Heat-related deaths among crop workers--United States, 1992--2006

Workers employed in outdoor occupations such as farming are exposed to hot and humid environments that put them at risk for heat-related illness or death. This report describes one such death and summarizes heat-related fatalities among crop production workers in the United States during 1992--2006. During this 15-year period, 423 workers in agricultural and nonagricultural industries were reported to have died from exposure to environmental heat; 68 (16%) of these workers were engaged in crop production or support activities for crop production. The heat-related average annual death rate for these crop workers was 0.39 per 100,000 workers, compared with 0.02 for all U.S. civilian workers. Data aggregated into 5-year periods indicated that heat-related death rates among crop workers might be increasing; however, trend analysis did not indicate a statistically significant increase. Prevention of heat-related deaths among crop workers requires educating employers and workers on the hazards of working in hot environments, including recognition of heat-related illness symptoms, and implementing appropriate heat stress management measures.     

Work-related injury deaths among hispanics--United States, 1992-2006

Hispanics are among the fastest-growing segments of the U.S. workforce. In 2006, an estimated 19.6 million workers in the United States were Hispanic, 56% of whom were foreign born. To characterize work-related injury deaths among Hispanic workers in the United States, CDC, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), and certain state agencies analyzed data from 1992-2006. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that, during 1992-2006, a total of 11,303 Hispanic workers died from work-related injuries. The death rate for Hispanic workers decreased during this period; however, the rate was consistently higher than the rate for all U.S. workers, and the proportion of deaths among foreign-born Hispanic workers increased over time. During 2003-2006, 34% of Hispanic worker deaths occurred in the construction industry. Additional efforts are needed to reduce the risk for death among Hispanic workers because of projected increases in their employment, involvement in work with high risk for injury, susceptibility to miscommunication caused by language differences, and other potential risks associated with culture and economic status.     

Violence-related behaviors among high school students--United States, 1991-2003

Homicide and suicide are responsible for approximately one fourth of deaths among persons aged 10-24 years in the United States. Two of the national health objectives for 2010 are to reduce the prevalence of physical fighting among adolescents to < or =32% and to reduce the prevalence of carrying a weapon by adolescents on school property to < or =4.9%. To examine changes in violence-related behaviors among high school students in the United States during 1991-2003, CDC analyzed data from the national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that most violence-related behaviors decreased during 1991-2003; however, students increasingly were likely to miss school because they felt too unsafe to attend. In addition, in 2003, nearly one in 10 high school students reported being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property during the preceding 12 months. Schools and communities should continue efforts to establish physical and social environments that prevent violence and promote actual and perceived safety in schools.     

Firearm availability and suicide, homicide, and unintentional firearm deaths among women

Context In the United States, more than 45,000 women died from gun violence over the last decade. Objective To determine whether measures of firearm availability are related to rates of suicide, homicide, and unintentional firearm deaths among women in the United States. Design Pooled cross-sectional time series data on suicide, homicide, and unintentional firearm deaths (1988–1997) were used to estimate the association between the rate of violent death among women and four proxies of firearm availability. Two proxies came from survey reports of household firearm ownership rates; two were derived from mortality statistics. Setting United States, 1988–1997. Results The increased rate of suicide and homicide in states with high gun levels was accounted for primarily by significantly elevated firearm suicide and firearm homicide rates. Unintentional firearm death rates were also increased in states with more guns. At the regional level, qualitatively similar results were obtained. Conclusion Between 1988 and 1997, the suicide, homicide, and unintentional firearm death rates among women were disproportionately higher in states where guns were more prevalent. The elevated rates of violent death in states with more guns was not entirely explained by a state’s poverty or urbanization and was driven primarily by lethal firearm violence, not by lethal nonfirearm violence.     

Motor vehicle crash deaths in metropolitan areas--United States, 2009

Although rates have declined in recent years, motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) remain a leading cause of injury death in the United States. In 2009, a total of 34,485 MVC deaths were reported among U.S. residents, and 22% of those who died were aged 15-24 years. MVCs were the leading cause of death for that age group, which represents approximately 14% of the total U.S. population. To assess patterns in MVC death rates for persons of all ages and for those aged 15-24 years, in recognition of the elevated risk for this age group, CDC used data from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) and the U.S. Census Bureau for 2009 representing the 50 most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). The overall MVC death rate (age-adjusted) for all 50 MSAs combined was 8.2 per 100,000 residents, compared with a national rate of 11.1; among MSAs, rates ranged from 4.4 to 17.8. For persons aged 15-24 years, the MVC death rate was 13.0 per 100,000 residents for all MSAs combined (range: 7.3-25.8), compared with a national rate of 17.3. Although rates for the MSAs generally were lower than the rate for the nation as a whole, higher rates for persons aged 15-24 years were observed both in the MSAs and nationally. The wide variation in rates among MSAs suggests a need to better understand how urban development patterns might relate to MVC deaths and to identify and implement effective strategies to reduce the number of such deaths.     

Norovirus activity--United States, 2006-2007

In late 2006, CDC began receiving requests from numerous state public health departments for information about a perceived increase in the number of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (AGE), especially those involving person-to-person transmission in long-term--care facilities. No national surveillance system exists for AGE outbreaks, including those caused by norovirus, unless foodborne transmission is suspected. In the absence of national surveillance data, CDC attempted to better characterize the outbreaks of AGE by analyzing information from the following sources: 1) detailed data on recent AGE outbreaks in three of the states that had contacted CDC about a possible increase (North Carolina, Wisconsin, and New York); 2) emergency department (ED) syndromic surveillance data from Boston, Massachusetts; 3) basic epidemiologic data on AGE outbreaks from a CDC survey of state health departments; and 4) laboratory data from CDC. The analysis suggests that a national increase has occurred in the frequency of AGE outbreaks caused by norovirus (including fatal cases in long-term-care facilities). Two new cocirculating GII.4 norovirus strains emerged nationwide in 2006 and likely accounted for this increase in activity. Improved national surveillance of outbreaks, including those with person-to-person transmission; development of accessible, affordable, and timely clinical tests; and increased access to a norovirus strain sequencing database at CDC will lead to more accurate assessment of the morbidity and mortality associated with norovirus and more rapid identification of newly emerging norovirus strains.     

Violence-related behaviors on school property among Mississippi Public High School students, 1993--2003

Researchers examined trends and compared subgroup differences in violence-related behaviors on school property among Mississippi public high school students from 1993 to 2003. Findings are based on data from the Mississippi Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), a representative sample (N = 9,058) of Mississippi high school students. Males, non-Hispanic Whites, heavy smokers, and binge drinkers reported violence-related behaviors on school property more frequently than their counterparts. A statistically significant linear decrease occurred during 1993--2003 in the percent of students carrying a weapon (p < 0.0001) and having a physical fight (p < 0.0001). The percent of students threatened or injured with a weapon on school grounds did not decrease significantly (p = 0.2800). Violence-related behaviors were reported somewhat less frequently among 12th graders but overall, grade was not a statistically significant factor. Trends observed in Mississippi appear to be occurring throughout the United States and perhaps globally. Parents, school officials, and community administrators are committed to reducing violence-related behavior on school property. Although the decreases are encouraging, the percent of students who reported violence-related behaviors remains at a level that causes serious concern. Efforts must continue and perhaps increase to curb behaviors that may lead to school violence. Future studies should elucidate mechanisms associated with the self-reported decreasing behaviors so intervention programs can be properly focused.     

2006-2021年中国居民结核病死亡情况的流行特征分析与预测

目的 分析2006-2021年中国居民结核病死亡情况的流行病学特征,并对2022- 2027年的结核病死亡率进行预测,为开展我国结核病防控工作提供参考依据。方法 收集来自中国CDC定期公开发表的2006-2021年结核病死亡病例数据集,并依照中国2000年的人口结构进行年龄标化,计算结核病粗死亡率（CMR）和年龄标化死亡率（ASMR）,分析结核病死亡病例年龄、性别、地区和时间的分布特征,采用Joinpoint回归分析模型分析变化趋势,并应用灰色模型预测2022-2027年的结核病CMR和ASMR。结果 中国居民总人群、男女性、城乡、各年龄段（除年龄≥85岁组死亡率下降趋势不显著外）、东中西部地区2006-2021年结核病CMR和ASMR均呈下降趋势。男性CMR和ASMR均高于女性。城市CMR和ASMR均低于农村。结核病患者年龄越大,死亡率越高。CMR和ASMR西部均高于东部和中部,东部低于中部,但差距较小。东部城市ASMR低于中部城市和西部城市,中部城市在2006-2009年和2012年高于西部城市,其他年份均低于西部城市;西部农村ASMR高于东部农村和中部农村,东部农村低于中部农村,但差距较小。灰色模型预测结果显示,中国居民2022-2027年结核病CMR（/10万）分别为1.585、1.471、1.360、1.250、1.143和1.038,ASMR（/10万）分别为0.779、0.653、0.531、0.411、0.295和0.181。结论 中国居民2006-2021年及预测2022-2027年结核病CMR和ASMR均持续下降,结核病防治取得了较大的成就。未来工作应重点加强农村、西部地区、男性、老年人口的结核病筛查和治疗,有针对性地制定防控措施,降低死亡率。     

Occupational highway transportation deaths --- United States, 2003--2008

Highway transportation crashes are the leading cause of fatal injuries in the United States for both workers and the general population (1,2). Prevention of work-related highway transportation deaths, and highway transportation deaths in general, are long-standing public health priorities (1,3). To assess trends and help guide the prevention of occupational highway transportation deaths, CDC analyzed data from the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) for 2003–2008.     

2006-2010年宁波市居民交通运输伤害死亡特征分析

目的：分析宁波市2006-2010年交通运输伤害死亡特征,为伤害干预工作提供依据。方法：死亡数据来源于2006-2010年宁波市死因监测系统,研究对象为户籍居民。通过计算死亡率、死亡构成比等指标进行数据分析。结果：2006-2010年宁波市居民交通运输伤害死亡率平均为18.59/10万,男性高于女性,男性死亡率随年度变化呈现下降趋势。不同交通运输方式发生的伤害死亡,以道路上为主（占伤害死亡的97.83%）,其次为水上（占2.11%）。以行人、骑摩托车者和骑脚踏车者死亡居多。死亡发生月份集中在10-12月。结论：道路伤害是交通运输伤害的主要类型,需针对发生特点采取措施。     

Alcohol-attributable deaths and years of potential life lost among American Indians and Alaska Natives--United States, 2001--2005

Excessive alcohol consumption is a leading preventable cause of death in the United States and has substantial public health impact on American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations. To estimate the average annual number of alcohol-attributable deaths (AADs) and years of potential life lost (YPLLs) among AI/ANs in the United States, CDC analyzed 2001-2005 data (the most recent data available), using death certificate data and CDC Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI) software. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that AADs accounted for 11.7% of all AI/AN deaths, that the age-adjusted AAD rate for AI/ANs was approximately twice that of the U.S. general population, and that AI/ANs lose 6.4 more years of potential life per AAD compared with persons in the U.S. general population (36.3 versus 29.9 years). These findings underscore the importance of implementing effective population-based interventions to prevent excessive alcohol consumption and to reduce alcohol-attributable morbidity and mortality among AI/ANs.     

Unregistered deaths among extremely low birthweight infants--Ohio, 2006

In the United States, infants with birthweights <750 g (i.e., extremely low birthweight infants) account for <1% of all births but approximately one third of the total infant mortality rate. Because these infants often have short life spans, their deaths might be misclassified as fetal deaths, leading to an underestimation of the overall infant mortality rate. Accurate infant mortality rates are important for program planning and evaluation, identification of health disparities and emerging trends, and development of prevention strategies. To assess the extent of unregistered deaths among extremely low birthweight infants born in Ohio during January-June 2006, the Ohio Department of Health analyzed birth and death records from this period for all infants with birthweights <750 g (1.7 lbs) and contacted birth hospitals to follow up on the discharge status of these infants. This report describes the results of that analysis, which indicated that 7% of the extremely low birthweight infants who were born in Ohio during this period, and who subsequently died, had deaths that were unregistered. The findings emphasize the need for routine verification of the discharge status of these infants from their birth hospitals and follow-up to ensure proper registration of deaths.     

Characteristics associated with HIV infection among heterosexuals in urban areas with high AIDS prevalence --- 24 cities, United States, 2006-2007

In the United States, approximately one in three new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are transmitted via heterosexual contact. To monitor HIV risk behaviors and HIV prevalence among heterosexuals and other populations, CDC surveys persons in selected metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), using the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System (NHBS). This report summarizes data collected from heterosexuals in 24 MSAs with a high prevalence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that participated in NHBS during 2006-2007. Of 14,837 heterosexuals aged 18-50 years who were interviewed and tested, 2.0% were HIV infected. HIV prevalence was higher among those with lower socioeconomic status (SES). For example, HIV prevalence was 2.8% among participants with less than a high school education compared with 1.2% among those with more than a high school education, 2.6% among participants who were unemployed compared with 1.0% among those who were employed, and 2.3% among participants with annual household incomes at or below the poverty level compared with 1.0% among those with incomes above the poverty level. This association between HIV prevalence and SES could not be attributed to factors commonly associated with HIV infection risk in heterosexuals, such as using crack cocaine, exchanging sex for things such as money or drugs, or being diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Based on the association observed between HIV prevalence and SES, HIV prevention activities targeted at heterosexuals in urban areas with high AIDS prevalence should be focused on those with lower SES.     

Turtle-associated salmonellosis in humans--United States, 2006-2007

Turtles and other reptiles are reservoirs of Salmonella and have long been a recognized source of Salmonella infection in humans. Small turtles have posed a particular danger to young children because these turtles might not be perceived as health hazards and can be handled like toys. Salmonella infections in children can be severe and can result in hospitalization and occasionally in death. The association between Salmonella infection in children and exposure to turtles led to a 1975 law prohibiting the sale or distribution of small turtles (i.e., those with a carapace of <4 inches in length) in the United States. That prohibition led to a substantial decline in human salmonellosis cases associated with turtles. However, because the prohibition is not fully enforced and contains exceptions (e.g., sales for educational purposes), human turtle-associated cases continue to occur. This report describes several recent cases of turtle-associated salmonellosis reported to CDC by state and local health departments since September 2006, including a fatal case in an infant. These cases illustrate that small turtles remain a source of human Salmonella infections. Although ongoing public education measures aimed at preventing reptile-acquired Salmonella infections are helpful, prohibiting the sale of small turtles likely remains the most effective public health action to prevent turtle-associated salmonellosis.     

2015年天津市户籍居民恶性肿瘤死亡及去死因期望寿命分析

目的 探讨天津市户籍居民恶性肿瘤死亡及去死因期望寿命情况。方法 收集2015年天津市户籍居民全死因登记资料,按照全球疾病负担中恶性肿瘤分类标准进行分类,计算各类恶性肿瘤死亡率及去除之后对期望寿命的影响。结果 2015年天津市户籍居民因恶性肿瘤死亡17 641例,粗死亡率为171.79/10万,标化率为86.32/10万。其中男性死亡10 165例,粗死亡率为197.39/10万,标化率为95.41/10万,女性死亡7 476例,粗死亡率为146.04/10万,标化率为76.65/10万。男性恶性肿瘤死亡排前5位的是肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、结直肠肛门癌和胰腺癌;女性恶性肿瘤死亡排前5位的是肺癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、结直肠肛门癌和胃癌。去除恶性肿瘤后男性和女性期望寿命分别增长3.53岁和2.88岁,其中去除肺癌之后分别增长1.25岁和0.97岁,远超过其他恶性肿瘤。结论 肺癌是造成天津市户籍居民死亡及期望寿命减少的主要疾病,亟需采取有效的预防措施加以遏制。     

Breast and cervical cancer screening among women in metropolitan areas of the United States by county-level commuting time to work and use of public transportation, 2004 and 2006

Background  

Commuting times and behaviors have been associated with a variety of chronic disease outcomes and health behaviors. We examined the relationships between ecologic measures of commuting time and use of public transportation in relation to breast and cervical cancer screening among women in U.S. metropolitan areas who participated in the 2004 and 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys.     

Cigarette smoking among adults--United States, 2006

One of the national health objectives for 2010 is to reduce the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults to > or =12% (objective 7-1a). To assess progress toward achieving this objective, CDC analyzed data from the 2006 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that in 2006, approximately 20.8% of U.S. adults were current cigarette smokers. This prevalence had not changed significantly since 2004, suggesting a stall in the previous 7-year (1997-2004) decline in cigarette smoking among adults in the United States. In addition, the findings indicated that persons with a diagnosis of a smoking-related chronic disease have a significantly higher prevalence of being a current smoker than persons with other chronic diseases or persons with no chronic disease. To reduce smoking prevalence further in the United States, comprehensive, evidence-based approaches for preventing smoking initiation and increasing cessation, including clinical interventions for populations at high risk, need to be fully implemented.     

Organochlorine pesticides and liver cancer deaths in the United States, 1930--1972

Animal studies have shown the liver to be the primary target organ following prolonged periods of absorption of toxic doses of organochlorine pesticides. Therefore, the core of our presentation is aimed at the liver. Since studies in our laboratory have been concerned primarily with DDT, aldrin, and dieldrin, these compounds are being given primary consideration.     

山东省诸城市2010年居民损伤与中毒死亡情况分析

目的对诸城市2010年居民损伤和中毒死亡情况进行流行病学分析,为政府制定科学的防治对策提供依据。方法统计分析诸城市2010年居民损伤和中毒死亡的死亡率、构成比及性别比。结果 2010年诸城市居民损伤和中毒死亡率为52.07/10万,占死亡总数的7.73%,居死因顺位的第五位;男性高于女性,性别比值为2.41。损伤和中毒死亡的前三位是运输事故、故意自害、意外淹溺和沉没,占84.68%。30~59岁死亡人数最多,占54.79%。结论损伤和中毒是诸城市居民主要致死原因之一,以青壮年为主,应引起足够重视。