Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌的外科治疗

以不同预后为标准对Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌细分,可筛选出一部分适合手术治疗有可能治愈的晚期非小细胞肺癌,在没有纵隔淋巴结转移的原发性肺癌能被完全性切除的前提下,要特别注意孤立性脑转移、孤立性肾上腺转移和对侧孤立性肺转移的手术切除。在经过选择的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者,减状性手术应为综合治疗的一部分。     

非小细胞肺癌伴远处转移的外科治疗进展

近年文献报道,部分伴有脑、肾上腺、肺等部位同期孤立性转移的非小细胞肺癌患者仍可通过手术完全切除获得长期生存.研究表明原发灶局限于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期,没有或仅有单处纵隔淋巴结受累且孤立性转移灶能手术完全切除的病例可能通过手术获益,进一步了解预后相关因素,将更有利于发挥外科治疗的益处.     

伴远处孤立转移的非小细胞肺癌治疗进展

肺癌是严重威胁人类健康及生命的恶性肿瘤之一,发病率逐年上升.非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)中Ⅳ期患者可达40%左右.而其中一小部分Ⅳ期NSCLC患者呈单脏器孤立转移,且原发灶亦为早期.对此部分患者,其治疗方式同初治时即有多部位远处转移者有所不同;同样,其预后同初治时即有多部位远处转移者亦不相同.对于孤立脑转移患者.在原发NSCLC能够完全切除或已经得到良好控制的情况下,切除同时性或异时性孤立脑转移的5年生存率高达10%～30%,目前的标准治疗推荐手术切除原发灶及孤立脑转移灶或立体定向放疗联合全脑放疗.而孤立肾上腺转移发生率大约在1.62%～3.5%.通过积极的外科切除及联合化疗,NSCLC同时或异时性孤立肾上腺转移患者能延长生存并可获长期生存,5年生存率可达25%～40%.查阅大量相关文献,得出结论认为:对于伴有不同部位的远处孤立转移非小细胞肺癌患者,在原发灶完全切除基础上,进行积极的转移灶局部手术治疗,生存期明显优于其它Ⅳ期患者.     

非小细胞肺癌寡转移的立体定向放射治疗研究

非小细胞肺癌(Non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)是除小细胞肺癌以外所有类型的肺癌,脑、骨、肝及肾上腺为最常见的远处转移部位。在NSCLC远处转移患者中,并非都是多发的、广泛的,有近7%的患者表现为肺外孤立性转移。这种特殊形式的晚期肿瘤转移状态称之为NSCLC寡转移。寡转移的治疗以局部治疗为主,局部治疗主要措施包括立体定向放疗、手术切除、射频消融等。本文主要探讨立体定向放射治疗(Stereotactic radiotherapy,SRT)对NSCLC在常见远处转移脏器寡转移的作用。     

2007中国肺癌高峰论坛：非小细胞肺癌孤立性转移灶的诊断和治疗共识

在吴一龙、廖美琳、蒋国梁及周清华教授的主持下，在与会专家的共同参与下，2007中国肺癌高峰论坛就非小细胞肺癌孤立性转移灶的诊断和治疗问题达成以下共识：①原发性肺癌的孤立性转移病灶，应明确是真性孤立性转移还是假性孤立性转移；颅内病变推荐增强磁共振显像，颅外病变推荐PET或PET／CT显像。②对于同期发生的孤立性转移：原发灶为T1-2N0且能完全性切除的非小细胞肺癌，     

转移性非小细胞肺癌治疗研究进展

过去10年转移性非小细胞肺癌治疗取得了一定进展，PET和MRI出现大大的提高了分期精度。如果没有纵隔淋巴结转移而只出现脑或肾上腺单发转移，通过手术切除、化疗和放疗是可以达到治愈目的的。承重骨转移应该强调外科的介入。晚期小细胞肺癌化疗具有重要的作用，卡铂、泰素和贝伐单抗可以提高一般状况较好、非鳞癌和没有脑转移患者的生存期。随着全身治疗的进步，局部治疗变得十分重要。     

早期非小细胞肺癌预后相关因素分析

早期非小细胞肺癌患者首选手术治疗后，仍有部分出现了局部复发和／或远处转移。筛选出预后差的患者辅以综合治疗显得尤为重要。本文分析了近年来研究的一些早期非小细胞肺癌的预后因素。     

非小细胞肺癌脑转移治疗的研究进展

约30%~50%的非小细胞肺癌患者在疾病过程中发生脑转移。随着治疗手段的不断发展,患者的生存期得到明显改善。目前的治疗方法主要有手术、放疗、化疗和靶向药物治疗。虽然治疗方法众多,但如何针对不同患者制定最佳治疗方案,仍需要不断深入研究和总结。全文就近几年非小细胞肺癌脑转移治疗的研究进展作一综述。     

手术治疗非小细胞肺癌肾上腺转移三例报告

在发现非小细胞肺癌的同时 ,约有5 %～ 10 %的患者已发生肾上腺转移。通常认为肾上腺转移为肺癌晚期的表现 ,我院对 3例非小细胞肺癌并发单个肾上腺转移瘤的患者进行了手术治疗 ,取得了较好的疗效 ,现报告如下。临床资料　病例 1,男 ,47岁 ,左肺上叶癌 ,Ｔ2 Ｎ0 Ｍ1,左肺上叶切除同期同侧肾上腺切除 ,生存期为 2 6月 ;病例 2 ,女 ,5 1岁 ,左肺中心性肺癌 ,Ｔ3Ｎ0 Ｍ1,左全肺切除并同期同侧肾上腺切除 ,生存期为 14月 ;病例3 ,男 ,48岁 ,右肺下叶癌 ,Ｔ3Ｎ0 Ｍ1,右肺中下叶切除并分期异侧肾上腺切除 ,生存期为2 1月。病例 1和病例 2均以肺癌…     

非小细胞肺癌脑转移的药物治疗进展

肺癌发病率和病死率高,最常见的病理类型为非小细胞肺癌,24%～40%的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者出现脑转移,预后不良。手术治疗以及传统放疗效果并不理想,血脑屏障也阻碍了化疗药物发挥其疗效。近年来,靶向药物及免疫治疗的出现为非小细胞肺癌脑转移患者提供了新的治疗希望,该文就目前非小细胞肺癌脑转移患者的药物治疗方式展开了全面综述,比较各类药物单用及联用的临床疗效,为非小细胞肺癌脑转移患者提供更合理的治疗方案建议。     

Metastatic non-small-cell lung carcinoma successfully treated with pre-operative chemotherapy and bilateral adrenalectomy

Metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer is a common condition with a dismal prognosis. Although palliative chemotherapy improves survival and quality of life, nearly all patients die of progressive disease. Metastatic involvement of adrenal glands is not rare, but usually reflects widespread dissemination. Selected patients with single adrenal metastasis may be cured with surgery, although the level of evidence comes from single cases reports and short retrospective series. Here we report a patient with bilateral adrenal metastases from previously resected non-small-cell lung cancer, who remains free of disease four years after pre-operative chemotherapy and bilateral adrenalectomy.     

Contemporaneous bilateral forearm triceps metastases from adenocarcinoma of the lung

Haematogenous skeletal muscle metastases from non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are rare, and are even more uncommonly observed bilaterally. Usually, NSCLC metastasizes to the liver, adrenal glands, lung, bone, central nervous system and kidney. We report a case of a long-surviving patient with contemporaneous histologically proven bilateral muscle metastases in the right and left forearm triceps, from adenocarcinoma of the lung.     

Late adrenal metastasis in operable non-small-cell lung carcinoma

Treatment of early-stage (I, II, and some IIIA) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is curative resection. Simultaneous isolated adrenal metastasis represents a dilemma. Although many studies addressing the management of adrenal metastasis diagnosed simultaneously with NSCLC have been published, only very few reports of late adrenal metastasis can be found in the literature. Our purpose is to discuss the management of solitary late (metachronous) adrenal metastasis from operable NSCLC based on published experience. We describe a patient with a solitary metachronous adrenal metastasis diagnosed 3 years after resection of NSCLC. Adrenalectomy was done, followed by combination chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin. MEDLINE literature on similar cases was reviewed and updated. Only 18 cases have been reported from 1965 to 2000. The median interval between the diagnosis of NSCLC and development of adrenal metastasis was 11.5 months. All patients were male. Unilateral adrenal metastases were reported in 15 patients, whereas 3 had bilateral metastases. Five patients were treated with adrenalectomy, and eight patients were treated with adrenalectomy and postoperative adjunctive chemotherapy. Chemotherapy alone was used in two patients and two patients underwent palliative radiation therapy. One patient was treated with intraarterial chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy. Solitary metachronous adrenal metastases are rare. There are no standard treatment guidelines for this group of patients. Review of the literature showed that median survival after treatment was 19 months for the group treated with adrenalectomy followed by chemotherapy; 15 months for the chemotherapy group; 14 months for the adrenalectomy group; and 8 months for the group treated with palliative radiation.     

Refractory non-small-cell lung cancer responding to combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin

The patient was a 60-year-old female with adenocarcinoma of the lung. An effective radiation therapy was performed for cervical lymph node metastases found 19 months after the operation. A right adrenal metastasis and abdominal paraaortic lymph node metastases were detected 11 months later, and chemotherapy with cisplatin (CDDP) was administered. Although a temporary partial response was obtained, the metastatic lesion was refractory to CDDP. The patient was treated with gemcitabine (GEM) and CDDP, which resulted in near complete response continued for 3 months. The combination therapy of GEM and CDDP may be effective for recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer refractory to other regimens.     

Do adrenal metastases from lung cancer develop by lymphogenous or hematogenous route?

In order to analyse the possible mode and pathways of adrenal metastases from lung cancer, the frequency of adrenal metastases ipsilateral and contralateral to the site of the primary cancer was investigated based on autopsied lung cancer cases. In 405 of 1,607 such cases, adrenal metastases could be found: on both sides, 234; ipsilateral only, 105; contralateral only, 66 cases. In the early stages of tumor progression, a striking difference can be seen between the two sides. Ipsilateral metastases were of significantly higher incidence in early metastatic tumor stages, but later, in cases having six or more involved organs, the ipsilateral/contralateral quotient reaches 1. It is postulated that in the early stages adrenal metastases from lung cancer probably develop mainly by lymphogenous, but later mainly by hematogenous routes.     

Adrenal hemorrhage secondary to metastasis from lung cancer

The adrenals are common metastatic sites for lung cancers as well as a number of other primary cancers. Usually these metastases are asymptomatic. Hemorrhagic adrenal metastases from lung cancer are extremely rare. Only 5 prior reports of hemorrhagic adrenal metastases from lung cancer have appeared in the English literature. We report a case of spontaneous, massive, adrenal hemorrhage secondary to metastatic lung cancer in a 62-year-old patient. In lung cancer, patients with sudden onset of pain in the flank or back in association with anemia and hypotension, adrenal hemorrhage secondary to metastatic disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Computed tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging aid in confirming the diagnosis.     

Update in the Treatment of Brain Metastases from Lung Cancer

Brain metastases from lung cancer represent a prevalent and challenging clinical dilemma. The brain is an extremely common site of failure for non-small-cell lung cancer and small-cell lung cancer, often as a solitary site of disease. Despite steady research developments during recent years, survival rates remain poor. Some research suggests that the outcomes and characteristics of brain metastases that result from lung cancer primary sites are perhaps different than those from other primary sites. Clinical treatment strategies should therefore be adjusted accordingly. This article reviews the clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and treatment strategies of brain metastases from lung cancer with a particular emphasis on recent research developments in the field.     

Update in the treatment of brain metastases from lung cancer

Brain metastases from lung cancer represent a prevalent and challenging clinical dilemma. The brain is an extremely common site of failure for non-small-cell lung cancer and small-cell lung cancer, often as a solitary site of disease. Despite steady research developments during recent years, survival rates remain poor. Some research suggests that the outcomes and characteristics of brain metastases that result from lung cancer primary sites are perhaps different than those from other primary sites. Clinical treatment strategies should therefore be adjusted accordingly. This article reviews the clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and treatment strategies of brain metastases from lung cancer with a particular emphasis on recent research developments in the field.     

EUS-FNA for the detection of left adrenal metastasis in patients with lung cancer

In patients with lung cancer, enlarged or (18)Fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)FDG-PET) positive left adrenal glands are suspected for distant metastases and require tissue confirmation for a definitive assessment. The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) for left adrenal metastases in lung cancer patients with a suspect adrenal gland based on imaging. EUS-FNA findings of patients with (suspected) lung cancer and CT enlarged or (18)FDG-PET positive left adrenal glands were retrospectively evaluated. In the absence of metastases at EUS, clinical and radiological follow-up was obtained. In 85 patients, EUS-FNA demonstrated left adrenal metastases of lung cancer in 53 (62%), benign adrenal tissue in 25 (29%), a metastasis from colon carcinoma in 1 (1%) and a primary adrenocortical carcinoma in 1 (1%) patient. In five patients (5.9%), the aspirates contained non-representative material. EUS outcomes were false negative in two patients. Sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) for EUS-FNA of the left adrenal gland were at least 86% (95% CI 74-93%) and 70% (95% CI 50-85%). No complications occurred. EUS-FNA is a sensitive, safe and minimally invasive technique to provide tissue proof of left adrenal metastases in patients with (suspected) lung cancer and enlarged or (18)FDG-PET positive adrenal glands. Therefore, EUS-FNA qualifies as the staging test of choice for patients with lung cancer with suspected left adrenal metastases.     

Adrenalectomy for solitary adrenal metastases from non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND: The treatment of patients with adrenal metastases from lung cancer (non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC) remains controversial. Several studies of adrenalectomy in cases of isolated adrenal metastases from NSCLC suggest that these patients could have improved survival. Our aim is to define the history of patients after resection of solitary metastases to the adrenal gland and to identify characteristics of patients who achieved prolonged survival. METHODS: Between January 1997 and July 2000, 11 patients underwent curative resection for metastatic NSCLC of the adrenal gland in our institution. In all patients who were accepted for curative adrenalectomy, the primary NSCLC had been treated by complete resection. RESULTS: Eleven patients (seven men and four women) with unilateral adrenal metastases of NSCLC entered the study. Median age was 59 years (range 47-67 years). There was no perioperative death. The overall median survival after metastasectomy was 12.6 months (CI: 9.2-16.1 months). Patients with curative resection and metachronous disease (n=6) had a median survival of 30.9 months and tended to do better than patients with synchronous adrenal metastases (n=5) (median survival: 10.3 months). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that adrenalectomy for clinically solitary, resectable metastases can be performed safely. It appears reasonable that such selected patients should be considered surgical candidates.