慢支固本颗粒质量标准的提高

目的建立慢支固本颗粒中防风的薄层鉴别方法，改进黄芪主药中黄芪甲苷的含量测定方法。方法防风鉴别采用薄层色谱法（TLC法）。主药黄芪中黄芪甲苷含量的测定则用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器法（HPLC—ELSD法）代替TLC法。结果防风的TLC鉴别专属性强，HPLC—ELSD法中黄芪甲苷进样量在0．5～12.63μg范围内，其对数与峰面积对数呈良好的线性关系，r=0．9994；样品的平均加样回收率为98．1％，RSD=1．3％。结论鉴别及含量测定方法操作简便，稳定可靠，重现性好，能更准确有效地控制产品的质量。     

补血益母颗粒质量标准研究

目的研究补血益母颗粒中阿胶及黄芪的测定方法,为建立其质量标准提供数据依据。方法采用薄层色谱鉴别颗粒中的阿胶及黄芪,并以高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定黄芪甲苷的含量。结果在薄层色谱中能清晰鉴别出阿胶及黄芪,HPLC法测定黄芪甲苷在1．01-50．10μg时线性关系良好（R2=O．9999）。结论薄层色谱法鉴别补血益母颗粒中阿胶及黄芪以及HPLC法测定黄芪甲苷的含量,方法简便准确,重现性好,专属性强,可作为补血益母颗粒的质量控制方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定参芪补气片中黄芪甲苷的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定参芪补气片中黄芪甲苷的含量。方法：以吡啶∶苯甲酰氯（2∶1）为衍生化试剂,对黄芪甲苷进行苯甲酰化,采用HPLC法在270 nm波长处测定参芪补气片中黄芪甲苷的含量。结果：黄芪甲苷进样量在0.078～0.975μg范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,重复性好（RSD=0.82%）,回收率平均值为99.51%～100.76%（RSD=0.29%～1.11%）。结论：该法样品前处理简单、专属性强、准确度高、灵敏度高、重现性好,可以作为控制参芪补气片中黄芪甲苷质量的方法。     

明目口服液的质量标准研究

目的建立明目口服液的质量控制标准。方法采用薄层色谱（TLC）法鉴别方中的黄芪、当归、丹参，采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定制剂中黄芪甲苷的含量。结果TLC法专属性强，HPLC法简便、准确，黄芪甲苷进样量线性范围为2．232-44．26雌，r=0．99996，平均回收率为99．42％，RSD为1．31％（n=6）。结论本方法可有效地控制明目口服液的质量。     

花芪通脉颗粒质量标准的研究

目的：建立花芪通脉颗粒的质量标准。方法：采用薄层色谱法（TLC）对处方中的灯盏花、黄芪和延胡索进行鉴别，用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定灯盏花中灯盏乙素的含量。结果：在TLC色谱中均能检出灯盏花、黄芪、延胡索；在HPLC色谱中灯盏乙素在0．74—3．70μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系，r=0．9996，灯盏乙素平均加样回收率为98．7％，RSD为0．69％（n=5）。结论：所建鉴别方法专属性强，定量方法准确性和重现性好，适用于花芪通脉颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC-ELSD测定复方黄芪心通颗粒中黄芪甲苷的含量

目的：建立复方黄芪心通颗粒中黄芪甲苷的HPLC—ELSD含量测定的方法。方法：色谱柱：AgelentSB—C18（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,柱温：35℃,流动相：乙腈-水-四氢呋喃（27：70：3）,检测器：蒸发光散射检测器（漂移管温度40℃）。结果：黄芪甲苷在1．32～6．60μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0．9994,平均回收率为97．2％,RSD％为1．08％。结论：方法简便,结果准确,重复性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

健脑灵片质量标准研究

目的建立健脑灵片的质量标准。方法用薄层色谱（TLC）法鉴别处方中的白芍、酸枣仁、当归、川芎;用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定白芍中芍药苷含量,流动相为乙腈-0．1％磷酸溶液（15：85）,检测波长为230nm。结果TLC鉴别色谱特征斑点明显;HPLC法能准确测定芍药苷含量,芍药苷进样量在0．2116～3．3856μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为98．56％,RSD为1．80％（n=6）。结论所建立的TLC法和HPLC法专属性强,重复性好,可用于健脑灵片的质量控制。     

维康六味颗粒质量标准研究

目的建立维康六味颗粒的质量控制标准。方法采用薄层色谱（TLC）法对处方中的山茱萸、陈皮进行定性鉴别，用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定马钱苷的含量。结果TLC能检出山茱萸和陈皮；马钱苷质量浓度在3．00～60．00μg／mL范围内与峰面积有良好线性关系，回归方程为Y=20．233X-14．8（r=0．9992，n=5），平均加样回收率为99．85％，RSD=1．62％（n=6）。5批样品的平均含量为0．28mg／g。结论定性、定量方法可用于维康六味颗粒的质量控制。     

醒脑再造丸质量标准研究

目的：建立醒脑再造丸（黄连、冰片、木香等）的质量标准。方法：采用TLC法鉴别处方中的黄连、冰片和木香;用HPLC—ELSD法测定黄芪中黄芪甲苷的含量,色谱柱PhenomenexGeminiC18（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）,流动相：乙腈-水（36：64）;流速为1．0mL·min^-1;漂移管温度为105℃;载气流速：2．7L·min^-1。结果：TLC法鉴别色谱特征斑点明显,黄芪甲苷在0．486～2．43μg范围内呈线性关系,r=0．9997;平均回收率为101．7％（n=6）,RSD=0．5％。结论：所建立的TLC和HPLC-ELSD方法操作简便,结果准确,重复性好,可用于醒脑再造丸的质量控制。     

芪蛭固本通脉丸的质量标准研究

目的：建立芪蛭固本通脉丸的质量标准。方法：采用薄层色谱法（TLC）对芪蛭固本通脉丸中的黄芪、党参、川芎、水蛭、金银花进行定性鉴别,采用HPLC法对芪蛭固本通脉丸中黄芪的有效成分黄芪甲苷以及金银花中的绿原酸分别进行含量测定。结果：薄层色谱专属性强,斑点清晰。黄芪甲苷在0.51～10.2μg（r=0.9990）范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为95.55%（RSD=1.0%,n=9）;绿原酸在0.077～2.322μg（r=0.9998）范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为96.77%（RSD=1.3%,n=9）。结论：该方法简便快速,结果准确,可以有效控制芪蛭固本通脉丸质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.