常规标测与球囊电极三维标测指导右室间隔部室性早搏射频消融比较

目的：比较常规电生理标测与Ensite array球囊标测指导下对特发性右室间隔部室性早搏导管射频消融的效果。方法将88例右室间隔部室早患者分为2组,39例室早采用常规电生理标测、49例室早采用Ensite array球囊标测。比较射频消融治疗时2组靶点标测时间、X线曝光时间、消融时间、手术总时间,观察随访疗效。结果与常规电生理标测相比, Ensite array 球囊标测室早靶点标测时间、X线曝光时间、消融时间、手术总时间均显著缩短（P＜0．01）;2组的即刻成功率均为100％;术后1个月随访时,常规电生理标测组有5例室早复发;Ensitearray球囊标测组有1例复发。结论 Ensitearray球囊标测可缩短手术时间、降低术后复发率。     

特发性右心室流出道室性心律失常心内接触式标测与非接触式标测指导导管射频消融

目的 研究心内接触式标测与心内非接触式标测对特发性右心室流出道室性心律失常射频导管消融术及术后有效性的影响.方法 23例特发性右心室流出道室性心律失常患者(室性早搏14例,室性心动过速9例),平均年龄(38.4±7.7)岁,男性8例,女性15例,采用心内接触式标测指导导管射频消融治疗.12例特发性右心室流出道室性心律失常患者(室性早搏7例,室性心动过速5例),平均年龄(39.2±8.5)岁,男性5例,女性7例,采用EnSite心内非接触式标测指导导管射频消融术治疗.比较心内接触式标测组与心内非接触式标测组心律失常靶点标测时间、X线曝光时间、操作总时间.消融术前、后1、3个月动态心电图检查两组患者24 h室性早搏次数,随访观察右心室流出道室性心律失常复发情况.结果 与心内接触式标测比较,心内非接触式标测指导下,特发性右心室流出道室性心律失常靶点标测时间[(21.8±7.6)min vs(42.4±14.4)min]、X线曝光时间[(17.6±2.9)min vs(36.4±7.5)min]、操作总时间[(88.1±8.8)min vs(108.5±16.9)min]均明显缩短(P《0.01),两组均无并发症发生.术后1个月随访时,心内接触式标测组2例心律失常复发;心内非接触式标测组无复发病例.术后3个月随访时,心内接触式标测组与心内非接触式标测组均无复发病例.结论 与心内接触式标测比较,心内非接触式标测指导下的特发性右心室流出道室性心律失常导管射频消融治疗,心律失常靶点标测时间、X线曝光时间及消融术总时间缩短.并且,EnSite心内非接触式标测深化了特发性右心室流出道室性心律失常的电生理机制研究,制定合理准确的消融策略、降低术后复发率提供了更可靠的指导.     

三维引导下多极高密度标测在右室流出道室性早搏消融中的应用

目的评价多极接触标测在指导三维电解剖引导下右室流出道(RVOT)室性早搏(简称室早)消融的疗效。方法选择32例RVOT室早患者,据术中室早发作的频度分为两组:室早1次/分者采用多极导管高密度标测(多极组);室早≥1次/分者采用单导管逐点标测(单极组);确定激动起源靶点后再进行起搏标测证实并实施消融治疗。比较两组的标测时间、消融次数及时间、X线曝光时间、消融成功率。结果 29例患者完成电生理标测及消融,单极组16例,多极组13例。多极组平均采集有效标测点明显多于单极组;激动顺序标测耗时两组未见差异。多极组总手术时间明显长于单极组,但是在平均消融次数、消融时间、X线透视时间等指标比较,多极组却显著少于单极组,所有患者均达到即刻消融终点。随访(6.9±3.2)个月,单极组1例复发。结论采用多极标测导管对RVOT局部进行高密度电解剖标测快捷、精确,提高消融成功率,尤其是对术中室早发作较少的患者。     

希氏束旁旁道CARTO3在常规X光指导下标测及射频消融

目的比较希氏束旁道CARTO3及常规X光指导下标测及消融方法。方法纳入12例希氏束旁道并进行射频消融治疗的患者。入选患者均进行了心内电生理检查,9例患者行常规X光透视下标测消融靶点并进行消融,3例患者应用CARTO3三维标测系统指导靶点标测及射频消融。对不同标测方法手术成功率、X线曝光时间及并发症进行比较。结果 9例常规标X光测患者中成功6例(66.7%),2例未成功,1例靶点距离希氏束过近,放弃消融,术中1例患者出现一过性完全性房室传导阻滞,X线曝光时间(36.2±13.4)min;CARTO3指导3例均成功(100.0%),X线曝光时间(14.2±7.8)min。与常规X光测患者比较,CARTO3三维标测系统指导靶点消融成功率更高,X线曝光时间更短,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与常规X光相比,CARTO3指导希氏束旁旁道消融可更精确指示希氏束及消融导管空间位置,缩短X光曝光时间,提高消融成功率。     

EnSite Velocity系统指导单导管射频导管消融右心室流出道室性期前收缩的初步体会

目的探讨EnSite Velocity系统指导单导管射频消融(RFCA)治疗右心室流出道(ROVT)室性期前收缩(PVCs)的可行性。方法 28例药物未能控制的ROVT PVCs患者行单导管消融术,消融导管在EnSite Velocity系统指导下进行解剖标测重建RVOT模型,经激动顺序标测及起搏标测明确消融靶点。结果 RVOT建模时间及所需X线曝光时间为(6.6±2.2)min、(0.5±0.4)min。即刻消融成功率100%,异位起搏点起源自间隔部17例(60.7%)、前壁3例、后壁3例、游离壁5例。消融靶点较体表QRS波群起点提前(34.2±5.1)ms。手术总时间、总X线曝光时间、标测时间、消融时间分别为(56.2±13.9)min、(1.1±0.7)min、(15.5±8.2)min、(5.5±2.9)min,其中6例零X线曝光。术中、术后没有相关并发症出现,观察(19.7±8.6)d,复发1例。结论 RVOT PVCs多起源于间隔部,经EnSite Velocity系统指导的单导管消融安全有效。     

Carto系统与常规方法指导消融频发右室流出道室性早搏的比较

目的通过对应用Carto电解剖标测系统(Carto系统)与常规方法指导射频消融治疗频发右室流出道室性早搏(RVOT-PVCs)的比较,评价其临床应用。方法 68例频发RVOT-PVCs患者,其中Carto组36例,运用Carto系统重建右室流出道三维电解剖图后行电解剖标测靶点并予冷盐水灌注电极进行消融;另32例在X线下常规标测和消融,为常规组。比较两组的手术时间、靶点标测时间、X线曝光时间、总放电次数及有效放电率、消融成功率、并发症和随访复发结果。结果手术时间、即时成功率两组无差别(P0.05)。与常规组相比,Carto组靶点标测时间明显缩短(50.8±10.2minvs71.9±20.9min),X线曝光时间缩短(15.5±3.8minvs27.0±7.1min),总放电次数减少(5.8±1.2次vs9.4±1.8次),有效放电率增高(48.1%±12.2%vs31.5%±7.9%),复发率降低(2.8%vs9.4%),P均0.05。两组均无并发症。结论两种标测方法消融频发RVOT-PVCs均有效,安全。但Carto系统对复杂的多源多形早搏有明显的优势。     

20极标测电极指导左室乳头肌起源室性期前收缩射频消融的初步应用

目的：探讨应用20极标测电极（DD电极）指导左室乳头肌起源室性期前收缩（室早）射频消融的可行性及有效性。方法：回顾性收集阜外医院2019年5月至2019年12月间11例左室乳头肌起源的频发室早患者，按照标测方法分为DD标测组（6例）和传统4极消融导管逐点（PBP）标测组（5例），确定理想的室早起源靶点后进行放电消融。收集两组患者临床资料、心电图资料以及术中参数，观察两种标测方法随访期的消融成功率。结果：本研究共纳入11例左室乳头肌频发室早患者，年龄41±18岁，男性5例(45.5%)，平均24h室早负荷18.6%±8.2%。与PBP标测组相比，DD标测组总手术时间（95.8±7.4 vs. 141.2±12.3min）、消融时间（6.1±3.0 vs. 15.8±4.7min）、射线曝光时间（14.2±1.5 vs. 24.4±5.4min）明显缩短，消融点数（6.8±1.9 vs. 14.8±3.6个）明显减少，室早时靶点局部V波领先体表室早QRS间期(37.8±7.2 vs. 25.4±2.8ms)明显提前。术中及术后随访期间，DD标测组未发生标测及消融相关并发症，而PBP标测组术中出现1例心包积液。随访15.1±1.3月，DD标测组所有患者经射频消融后均无室早再发，成功率为100%，而PBP标测组3例消融成功，成功率为60%。结论：DD电极可易化左室乳头肌室早射频消融，缩短手术时间及减少X线曝光，随访期消融成功率均较高，具有良好的可行性及有效性。     

EnSite Velocity 系统指导单导管射频导管消融右心室流出道室性期前收缩的初步体会

目的：探讨EnSite Velocity系统指导单导管射频消融（RFCA）治疗右心室流出道（ROVT）室性期前收缩（PVCs）的可行性。方法28例药物未能控制的ROVT PVCs患者行单导管消融术,消融导管在EnSite Velocity系统指导下进行解剖标测重建RVOT模型,经激动顺序标测及起搏标测明确消融靶点。结果 RVOT建模时间及所需X线曝光时间为（6.6±2.2） min、（0.5±0.4）min。即刻消融成功率100%,异位起搏点起源自间隔部17例（60.7%）、前壁3例、后壁3例、游离壁5例。消融靶点较体表QRS波群起点提前（34.2±5.1）ms。手术总时间、总X线曝光时间、标测时间、消融时间分别为（56.2±13.9）min、（1.1±0.7）min、（15.5±8.2）min、（5.5±2.9）min,其中6例零X线曝光。术中、术后没有相关并发症出现,观察（19.7±8.6）d,复发1例。结论 RVOT PVCs多起源于间隔部,经EnSite Velocity系统指导的单导管消融安全有效。     

EnSite NavX三维标测系统与常规X线引导下经主动脉逆行途径治疗左侧旁道的对比观察

目的探讨EnSite NavX三维标测系统与常规X线指导下射频消融治疗左侧旁道的有效性、安全性及远期疗效的差异。方法选取经主动脉途径行射频消融治疗左侧旁道患者117例,将其分为观察组和对照组,观察组在EnSite NavX三维标测系统引导下,必要时结合短暂X透视进行射频消融治疗;对照组在传统X线透视下行射频消融治疗。观察指标:(1)放置标测导管过程中X线照射时间(T1)和曝光剂量(CD1);(2)操作消融导管进行标测消融过程中X线照射时间(T2)和曝光剂量(CD2);(3)手术时间;(4)即刻成功率与总体成功率;(5)并发症。结果观察组57例患者,对照组60例患者,两组消融即刻成功率100%,随访6个月,对照组1例复发;两组间T1和CD1比较,无显著性差异(P>0.05);与对照组比较,观察组T2和CD2均显著减少,分别为[(7.5±2.3)min vs(12.1±2.6)min,(8.6±2.5)mGy vs(16.4±3.1)mGy;P<0.001]。结论与X线引导下相比,EnSite NavX三维标测系统引导下经主动脉逆行射频消融左侧旁道安全、有效,可缩短X线照射时间,减少X线曝光剂量。     

EnSite NavX~(TM)系统指引下X线零曝光经导管射频消融治疗典型心房扑动

目的探讨EnSite NavX~(TM)系统指引下X线零曝光经导管射频消融治疗典型心房扑动的可行性和安全性。方法纳入2013年9月至2016年6月在襄阳市中心医院接受经导管射频消融治疗的典型心房扑动患者18例。18例患者经超声心动图检查均无心脏血管结构异常。所有患者均在EnSite NavX~(TM)系统指引下实施X线零曝光电生理检查和经导管射频消融治疗。观察射频消融后三尖瓣达到双向阻滞及补充的射频消融次数、手术时间、术中及术后近期并发症情况、术后30~90 d心房扑动复发情况。结果所有患者经导管射频消融均成功,其中10例(10/18)为沿设计消融线一次射频消融后即达到双向阻滞,5例(5/18)第二次补点消融达到双向阻滞,3例(3/18)第三次补点消融达到双向阻滞。手术时间为(118.36±42.25)min,未发生射频消融相关并发症,随访30~90 d无复发。结论 EnSite NavX~(TM)系统引导下X线零曝光经导管射频消融治疗典型心房扑动安全可行。     

Endocardial mapping of right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia using noncontact activation mapping

INTRODUCTION: Activation mapping and pace mapping identify successful ablation sites for catheter ablation of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) tachycardia. These methods are limited in patients with nonsustained tachycardia or isolated ventricular ectopic beats. We investigated the feasibility of using noncontact mapping to guide the ablation of RVOT arrhythmias. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nine patients with RVOT tachycardia and three patients with ectopic beats were studied using noncontact mapping. A multielectrode array catheter was introduced into the RVOT and tachycardia was analyzed using a virtual geometry. The earliest endocardial activation estimated by virtual electrograms was displayed on an isopotential color map and measured 33 +/- 13 msec before onset of QRS. Virtual unipolar electrograms at this site demonstrated QS morphology. Guided by a locator signal, ablation was performed with a mean of 6.9 +/- 2.2 radiofrequency deliveries. Acute success was achieved in all patients. During follow-up, one patient had a recurrence of RVOT tachycardia. Compared with patients (n = 21) who underwent catheter ablation using a conventional approach, a higher success rate was achieved by noncontact mapping. Procedure time was significantly longer in the noncontact mapping group. Fluoroscopy time was not significantly different in the two groups. CONCLUSION: Noncontact mapping can be used as a reliable tool to identify the site of earliest endocardial activation and to guide the ablation procedure in patients with RVOT tachycardia and in patients with ectopic beats originating from the RVOT.     

右心室流出道室性早搏射频消融治疗的有效性和安全性评价

目的评价应用Carto系统射频消融治疗右心室流出道起源性室性早搏（室早）有效性和安全性。方法选择2005年5月至2007年12月临床治疗的47例室早患者,其中男性21例,女性26例,平均年龄（34．5±19．2）岁,病程3～38个月。射频所用能量为40W,时间为120～240s,温度设定为60℃。分别在消融术前和术后1、3和12个月进行动态心电图检查。结果47例中成功45例,有效率为95．8％。2例1年后复发新的早搏,未发现任何并发症。结论应用Carto系统对右心室流出道起源性室早经射频消融治疗是有效和安全的。     

Earliest activation time is a good predictor of successful ablation of idiopathic outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias

BackgroundIn idiopathic outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias (OT‐VAs), identifying the site with the earliest activation time (EAT) using activation mapping is critical to eliminating the arrhythmogenic focus. However, the optimal EAT for predicting successful radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) has not been established.HypothesisTo evaluate the association between EAT and successful RFCA in idiopathic OT‐VAs and to determine the optimal cut‐off value of EAT for successful ablation.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed patients undergoing RFCA for idiopathic OT‐VAs at a single center from January 2015 to December 2019.ResultsAcute procedural success was achieved in 168 patients (87.0%). Among these patients, 158 patients (81.9%) were classified in the clinical success group according to the recurrence of clinical VAs during median (Q1, Q3) follow‐up (330 days [182, 808]). EAT was significantly earlier in the clinical success group compared with the recurrence (p = .006) and initial failure (p < .0001) groups. The optimal EAT cut‐off value predicting clinical success was −30 ms in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) with 77.4% sensitivity and 96.4% specificity. In all cases of successful ablation in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), EAT in the RVOT was not earlier than −29 ms.ConclusionsEAT in patients with successful catheter ablation was significantly earlier than that in patients with recurrence and initial failure. EAT earlier than −30 ms could be used as a key predictor of successful catheter ablation as well as an indicator of the need to shift focus from the RVOT to the LVOT.     

特发性室性心律失常的射频消融

目的特发性室性心律失常（IVA）是指不伴有明显器质性心脏病的室性心动过速（室速）或室性早搏（室早）,约占所有室性心律失常的10％左右。本文系统分析925例IVA病例,探讨IVA的临床、电生理和射频消融的特点。方法本文回顾性分析了从1994年3月至2009年2月,925例IVA患者的临床特点,射频消融治疗的过程和结果。925例病人,男性500例,女性425例,平均年龄（36．65±14．81）岁。临床证实为IVA患者,并且排除了器质性心脏病。在停用抗心律失常药物5个半衰期后,进行电生理检查和射频消融治疗。结果特发性右心室室性心律失常（IRVA）516例,特发性左心室室性心律失常（ILVA）409例,IRVA多发生于女性,发病的平均年龄40岁,大多数表现为频发室早伴有反复单形室性心动过速,出现黑喙症状为14．3％;ILVA多发生于男性,发病的平均年龄33岁,多表现为持续性室速,出现黑矇症状为5．9％。IRVA有486例（94．2％）起源于右心室流出道,而在右心室流出道起源的室速／室早里,又以起源于间隔面的多见,占78％左右,起源于游离壁的占10％左右,其余的12％起源于二者之间的部位。射频消融多采用寻找心内膜最早激动点结合起搏标测来寻找合适的靶点。ILVA最多见的类型是左心室特发室速（ILVT）,有272例（66．5％）,ILVT主要起源于左后分支区域,也可以起源于左前分支区域和临近希氏束部位。主要用激动顺序标测结合浦肯野电位的方法确定消融靶点。IRVA的516例患者射频消融即刻成功率为89．3％。ILVA射频消融即刻成功率为93．7％。结论IVA患者虽然没有器质性心脏病,但是伴有多种临床症状,少部分病人甚至出现黑矇、晕厥,应积极行射频消融治疗,预防出现心室颤动危及生命。     

Malignant entity of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia initiated by premature extrasystoles originating from the right ventricular outflow tract.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical characteristics and the efficacy of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (VF) and/or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia initiated by ventricular extrasystoles originating from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). BACKGROUND: Ventricular fibrillation and/or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia are occasionally initiated by ventricular extrasystoles originating from the RVOT in patients without structural heart disease. METHODS: Among 101 patients without structural heart disease in whom RFCA was conducted for idiopathic ventricular tachyarrhythmias arising from the RVOT, we examined the clinical characteristics and the efficacy of RFCA in 16 patients with spontaneous VF and/or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia initiated by the ventricular extrasystoles originating from the RVOT. RESULTS: Among 16 patients, spontaneous episodes of VF were documented in 5 patients, and 11 patients had prior episodes of syncope. Holter recordings showed frequent isolated ventricular extrasystoles with the same morphology as that of initiating ventricular extrasystoles, and non-sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia with short cycle length (mean of 245 +/- 28 ms) in all 16 patients. Radiofrequency catheter ablation by targeting the initiating ventricular extrasystoles eliminated episodes of syncope, VF, and cardiac arrest in all patients during follow-up periods of 54 +/- 39 months. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the malignant entity of idiopathic VF and/or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia was occasionally present in patients with idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias arising from the RVOT. Radiofrequency catheter ablation was effective as a treatment option for this entity.     

非接触球囊标测系统指导下右室流出道室性期前收缩导管消融疗效及体表心电图应用价值

目的:探讨非接触球囊标测系统指导下右室流出道室性期前收缩（室早）导管消融疗效及体表心电图应用价值。方法:术前根据同步12导联体表心电图室早的形态特征初步判断室早起源部位,对58例药物治疗无效的顽固性室早患者进行导管射频消融治疗,其中26例采用传统标测法,32例采用非接触球囊标测法（Ensite三维标测法）。结果:①非接触球囊标测法与传统标测法相比较,成功率高（100% vs. 81%）、复发率低（3% vs. 19%）,X线曝光时间短［(3.6±1.4)min vs.(32±12)min］;②标测和消融结果显示30例患者室早起源于右室流出道间隔部,其中7例起源于前间隔,9例起源于中间隔,14例起源于后间隔。22例患者室早起源于右室流出道游离壁,其中7例起源于前游离壁,4例起源于中游离壁,11例起源于后游离壁。体表心电图特征对判断室早起源部位具有较高的灵敏度、特异度和准确度。结论:非接触球囊标测系统指导右室流出道室性心律失常射频消融安全有效,仔细分析心电图室早QRS波形态特征有助于判定室早起源部位,并缩短手术时间。     

Radiofrequency catheter ablation of various kinds of arrhythmias guided by virtual electrograms using a noncontact, computerized mapping system.

Three-dimensional visualization of cardiac activation has become important for providing further insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of arrhythmias and to increase the efficacy of catheter ablation. The noncontact mapping system enables a single-beat analysis of the reconstructed geometry of the cardiac chamber. In 8 patients with various kinds of arrhythmias (3 with atrial flutter, 2 with right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia, 1 with idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia, 1 with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and 1 with concealed Wolff-Perkinson-White syndrome), non-contact mapping using an EnSite 3000 system was performed for the guidance of catheter ablation. The optimal sites for successful ablation were detected and all of these arrhythmias were successfully eliminated with the radiofrequency energy applications without any adverse effects. The computerized EnSite 3000 mapping system described here computes accurate isopotential maps that are a useful guide for catheter ablation.     

特发性室性心动过速及室性期前收缩的射频消融治疗

目的探讨射频导管消融(radiofrequency catheter ablation,RFCA)治疗特发性室性心动过速(idiopathic ventricular tachycardia,IVT)和室性期前收缩(premature ventricualr contraction,PVC)可行性、必要性和疗效。方法回顾性分析16例IVT、PVC患者采用激动顺序标测和起搏标测法确定室性心动过速(ventricular tachycardia,VT)、PVC的起源部位并行RFCA治疗的资料。结果 3例IVT中2例起源于左室间隔部左后分支的蒲肯野系统,1例起源于右心室流出道(right ventricular outflow tract,RVOT)游离壁,同时合并另一种游离壁起源的PVC,3例消融均成功,1例复发。13例PVC中7例起源RVOT间隔部,3例起源于RVOT游离壁,1例同时存在两种形态PVC(分别起源于ROVT间隔部和游离壁),2例起源于左心室流出道,13例消融成功,1例复发。结论 RFCA治疗IVT及特定部位的PVC是安全、有效且成功率高的一种方法。     

右室流出道室性心律失常的射频导管消融体会

目的报道右室流出道(RVOT)室性心律失常的射频导管消融(RFCA)体会。方法43例RVOT室性心律失常患者男18例、女25例,年龄39.2±15.1(13～67)岁。经血液生化、胸片、心脏彩超等检查证实无器质性心脏病证据。其中室性心动过速(VT)8例,室性早搏(PVC)35例。38例采用传统的起搏与激动标测。5例VT是在非接触标测系统EnSite3000指导下进行消融治疗的。结果①间隔部起源40例,游离壁起源3例。42例成功,1例失败,成功率97.7%,9例复发,再次标测消融后成功。②RVOT起源的VT和PVC具有典型的心电图特征,表现为典型的左束支传导阻滞型伴电轴右偏。RVOT的起源点不同,其12导联心电图特征不同,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联呈RR′型,V1～V3具有深S波是游离壁起源的特征。③1例术中出现急性心包压塞,其心电图虽具有RVOT起源的特征,但Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联R波振幅异常增高。结论RVOT室性心律失常具有典型的心电图和电生理特征,RFCA是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。EnSite3000非接触标测系统定位快速准确,适用于血流动力学不稳定的复杂性心律失常的标测。