but HbA1c did not change significantly. Conclusions: Non‐surgical periodontal therapy could improve metabolic control in diabetic patients.