肘管综合征的解剖和病因学探讨

[目的]探讨肘管综合征的解剖特点和发病原因。[方法]对65例肘管综合征患者的临床资料和术中所见,以及其中25例患者术前肌电图检查的结果进行综合研究分析。[结果]术中见60例患者存在肘管弓状韧带的肥厚增生,卡压磨损尺神经导致炎性病变;术前肌电图检查发现25例患者的尺神经传导速度均减慢,平均传导速度为27.97m/s;运动反应波幅降低,平均电压为1.95mv;潜伏期延长,平均时间为5.41ms;65例肘管综合征患者,继发于肘部创伤25例,慢性劳损15例,慢性骨关节炎14例,占位病变5例,先天异常有6例。[结论]肘部的创伤及慢性劳损可以导致肘管弓状韧带出现肥厚增生,引起尺神经卡压磨损,这是肘管综合征最常见的病因;其他病因还包括慢性骨关节炎,占位病变和先天异常;尺神经可被机械性卡压和磨损,出现慢性缺血缺氧,导致肘管综合征的发生;详细的体格检查和术前的肌电图检查是诊断肘管综合征的主要手段,在诊断时应注意该病与其他部位迟发性尺神经麻痹的鉴别。     

神经电生理检查对神经根型颈椎病与肘管综合征的鉴别诊断价值

目的：探讨神经电生理检查对神经根型颈椎病与肘管综合征的鉴别诊断价值。方法：对14例以手部内在肌萎缩为主要临床表现的患者进行双上肢体感诱发电位（somatosensory evoked potential，SEP）、双侧正中神经和尺神经传导速度（nerve conduction velocity，NCV）、双侧第一背侧骨间肌和尺侧腕屈肌肌电罔（electromyogram，EMG）检查。结果：3例以尺神经肘上-肘下段传导速度减慢大于10m／s及第一背侧骨间肌神经源性损害为主，诊断为肘管综合征；4例以SEP颈髓至外周电位（N9-N13）峰间潜伏期延长和尺侧腕屈肌、第一背侧骨间肌神经源性损害为主，诊断为神经根型颈椎病；7例为尺侧腕屈肌及第一背侧骨间肌神经源性损害、尺神经肘上-肘下段传导速度减慢大于10m／s、SEPN9-N13峰间潜伏期延长，诊断为二者合并存在。手术治疗10例，术中所见均与神经电生理检查结果相符。结论：神经电生理检查在神经根型颈椎病与肘管综合征的鉴别诊断中具有重要提示意义。     

肘管综合征的显微外科治疗

目的探讨肘管综合征显微外科治疗的临床效果。方法选择42例肘管综合征患者施行带血供的尺神经显微松解并前置术，术中观察尺神经肘管段的血供分支及分布特点，术后观察其疗效。结果36例肘管综合征临床症状全部消失，功能恢复正常；6例感觉功能完全恢复，运动功能大部恢复。结论带血供的尺神经显微松解并前置术是治疗肘管综合征的一种有效方法。     

超声检查在上臂桡神经炎中的应用

目的:探讨超声检查在上臂桡神经炎诊治中的意义.方法:选取2005年12月至2011年7月患者10例,男6例,女4例;年龄20～40岁,平均32岁;病程4个月～2年.患者上臂外侧疼痛,体格检查发现神经扣击试验阳性,伸腕伸指肌力减退.根据临床体征和体格检查诊断为上臂桡神经炎.所有患者采用B超检查,并进行电生理、病理检查.将超声影像学表现与术中所见的桡神经形态进行对比研究,同时将B超检查结果与电生理、病理检查结果进行对比分析.结果:B超显示患肢桡神经平均直径(0.29±0.04) cm,平均面积(0.23±0.05) cm2,均大于健侧.超声影像学表现与术中所见的桡神经病变一致,而且B超检查结果和病理检查结果一致.结论:B超检查为上臂桡神经炎的诊断和治疗提供了形态学依据.     

肘部尺神经筋膜瓣下前置的几点体会

目的观察肘部尺神经筋膜瓣下前置术治疗肘管综合征的临床效果。方法对35例（37侧）肘管综合征的患者进行手术治疗，其中采用传统尺神经前置术式20侧（A组），筋膜瓣下尺神经前置术式17侧（B组）。检测术前、术后尺神经运动传导速度（MCV）的变化，并进行随访观察。结果术后随访6个月～3年，参照张高孟等分级标准计算优良率，A组优良率为80％，B组优良率为94．12％。B组手术前、后MCV变化与A组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论采用带血管蒂尺神经筋膜瓣下前置术式治疗肘管综合征的疗效明显优于传统术式。     

肘管综合征的应用解剖学研究

目的 研究肘管综合征中尺神经的卡压因素,为临床手术提供解剖学依据.方法 采用解剖学方法对16具(32侧)成人尸体上肢标本进行解剖,观测造成尺神经卡压的Struthers弓形组织、内侧肌间隔和肘管,测量肘管内尺神经的面积、肘管的面积和肘管的长度,测量弓状韧带的长、宽和厚度.观测尺神经的营养血管及伴行长度,观测尺神经的尺侧腕屈肌肌支.结果 32侧上肢标本中12侧存在腱性Struthers弓形组织,10侧有肌性Struthers弓形组织,存在率为68.8%.尺神经在内上髁上方[(11.02±1.16)cm,小x±s.下同]处穿内侧肌间隔,尺神经肘管内面积与肘管面积之比为1:3.86,肘管长度为(1.96±0.18)cm.尺神经伴行血管有尺侧上副动脉和尺侧返动脉后支,尺神经在内上髁下方1cm左右发出尺侧腕屈肌肌支.结论 尺神经在肘管处最容易受压,手术治疗肘管综合征时向上的切口长度约为11.02cm,同时切除Struthers弓形组织和内侧肌间隔;尺神经前置手术时,注意保留与神经伴行的尺侧返动脉后支.     

肘管综合征的手术治疗

目的：探讨尺神经松解前移手术治疗肘管综合征的临床效果。方法：应用该术式治疗肘管综合征36例，观察尺侧上副动脉供血情况。结果：经随访。本组病例尺神经功能均有较大改善。结论：尺神经松解前移术为治疗肘管综合征的较佳术式。     

肘管综合征合并囊肿17例疗效分析

目的 分析肘管综合征合并囊肿的手术疗效。方法 回顾2017年3月至2021年7月扬州大学临床医学院手足外科手术治疗的216例肘管综合征患者，术中见17例患者合并神经周围囊肿，其中男10例，女7例；年龄47～73岁，平均(61.47±8.41)岁；右侧16例，左侧1例。术中松解尺神经并切除囊肿，其中5例行尺神经皮下前置。术后分析超声诊断价值，统计患者术前和末次随访的握力、侧捏力、小指末节指腹皮肤两点分辨觉(two-point discrimination, 2-PD),根据顾玉东肘管综合征功能评定标准评价患者术后疗效，观察患者囊肿有无复发。结果 术前超声诊断神经周围囊肿阳性率为70.59%。17例患者均获得随访，时间6～15个月，平均(9.47±3.31)个月。末次随访，功能评定结果：优11例，良4例，可1例，差1例，优良率为88.2%。患者握力、侧捏力、2-PD均较术前显著改善，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访期间未见囊肿复发病例。结论 肘管综合征患者术前超声检查存在漏诊囊肿风险，临床医师不能完全依赖超声结果，术中需仔细探查。手术治疗肘管综合征合并囊肿可以获得较好的临床疗效...     

带血管蒂尺神经前置术与传统尺神经前置术治疗肘管综合征的疗效比较

目的 比较采用带血管蒂尺神经前置术与传统尺神经前置术治疗肘管综合征的临床疗效.方法 将收治的97例肘管综合征随机分为2组,其中显微镜下施行带血管蒂尺神经松解前置术者46例,为A组;施行传统尺神经松解前置术者51例,为B组.结果 A组平均随访13个月,B组平均随访14个月,疗效评定结果为:A组优良率93.48％,显著高于B组的78.43％(x2=4.43,P＜0.05).结论 带血管蒂尺神经松解前置术是治疗肘管综合征的一种有效方法.     

肘管综合征的手术治疗

目的：探讨尺神经松解前移手术治疗肘管综合征的临床效果。方法：工治疗肝管综合征26例，观察尺侧上副供血情况。结果：经随访，本组病例尺神经功能有较大改善。结论：尺神经松解前移术为治疗肘管综合征的较佳术式。     

Ulnar nerve entrapment neuropathy at the elbow: simple decompression

Ulnar nerve entrapment neuropathy at the elbow, or the cubital tunnel syndrome, is frequently encountered in neurosurgical practice as the second most common peripheral nerve entrapment after carpal tunnel syndrome. Patients typically present with weakness or atrophy of the hand as well as paresthesias in the ulnar nerve distribution. The diagnosis can be confirmed with a careful clinical examination and electrophysiological studies. Patients who have failed conservative therapy are considered for surgery. Although a number of surgical options are available, simple decompression of the ulnar nerve can achieve satisfactory results with appropriate patient selection. We describe the relevant anatomy and surgical techniques for simple in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow.     

The elbow flexion test. A clinical test for the cubital tunnel syndrome

The elbow flexion test is a little known, inadequately standardized, and poorly understood clinical test for the cubital tunnel syndrome. To evaluate and define this test, 13 patients with clinical and electrophysiologic evidence of cubital tunnel syndrome were tested with elbow flexion in a standardized manner. This consisted of full elbow flexion with full extension of the wrists for three minutes. All patients noted the onset of or the increase in one or more of the symptoms of pain, numbness, or tingling with this test. Numbness and tingling followed the sensory distribution of the ulnar nerve, but pain was not limited to the ulnar nerve distribution. The symptom complex, rapid onset, and rapid resolution of symptoms support a locally induced segmental ulnar nerve ischemia as the cause of symptoms. This study demonstrates the elbow flexion test to be a useful, reliable, and provocative test for the cubital tunnel syndrome.     

The external compression syndrome of the ulnar nerve at the cubital tunnel

Diagnosis of the cubital tunnel external compression syndrome, and subsequent avoidance of further external pressure, minimizes the possibility of progressive crippling of the hand. The usual clinical features are local tenderness over the cubital tunnel, often accompanied by distal paresthesias, and neurological deficit in the ulnar nerve distribution with sparing of the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles; the elbow flexion test, described by the author, awaits evaluation in the diagnosis of the syndrome. Clinicians and others concerned with positioning patients on the operating room table or caring for patients in the ward should be aware of the syndrome. Avoidance of a position of the elbow which predisposes to external compression of the cubital tunnel is mandatory and active elbow movement should be encouraged in bedridden and chair-bound patients. Surgical treatment is sometimes indicated, at least to halt progression of the palsy. A classification of the cubital tunnel syndrome is proposed: physiological, acute and subacute due to external pressure (both forming the cubital tunnel external compression syndrome) and chronic (space-occupying lesions and loss of volume due to lateral shift of the ulnar as a consequence of childhood injury to the capitular epiphysis). Nerve conduction studies may be helpful in the diagnosis of the doubtful cubital tunnel syndrome, particularly when there is definite impairment of power or sensation in the hand.     

带尺侧下副动脉尺神经松解前置术治疗肘管综合征

目的 总结带尺侧下副动脉尺神经松解前置术治疗肘管综合征的手术方法及临床效果.方法 2005年9月-2006年5月,采用保留尺侧下副动脉在尺神经上的吻合支,行带血供尺神经松解前置术治疗25例肘管综合征.男19例,女6例:年龄20～72岁,平均60岁.发病至手术时间2个月～3年,平均6.7个月.发病原因:骨性关节炎23例,肘管内囊肿及尺神经滑脱各1例.术前按Pasque肘管综合征评分系统评定:可19例,差6例.电生理检查:肘关节周围尺神经运动神经传导速度<42 m/s.结果 术后切口均1期愈合,无手术并发症及复发患者.25例术后均获随访,随访时间1年～2年半,平均13.9个月.按Pasque肘管综合征评分系统评定:优15例,良9例,可1例,优良率96%;与术前评定结果比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).电生理检查;肘关节周围尺神经运动神经传导速度>42m/s.结论 带尺侧下副动脉尺神经松解前置术是治疗肘管综合征的安全有效方法之一.     

Intraoperative measurement of pressure adjacent to the ulnar nerve in patients with cubital tunnel syndrome

PURPOSE: Little is known about whether the pressure adjacent to the ulnar nerve actually is increased in patients with cubital tunnel syndrome or if it is a causative factor. We measured the pressure adjacent to the ulnar nerve in patients with cubital tunnel syndrome during surgery and verified whether or not there was an association with patient age, duration of the disease, motor nerve conduction velocity, and severity of the ulnar nerve neuropathy. METHODS: Eight elbows in 8 patients with an average age of 62 years were treated surgically and the extraneural pressures within the cubital tunnel were measured during surgery by using a fiberoptic microtransducer. Pressure was measured 3 times with the elbow fully extended and then 3 times with the elbow flexed 130 degrees. The transducers were placed at 1, 2, and 3 cm distal to the proximal edge of the Osborne ligament. The severity of the neuropathy was evaluated according to Akahori's classification. The ulnar nerve palsy was graded as stage III in 5 patients and as stage IV in 3 patients. RESULTS: The average pressures within the cubital tunnel at 1, 2, and 3 cm distal to the proximal edge of the cubital tunnel retinaculum with the elbow flexed were 105, 29, and 18 mm Hg, respectively. The pressures at 1 and 2 cm distal to the proximal edge of the cubital tunnel retinaculum were significantly higher in elbow flexion than in elbow extension. There was also a positive correlation between the pressure and patient age but this was not significant The pressures correlated significantly with the stage of ulnar nerve neuropathy, motor nerve conduction velocity, and disease duration. CONCLUSIONS: The extraneural pressure within the cubital tunnel actually was increased in the patients and compression of the ulnar nerve might be a causative factor of cubital tunnel syndrome.     

Cubital tunnel syndrome associated with medial elbow Ganglia and osteoarthritis of the elbow

BACKGROUND: Medial elbow ganglia have been reported in association with cubital tunnel syndrome. This lesion is thought to occur rarely and has not been emphasized in the literature. The purposes of the present study are to report our experience with this lesion in order to elucidate its prevalence as well as its clinical and radiographic features, to describe our operative findings, and to present the results of surgical treatment. METHODS: Four hundred and eighty-seven elbows in 472 patients were treated for cubital tunnel syndrome between 1980 and 1999. We performed a retrospective study of the thirty-eight patients who had a medial ganglion. All of the ganglia were excised, and the ulnar nerve was translocated subcutaneously. Thirty-two patients were followed for a mean of thirty-seven months. RESULTS: Medial elbow ganglion was the third most common causative factor associated with cubital tunnel syndrome, with an overall prevalence of 8%. Resting pain in the medial aspect of the elbow was reported by twenty-five of the thirty-eight patients, and a sudden onset of numbness in the ring and little fingers or of medial elbow pain without prior symptoms was reported by twenty-nine patients. The symptoms lasted two months or less in thirty-one patients. All ganglia originated from the medial aspect of the ulnohumeral joint, and radiographs of that joint showed degenerative changes in thirty-seven patients. At the time of follow-up, all measurements of sensory and motor function of the ulnar nerve had improved and no recurrence of nerve palsy was found. CONCLUSIONS: Although uncommon, medial elbow ganglia have a strong association with osteoarthritis of the elbow and can cause a relatively acute onset of cubital tunnel syndrome. A patient with cubital tunnel syndrome associated with elbow osteoarthritis who complains of medial elbow pain or severe numbness within two months after the onset of the syndrome should be strongly suspected of having a ganglion. Most ganglia are occult, and ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging can assist in the preoperative diagnosis. Careful excision of the ganglion performed concurrently with subcutaneous anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve can produce satisfactory results.     

Kubitaltunnelsyndrom

Cubital tunnel syndrome is the second most common nerve compression syndrome observed in the upper extremity. Mechanical irritation of the ulnar nerve is also found in the upper and the lower arm even though cubital tunnel syndrome is documented most of the time. Apart from clinical examination electrophysiological testing is the most important contributor to the therapy decision. Depending on the clinical manifestation conservative treatment with elbow splinting may be appropriate. In the event of persistent or advanced nerve irritation surgical decompression may be the sensible intervention. Open or endoscopically assisted in situ decompression is currently recommended as the primary intervention while anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve is recommended for revision surgery.     

对冲阻滞神经电生理技术在诊断肘管综合征中的应用

目的 探讨对冲阻滞神经电生理技术在早期肘管综合征中的应用价值.方法 对30例有典型临床症状疑诊为肘管综合征的患者,分别采用常规神经电生理方法和对冲阻滞电生理技术检测肘段运动传导速度(为正常值下限),并对运动传导速度进行比较.结果 应用常规检测法检测30例肘段尺神经运动传导速度(MNCV)平均为(45.20±4.20)m/s,均在正常值下限;而对冲阻滞神经电生理技术检测的尺神经运动传导速度平均为(35.12±3.01)m/s,均明显低于正常值,且波幅均降低.结论 对冲阻滞神经电生理技术能对冲肘上正中神经的兴奋,只记录到尺神经复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP),能更准确更早地反映肘段尺神经的MNCV,提高诊断率.     

肘管综合征135例尺神经皮下前移术疗效分析

目的 随访肘管综合征135例尺神经皮下前移术治疗效果.方法 分析2002年2月一2005年12月,135例肘管综合征尺神经皮下前移患者的病情特点及效果.其中男109例,女26例,男女比例为4.2:1.41岁以上占68.1%.以手指活动笨拙就诊15例(占11%);电生理检测均有尺神经肘部段卡压征象.42例合并肘部骨折史.占病因的31%.135例均采用尺神经外膜松解,皮下前移术.结果 术后92例获得2-5年随访.平均2.5年;43例失访.按中华医学会手外科学会上肢功能评定标准,本组优72例,良12例,差8例,优良率为91.3%.结论 尺神经皮下前移术简单、有效,术中应保护前臂内侧皮神经、尺神经血供及分支,并确保尺神经无张力.应重视因肘部骨折和以手部活动笨拙为主要症状的早期诊治.