乳晕部良性肿瘤切除与乳头成形再造的临床研究

目的为了满足女性审美要求，在治愈乳腺疾病时，保留乳房和完美外形，提高患者生活质量。方法1991年5月至20HD3年5月连续对57例乳晕部良性肿瘤采用横切纵缝、腺体填充和乳头悬吊包扎等方法成形乳头及选用乳晕全层带蒂皮瓣再造乳头。结果乳头成形55例，其中单纯纵缝成形占61．8％，腺体填充成形占38．2％。术后成形乳头与健侧相同，再造乳头2例效果满意。随访半年未见乳头下垂、凹陷或歪曲改变。结论此术式简单方便，可同步完成肿瘤切除与乳头成形或再造，符合当今乳房美学理念，具有临床实用价值。     

临床与基础研究保留乳头乳晕乳房切除术治疗乳腺癌的安全性研究

目的 探讨保留乳头乳晕的乳房切除术治疗乳腺癌的安全性及手术技巧。方法 收集2012年5月至2017年7月武汉科技大学附属孝感医院69例乳腺癌保留乳头乳晕的乳房切除术患者的资料,分析其手术技巧。结果 69例患者术中冰冻切片诊断乳头下方腺体癌累及6例,另63例均顺利完成保留乳头乳晕的乳房切除术。18例术后发生乳头部分表皮坏死,3～6周均结痂愈合,无乳头全层坏死。术后随访8～62个月,中位随访26个月,均未出现局部复发或全身转移。结论 保留乳头乳晕的乳房切除术适用于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者。术前精准的病例选择、术中切缘病理评估、术中精细手术技巧在保证肿瘤切除同时,获得最佳的美容效果。     

保留乳头乳晕乳房切除术治疗乳腺癌的安全性研究

目的探讨保留乳头乳晕的乳房切除术治疗乳腺癌的安全性及手术技巧。方法收集2012年5月至2017年7月武汉科技大学附属孝感医院69例乳腺癌保留乳头乳晕的乳房切除术患者的资料,分析其手术技巧。结果 69例患者术中冰冻切片诊断乳头下方腺体癌累及6例,另63例均顺利完成保留乳头乳晕的乳房切除术。18例术后发生乳头部分表皮坏死,3～6周均结痂愈合,无乳头全层坏死。术后随访8～62个月,中位随访26个月,均未出现局部复发或全身转移。结论保留乳头乳晕的乳房切除术适用于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者。术前精准的病例选择、术中切缘病理评估、术中精细手术技巧在保证肿瘤切除同时,获得最佳的美容效果。     

皮下乳腺癌改良根治术后Ⅰ期假体乳房再造术的探讨

目的 探讨早期乳腺癌改良根治术后Ⅰ期假体乳房再造.方法 1998年3月至2005年9月,对26例早期乳腺癌在行保留乳头乳晕复合体的皮下乳腺癌改良根治术后以国产硅凝胶假体植入胸大肌后Ⅰ期进行乳房再造,术后常规综合治疗.结果 26例手术均获成功,但5例乳头乳晕部分皮肤发生缺血坏死,通过换药愈合,1例出现皮下积液,通畅引流后消除.随访1～90个月,无一例复发和远处转移.乳房美容效果良好占69.2%,一般占19.2%,较差占11.5%.结论 保留乳头乳晕复合体的皮下乳腺癌改良根治术后Ⅰ期假体乳房再造术,手术操作简单易行,创伤小,恢复快,美容效果满意,是适合早期乳腺癌患者的一种安全有效的手术方式.     

20例保留皮肤的乳腺癌全乳切除和即刻乳房再造

选择早期乳腺癌患者20例,行保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻植入假体(14例)或背阔肌肌皮瓣(2例),或联合乳房再造(4例),部分保留乳头乳晕复合体.20例患者中,保留乳房皮肤及部分保留乳头乳晕,均未见局部复发.再造效果优6例,良12例,尚可2例,无严重变形病例.无严重并发症,均按时进行辅助治疗.保留乳房皮肤及乳头乳晕的乳腺癌全乳切除术局部复发率低,术中即刻假体、背阔肌肌皮瓣或联合乳房再造手术效果好,并发症少.     

扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造

目的 介绍单纯应用扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣进行乳房再造的方法.方法 将背阔肌周围脂肪组织分为5个区,切取背阔肌及周围脂肪组织,不应用乳房假体,进行即时或延期乳房再造.结果 应用该方法再造乳房261例,其中保留乳头乳晕改良根治术后即时再造124例,保留皮肤改良根治术后即时再造43例,改良根治术后即时再造56例,延期再造38例;再造乳房均形态良好.术后16例出现乳头部分坏死;14例胸部皮肤表皮脱落,自行愈合;2例背部供区部分坏死;3例发生背部顽固性血肿,再次手术后愈合.结论 扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造安全、有效,再造乳房形态良好,尤其适用于中、小乳房的乳房再造.     

乳腺癌改良根治同时以背阔肌瓣乳房形成术32例

目的：为消除根治手术对乳腺癌患者所致的形体破坏，改善患者的心理、生理状况及生活质量，探讨一种既达到肿瘤根治性切除，又保留乳房美观外形的简便省时、安全可靠的手术术式。方法：选肿瘤≤4cm，距乳头≥3cm，未侵及皮肤及胸肌的乳腺癌患者，经腋后线纵形切口并切除肿瘤表面皮肤，行保留乳头乳晕的改良根治术，术中乳头后乳腺组织断面快速病检为阴性，即刻取部分背阔肌瓣行乳房再造。结果：手术32例，1例因背阔肌瓣坏死失败，31例乳房再造成功，其中优22例（71．0％），良5例（16．1％），差4例（12．9％）；仅1例再造失败（背阔肌瓣坏死予以切除）。随访3年以上9例，随访2－3年11例，2年以下12例。除1例腋淋巴结转移17枚患者术后38个月出现骨转移及锁骨下复发外，其余均无瘤生存。结论：本手术切口稳蔽，且保留了乳头乳晕，再造乳房外形美观、逼真，手感良好。手术简便省时，安全可靠，损伤较上。     

应用切除乳头保留乳晕并用乳晕即时再造乳头的保留乳房手术治疗黏液癌一例

正肿瘤位于靠近乳头乳晕区是保留乳房手术的相对禁忌证。西南医院乳腺甲状腺外科为1例肿瘤位于乳头乳晕区域的黏液癌患者进行了保留乳晕及利用乳晕再造乳头的保留乳房手术,现报告如下。一、临床资料患者女,35岁,因体检发现右乳包块3周于2017年8月17日入院。术前查体:肿瘤位于右侧乳头正下方稍偏内侧,约30 mm×2 mm,表面光滑,边界清楚,活动度良好。乳头无凹陷,无溢液,肿瘤表面皮肤无橘皮样改变,与腺体无粘连,     

乳腺癌保留乳头乳晕成型术的临床病理研究

目的 :为保留乳头乳晕的乳腺癌成型术提供临床病理基础。方法 :采用临床资料的分析与病理相结合的方法、将乳腺癌患者的乳头和乳晕整体标本连续切片病理检查。用流式细胞技术进行癌组织DNA倍体分析、免疫组化法增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA)含量测定。进一步分析乳腺癌患者保留乳头和乳晕的安全性和可能性。为乳腺成型提供实践依据。结果 :检测肿瘤至乳晕的平均距离为 1 9.6毫米 ,侵犯乳头乳晕共 5例 ,其中Ⅲb 3例、Ⅳ期 2例。这 5例DNA倍体均为异倍体。PCNA阳性 50 %～ 75 %及 >75 %占Ⅲ、Ⅳ期乳腺癌的 77.78%。结论 :乳晕旁1 .96厘米以外的乳房肿瘤有保留乳房的适应证 ,肿瘤位于乳晕下方、临床分期Ⅲ期及Ⅳ期无保留乳房的适应证。严格掌握保留乳头乳晕的适应证条件 ,乳腺癌保留乳房成型术才能更加安全     

24例保留乳头乳晕乳腺癌术后即刻乳房重建的临床经验

目的:探讨保留乳头、乳晕及部分乳房皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻采用不同的方法乳房重建的可行性。方法:筛选出病理符合要求的24例早期乳腺癌患者,行保留乳头、乳晕及部分皮肤的改良根治术,根据患者的要求,结合其身体、心理、经济等状况,特别是乳房的大小和需要切除的尺寸,选择适合该患者的手术方式即刻行乳房重建,采用硅胶充填假体置入乳房重建9 例,腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房重建3 例,背阔肌肌皮瓣和硅胶填充假体联合重建12例。术后根据客观标准和主观标准评价重建效果。结果:24例乳腺癌患者术后即刻乳房再造术后外观良好,双侧乳房基本对称。客观评价效果优良和尚好者23例（95.83%）,主观评价优良和尚好者24例（100%）,1 例术后部分乳头坏死、脱落。1 例术后出现血肿,于术后3 个月消失。术后给予常规化疗,随访5～48个月,除1 例患者术后2 年死于原发性肝癌,均无局部复发或远处转移。结论:对于早期乳腺癌行保留乳头、乳晕及部分乳房皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻采用不同方法乳房再造,具有经济、整形效果好、显著减少患者乳房缺失造成的心理影响、提高生存质量等优点。术后不影响乳腺癌的辅助治疗和远期疗效,能同时满足肿瘤治疗和形体美容两个方面的要求,正逐渐被广大乳腺癌患者所接受。      

乳晕外缘环形切口在乳腺良性疾病中的应用

目的:探讨一种治疗乳腺良性疾病的美容切口的应用效果。方法:回顾性分析乳晕外缘环形切口治疗乳腺良性疾病102例的应用情况,术后效果等。结果:共治疗乳房肿块45例、乳头溢液55例、男性乳房发育2例,手术效果满意,瘢痕不明显,无并发症。结论:乳晕外缘环形切口应用于乳腺良性疾病手术是可行的,能取得治疗及美容双重效果。     

乳腺良性肿瘤168例手术操作体会

目的:对乳腺良性肿瘤患者手术操作方法进行改良并对术后切口美容效果及手术创面内在瘢痕进行临床观察.方法:对168例乳腺良性肿瘤患者手术,行乳晕内切口或乳头根部切口,手术创面内不缝合止血,根据创面大小可创面置多个引流片,局部打包加压包扎,并对切口瘢痕和手术残腔瘢痕术后随访观察.结果:患者手术创面无血肿,无感染,引流通畅,切口Ⅰ期愈合,乳晕内或乳头根部切口隐约不显,手术残腔内无硬结.结论:通过改良手术切口、减少手术残腔缝合止血、增加创面引流、打包加压包扎等操作技术改良后乳腺良性肿瘤手术可取得更加完美的外观,内在瘢痕柔软,术后局部异常感觉更轻微,有良好的美容效果.     

Nipple-sparing mastectomy in association with intra operative radiotherapy (ELIOT): a new type of mastectomy for breast cancer treatment

Summary Background Breast-conserving surgery has become the standard approach for about 80% of patients treated for primary breast cancer in most centres. However, mastectomy is still required in case of multicentric and/or large tumours or where recurrences occur after conservative treatment. When a total mastectomy is performed, the removal of the nipple areola complex (NAC) is a strongly debated issue. In fact, although removal of the NAC greatly increases the patient’s sensation of mutilation, and the risk of tumor involvement of the areola is reported as a very variable percentage, NAC excision still remains the standard treatment. Patients and methods From March 2002 to September 2003, 106 nipple sparing mastectomies (NSM) were peformed in 102 patients, 63% of whom had invasive carcinoma and 37% of whom had in situ carcinoma. Four patients underwent bilateral surgery. In all cases, a large or multicentric tumour and/or diffuse microcalcifications, clinically distant from the NAC, were present. During surgery, the tissue under the areola was routinely sampled to exclude the presence of tumor. If disease-free at the frozen sections, the NAC was spared and a NSM was performed. Additionally, a total dose of 16 Gy of radiotherapy (ELIOT) was delivered intraoperatively in the region of the NAC. All the patients underwent an immediate plastic breast reconstruction. Results In eleven patients (10.4%), the breast tissue under the areola resulted infiltrated at the definitive histological examination: in 10 cases a single or multiple foci of in situ carcinoma and in one case an invasive component were present. Eleven patients (10.4%) developed a superficial skin areolar slough followed by spontaneous healing, and 5 patients (4.7%) lost their NAC due to total necrosis. Among these, one patient had a poor cosmetic result on the NAC with asymmetrical location and required further surgical removal and reconstruction with tattoo and local flap in a better position. When rating the results from 0 (bad) to 10 (excellent), on average, the colour of the areola was rated 9/10, the sensitivity of nipple 3/10, the overall aesthetic result was rated 8/10 by both the surgeon and the patients. Early radiodystrophy (pigmentation) was observed in eight cases (7.5%). After an average follow up of 13 months, one local recurrence, located under the clavicula, far from the NAC, was observed. The preliminary results of the psychological study show a very high satisfaction with the preservation of the nipple (97.6 %), with younger women expressing a higher satisfaction than older counterparts. Conclusions In selected cases, NSM with ELIOT of NAC has so far permitted good local control of the disease and satisfactory cosmetic results. Wider surgical experience is required to minimise the risk of leaving tumor cells in the region of the spared NAC and a longer follow up is necessary to evaluate the long term tumor recurrence rate at the NAC.     

Human papilloma virus DNA: A factor in the pathogenesis of mammary Paget's disease?

The paraffin sections from 20 nipples with Paget's disease (10 central intraductal and 10 invasive ductal carcinomas) were analyzed for human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA of the low- and intermediate/high-risk groups. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and dot (slot) blot hybridization were used for the detection of HPV DNA types 6/11/16/18/31/33/35. In addition, we examined the c-erbB-2 oncogene expression in the specimens to differentiate benign cells in the surface epithelium of the nipple and areola from Paget cells. We found that the oncogene expression of the c-erbB-2 displayed a strong signal in the Paget cells. Using PCR and dot (slot) blot hybridization, we could not detect the HPV DNAs that are specific for the low- and intermediate/high riskgroups in the 20 cases of Paget's disease. Our results showed for the first time that this type of virus did not contribute to the pathogenesis of Paget's disease.     

1 190 例乳腺癌患者乳头浸润相关因素分析

目的:探讨早期乳腺癌侵犯乳头的概率和相关危险因素。方法:收集北京大学人民医院2008年10月至2014年3 月行乳腺癌标准乳房切除术病例1 190 例,比较临床乳头异常组（54例）与无明显异常组（1 136 例）乳头浸润率差异,分析相关临床病理因素与隐匿性乳头浸润的相关性。将单因素分析具有统计学意义的指标纳入二元Logistic回归模型行多因素分析,筛选独立预测因子。结果:所有标本乳头浸润率为6.0%（71/ 1 190）,其中临床乳头异常组为40.7%（22/ 54）显著高于无明显异常组的4.3%（49/ 1 136）（χ2= 121.9,P < 0.001）。 单因素分析显示病变位置（中央象限、外周象限）、肿瘤至乳头距离（≤ 2 cm、> 2 cm）、脉管癌栓、肿瘤（包括原位癌）长径（≤ 3.5 cm、> 3.5 cm）、T 分期、N 分期和TNM 分期与隐匿性乳头浸润有关。多因素分析显示病变位置、肿瘤至乳头距离、T 分期和 N 分期是乳头浸润的独立预测因子。结论:临床乳头无明显异常者乳头浸润概率较低。肿瘤位于外周、至乳头距离> 2 cm、T 1～T 2、N 0～N 1 的病例保留乳头风险更低。      

带蒂真皮瓣乳房缩小成形术的临床应用价值

目的 探讨伴有乳腺良胜疾病的乳房下垂及乳房肥大症患者应用乳房缩小成形手术的疗效。方法对248例487侧乳房采用带蒂真皮瓣法施行乳房缩小成形术,主要是切除足量的乳腺组织及其病变区,同时将乳头乳晕移至胸部适宜位置上,建立正常外观的乳房。结果248例乳房缩小成形术切除的乳房组织量在1352—1840g之间。除开展初始有21例乳头小部分坏死脱落,9例积血致皮肤小面积感染而延迟愈合外,其余均愈合良好、感觉恢复、乳房外形满意。美容效果总优良率达96．4％（239／248）。结论带蒂真皮瓣乳房缩小成形术操作简便,术后乳房外形满意,远期效果可靠,值得临床推广。     

Involvement of nipple and areola in early breast cancer

In 141 mastectomy specimens, performed for invasive or noninvasive carcinomas, histopathologic study was performed to assess the extent of nipple-areola involvement by the tumor. In this study, patients were excluded if the tumor was located beneath the areola; and nipple and/or areola abnormalities were clinically present. Tumor involvement of the nipple and/or areola was found in 44 of 141 specimens (31%), with intraductal growth in 36 (82%) of 44, stromal invasion in 3 (7%), and ductal and stromal invasion in 5 (11%). Analysis of nipple-areolar involvement with consideration of the different variables indicates that it occurred in association with tumor size, tumor-areola distance, and histologic type. Such information provides clinically relevant guidelines in decision making for limited breast surgery.     

乳头隐匿性分泌液中CEA的检测在乳腺肿瘤鉴别诊断中的意义

目的分析检测乳头隐匿性分泌液中CEA的表达及其在乳腺肿瘤鉴别诊断中的意义。方法对34例乳腺癌患者，26例乳腺良性疾病患者作乳头分泌液CEA检测；将硝酸纤维膜贴附于乳头上24小时，取下后低温保存，使用免疫组化方法对吸附于膜片上的CEA进行检测。结果34例乳腺癌患者中12例膜片中出现CEA染色，而良性疾病患者26例中仅1例。两组差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论硝酸纤维膜可吸附乳头分泌液中的微量抗原，对其中CEA的检测有可能作为一种乳腺良、恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断的辅助方法。     

Evaluation of skin perfusion after nipple-sparing mastectomy by indocyanine green dye. Preliminary results

The aim of the study was to investigate the blood supply of the normal nipple areola complex (NAC) and the spared areola complex after a nipple-sparing mastectomy using the analysis of the fluorescence from the indocianine green dye (ICG) injection. Between December 2002 and July 2003 we performed the ICG analysis in 10 cases of healthy breasts and in 9 patients after a nipple-sparing mastectomy and one patient after subcutaneous mastectomy. In all cases, the resulting fluorescence was measured in three different zones: nipple, areola, surrounding mammary skin. Three parameters of the fluorescence curve (slope, maximum intensity, time to achieve a maximum level) were recorded. On the healthy breast, the nipple showed a very high perfusion as compared to the other zones. On the contrary, after the mastectomy the fluorescent pattern was completely altered, being the perfusion of the nipple very low. In conclusion, these preliminary results confirm the applicability and the importance of the ICG technique for evaluating the perfusion of the healthy and spared areola after surgery. Because of the small number of patients further studies are needed.