Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Corchorus capsularis leaves chloroform extract in experimental animal models

The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Corchorus capsularis leaves chloroform extract were investigated in experimental animal models. The antinociceptive activity was measured using the writhing, hot plate and formalin tests, while the anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the carrageenan-induced paw edema test. The extract, obtained after 72 h soaking of the air-dried leaves in chloroform followed by in vacuo evaporation to dryness, was weighed and prepared by serial dilution in DMSO in the doses of 20, 100 and 200 mg/kg. The extract was administered (s.c.) 30 min prior to subjection to the respective assays. The extract was found to exhibit significant (p < 0.05) antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. As a conclusion, the present study confirmed the traditional claims of using C. capsularis to treat various ailments related to inflammation and pain.     

Antinociceptive,anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties of an aqueous extract of Corchorus capsularis leaves in experimental animal models

The present study was carried out to establish the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties of an aqueous extract of jute plant leaves, Corchorus capsularis L. (Tiliaceae), in experimental animals. The antinociceptive activity was measured using the abdominal constriction, hot plate and formalin tests, while the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities were measured using the carrageenan-induced paw edema and brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia tests, respectively. The extract, obtained after 72 h soaking of the air-dried leaves in distilled water, freeze-drying for 72 h and then prepared in dosages of 11.57, 57.85, and 115.7 mg/kg, was administered subcutaneously (10 ml/kg) 30 min prior to subjection to the above mentioned assays. The extract was found to exhibit significant (antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic, activities in a dosage-independent manner. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of C. capsularis possesses antinociceptive and antipyretic activities and supports the previous claim of its traditional use to treat various ailments.     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanol extract of Alpinia conchigera rhizomes in various animal models

Alpinia conchigera Griff. (Zingiberaceae), locally known to the Malays as “lengkuas ranting”, is native to Peninsular Malaysia. The Malays traditionally used it to treat infection and rashes, and as a health drink. This study evaluated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of A. conchigera rhizomes in mice and rats, respectively. The analgesic activity was elucidated using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test, and formalin test, while the anti-inflammatory activity was determined using carrageenan-induced paw edema. The extract (30, 100, and 300?mg/kg) given intraperitoneally (i.p.) exhibited antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in all tests used. The range of percentage of analgesia obtained for all doses of extract in the writhing test was 50–92%, and in the early and late phases of the formalin test was 25–62% and 63–98%, respectively. In addition, naloxone (5?mg/kg) given subcutaneously (s.c.) was found to reverse the extract (300?mg/kg)-induced antinociceptive activity in the writhing, hot plate, and formalin tests. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of A. conchigera rhizomes possessed a peripheral and central antinociceptive activity that was mediated, in part, via the opioid receptor, as well as anti-inflammatory activity.     

An evaluation of the anti-inflammatory,antipyretic and analgesic effects of hydroethanol leaf extract of Albizia zygia in animal models

Context: The leaves of Albizia zygia (DC.) J.F. Macbr. (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) are used in Ghanaian traditional medicine for the treatment of pain, inflammatory disorders and fever (including malaria).

Objectives: The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects of the hydroethanol leaf extract of Albizia zygia (AZE) in animal models.

Materials and methods: The anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of AZE were examined in the carrageenan-induced foot oedema model and the baker’s yeast-induced pyrexia test respectively. The analgesic effect and possible mechanisms of action were also assessed in the formalin test.

Results: AZE (30–300?mg/kg, p.o.), either preemptively or curatively, significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced foot edema in 7-day-old chicks (ED₅₀ values; preemptive: 232.9?±?53.33?mg/kg; curative: 539.2?±?138.28?mg/kg). Similarly, the NSAID diclofenac (10–100?mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the oedema in both preemptive (ED₅₀: 21.16?±?4.07?mg/kg) and curative (ED₅₀: 44.28?±?5.75?mg/kg) treatments. The extract (30–300?mg/kg, p.o.) as well as paracetamol (150?mg/kg, p.o.) also showed significant antipyretic activity in the baker’s yeast-induced pyrexia test (ED₅₀ of AZE: 282.5?±?96.55?mg/kg). AZE and morphine (1–10?mg/kg, i.p.; positive control), exhibited significant analgesic activity in the formalin test. The analgesic effect was partly or wholly reversed by the systemic administration of naloxone, theophylline and atropine.

Conclusion: The results suggest that AZE possesses anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties, which justifies its traditional use. Also, the results show the involvement of the opioidergic, adenosinergic and the muscarinic cholinergic pathways in the analgesic effects of AZE.     

Antinociceptive,anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Muntingia calabura</Emphasis> aqueous extract in animal models

The present study was carried out to elucidate the potential of aqueous extract of Muntingia calabura leaves aqueous extract (MCAE) as antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agents using the formalin-, carrageenan-induced paw edema- and brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia tests in rats. The extract was prepared by soaking the dried powdered leaves of M. calabura in distilled water (dH₂O) overnight. The supernatant obtained, considered as a stock solution (100% concentration/strength), was then diluted to concentrations of 10% and 50% and used together in all experimental models. The MCAE, at concentrations of 10%, 50% and 100%, were found to show significant antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities in all tests. However, all of the activities occurred in a concentration-independent manner. The 50% and 100% concentrations of MCAE produced insignificant antinociceptive and antipyretic activities, respectively. Although the 100% concentration of MCAE produced significant (P<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity, the activity was lower than that of the 10% and 50% concentrations of MCAE. Based on the results, we conclude that the M. calabura leaves possessed antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities and, thus, justifies the Peruvian folklore claims of its medicinal values.     

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of chloroform extract of Bryonia laciniosa in experimental animal models

The anti-inflammatory effect of the leaves of Bryonia laciniosa was evaluated using carrageenan, dextran, histamine, serotonin induced rat paw oedema and cotton pellet induced granuloma (chronic) models in rats. In mice, carrageenan peritonitis test was performed for the extract by oral administration. The chloroform extract of Bryonia laciniosa (CEBL) exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effect at the dose 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg. Maximum inhibition (52.4%) was noted at the dose of 200 mg/kg after 3 h of drug treatment in carrageenan induced paw oedema, whereas the indomethacin (standard drug) produced 62.1% of inhibition. The extract exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in dextran induced paw oedema in a dose dependent manner. The extract also exhibited significant inhibition on the hind paw oedema in rats caused by histamine and serotonin respectively. In the chronic model (cotton pellet induced granuloma) the CEBL (200 mg/kg) and standard drug showed decreased formation of granuloma tissue by 50.1 and 57.3% (p<0.001) respectively. The extract also inhibited peritoneal leukocyte migration in mice. Thus, the present study revealed that the chloroform extract of Bryonia laciniosa exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in the tested models.     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Dicranopteris linearis leaves chloroform extract in experimental animals

The present study was carried out to establish the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Dicranopteris linearis leaves chloroform extract in experimental animals. The antinociceptive activity was measured using the abdominal constriction, formalin and hot plate tests, while the anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the carrageenan-induced paw edema. The extract, obtained after 72 h soaking of the air-dried leaves in chloroform followed by evaporation under vacuo (40 degrees C) to dryness, was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide to the doses of 20, 100 and 200 mg/kg and administered subcutaneously 30 min prior to subjection to the above mentioned assays. The extract, at all doses used, was found to exhibit significant (p<0.05) antinociceptive activity in a dose-dependent manner. However, the significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity observed occur in a dose-independent manner. As a conclusion, the chloroform extract of D. linearis possesses antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity and thus justify its traditional uses by the Malays to treat various ailments.     

Antinociceptive,anti-inflammatory,and antipyretic properties of an aqueous extract of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dicranopteris linearis</Emphasis> leaves in experimental animal models

This study was performed out to establish the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of an aqueous extract of Dicranopteris linearis leaves in experimental animals. The antinociceptive activity was measured using the abdominal constriction, hot plate, and formalin tests. The anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities were measured using the carrageenan-induced paw edema and brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia tests, respectively. The extract, obtained after 72 h soaking of the air-dried leaves in distilled water and then prepared in the doses of 13.2, 66.0, 132.0, and 660.0 mg/kg, was administered subcutaneously 30 min before subjecting the animals to the assays mentioned above. Generally, the extract, at all doses used, was found to have significant (P < 0.05) concentration-independent antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activity. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of D. linearis has antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity, supporting previous claims of its traditional use by the Malays to treat various ailments, particularly fever.     

Mechanistic assessment of the analgesic,anti-inflammatory and antipyretic actions of Dalbergia saxatilis in animal models

Context: Aqueous root extract of Dalbergia saxatilis, Hook, f., (Leguminosae) (DS) is reported useful for toothache, pains, and fever, but not scientifically proven.

Objective: This study determined its effectiveness in pain, inflammation, and fever, applying scientific models.

Materials and methods: Swiss mice or Sprague–Dawley rats (n?=?5) were pretreated with distilled water, DS (100 or 200?mg/kg), or standard drug for 30?min. The analgesic activity was measured by acetic acid writhing, tail flick, tail immersion, tail clip, hot plate, and formalin pain tests; anti-inflammatory effects were determined via carrageenan and dextran rat paw oedema tests; antipyretic activity was measured by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (ECL) and turpentine in rabbits, and d-amphetamine sulphate (d-AS) pyrexia test in rats.

Results: Writhing frequency inhibition was produced by 200?mg/kg DS (33.10%), aspirin (38.19%) and morphine (93.68%). Unlike morphine, DS did not produce significant prolongation of the reaction times in the hot-plate, tail immersion, tail flick, and tail clip tests. In the first and second phases of formalin test, respectively, % inhibition was: 200?mg/kg DS (25.70% and 0%), aspirin (4.76% and 67.33%), morphine (81.42% and 66.11%); for carrageenan and dextran tests, significant difference was recorded between 200?mg/kg DS and control up to 6?h. Significant reduction in ECL, turpentine and d-AS pyrexia was recorded at 100 and 200?mg/kg DS.

Conclusion: DS produces mild non-steroidal analgesic and anti-inflammatory, as well as significant antipyretic actions involving cyclooxygenase, α₂ adrenoceptor and interleukin-1 β1 due to any of glycosides, saponins or phenolic tannins.     

Analgesic,anti-inflammatory,and antipyretic activities of the ethanol extract from Desmodium caudatum

Context: In folk medicine in China, Desmodium caudatum (Thunb.) DC (Leguminosae) has been used to treat febrile diseases, rheumatic arthritis, and bacillary dysentery; nevertheless, there have been no reports on the analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects of this plant in animals.

Objective: To investigate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities of D. caudatum extract (DCE) in animals.

Materials and methods: The analgesic effect of DCE was measured in mice using the acetic acid-induced writhing test and the hot-plate test. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model and the dimethylbenzene-induced mouse inflammation model. The antipyretic effect was estimated using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat fever model. In addition, the acute oral toxicity of DCE was studied.

Results: DCE significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the writhing responses in mice, increased reaction time in mice in the hot-plate test, reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and the dimethylbenzene-induced ear edema in mice, and attenuated LPS-induced fever in rats. Furthermore, no death was observed when mice were orally administered DCE up to 40?g/kg.

Discussion and conclusion: DCE possesses evident analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities, and has a favorable safety, which supports the use of D. caudatum as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic drug in folk medicine.     

病毒清的抗炎解热与免疫增强作用

灌胃给予病毒清 (BingDuQing ,BDQ) 0 5 5、1 1 0、2 2 0 g/kg显著抑制小鼠二甲苯性耳肿胀 ,此剂量连续给药 7d ,能提高小鼠体内碳粒廓清能力和绵羊红细胞诱导的血清溶血素抗体水平。大鼠灌胃给予BDQ 0 4 0、0 80、1 60 g/kg能显著抑制角叉菜胶性足肿胀和干酵母性发热时体温的升高。家兔灌胃给予BDQ 0 2 0、0 4 0、0 80g/kg可降低伤寒菌苗致热时的体温     

柴菊口服液的抗病毒抑菌和抗炎解热作用

目的:考察柴菊口服液抗病毒抑菌和抗炎解热作用。方法:采用细胞病变抑制法、琼脂稀释法、小鼠流感病毒感染法来研究柴菊口服液对常见呼吸道病毒和细菌的抑制作用;采用小鼠耳廓肿胀法、小鼠腹腔致炎法和细菌内毒素致家兔发热法研究柴菊口服液的抗炎解热作用。结果:柴菊口服液对流感病毒甲3型(A3)、副流感病毒1型(HVJ)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、单纯疱疹病毒1和2型(HSV-1,HSV-2)以及所试6种细菌56株菌株均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中对副流感病毒和金葡菌的抑制作用较强。高、中、低剂量(19.2,9.6,4.8 g生药.kg-1)柴菊口服液能不同程度降低流感病毒感染小鼠的肺指数(P<0.01或0.05),增加感染小鼠的体重(P<0.05),减少感染小鼠的死亡率(P<0.05),延长感染小鼠的存活时间(P<0.01或0.05);高中剂量柴菊口服液能显著抑制二甲苯引起的小鼠耳廓炎性肿胀(P<0.05);高、中、低剂量柴菊口服液能够明显降低醋酸引起的小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性(P<0.01或0.05);高剂量(19.2 g生药.kg-1)柴菊口服液对细菌内毒素引起的家兔体温升高有较好的解热作用(P<0.05)。结论:柴菊口服液具有较明显的抗病毒抑菌和抗炎解热功效。     

Studies on anti-inflammatory,antipyretic and analgesic properties of Caesalpinia bonducella F. seed oil in experimental animal models

Caesalpinia bonducella FLEMING (Caesalpiniaceae) plant is well known for its medicinal and therapeutic values in Indian Ayurveda. However, to be clinically useful, more scientific data are needed. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of C. bonducella seed oil on acute and chronic inflammation. To assess the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities, varied concentrations of the seed oil of C. bonducella (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally) were tested in carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia, acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate reaction time in experimental rats. The paw volumes, pyrexia and writhes in experimental rats were reduced significantly (p < 0.05) as compared to that of control, and hot plate test showed significant licking effect in rats. These results clearly indicate that the oil of C. bonducella seeds could be a potential source for using as anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic agent.     

消炎退热颗粒清热解毒作用研究

目的：观察中成药消炎退热颗粒（DPZG）对家兔发热模型、小鼠急性耳廓肿胀模型、小鼠内毒素血症模型的作用,探讨其清热解毒的作用和机理。方法：采用脂多糖（lipopolysaccharides,LPS）耳缘静脉注射建立家兔发热模型,评价其解热作用;采用二甲苯致小鼠急性耳廓肿胀模型评价其抗炎作用;建立小鼠内毒素血症模型,观察DPZG对于D-氨基半乳糖（ACTD）敏化小鼠LPS致死攻击的影响,评价其抗内毒素的作用;以Elisa法检测DPZG对内毒素血症模型小鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-1β等炎症因子水平的影响,Western blot法检测小鼠肝、脾、肾组织中膜突蛋白（moesin）以及磷酸化P38 MAPK表达。结果：与模型组比较,DPZG对家兔体温升高有显著抑制作用,与阿司匹林趋同;可显著降低二甲苯致小鼠急性耳廓肿胀程度;可显著升高内毒素血症模型小鼠存活率;显著降低小鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-1β水平和小鼠肝脾肾组织内p-P38MAPK和膜突蛋白（moesin）的表达,效果明显优于中成药对照药蒲地蓝消炎口服液（PBKH）。结论：消炎退热颗粒有显著清热解毒作用,主要作用方式是解热、抗炎、抗内毒素,且效果明显优于PBKH。其作用机制可能与抑制IL-1β、TNF-α、Moesin以及p-P38 MAPK的表达有关。     

Evaluation of aqueous extract of Felicia muricata leaves for anti-inflammatory,antinociceptive, and antipyretic activities

Context: Felicia muricata Thunb. (Nees) (Asteraceae) leaves are used in folklore medicine of South Africa as an oral remedy for pain and inflammation. However, the efficacy of the plant part is yet to be validated with scientific experiments.

Objective: The current study is an effort to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic activities of aqueous extract of F. muricata leaves.

Materials and methods: The phytochemical screening of aqueous extract of Felicia muricata leaves and the efficacy of the extract at the doses of 50, 100, and 200?mg/kg body weight was investigated in experimental animals using several models of inflammation (paw edema induced by carrageenan and egg albumin), nociception (acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced pain and tail immersion), and fever (brewer’s yeast-induced hyperthermia).

Results: The extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolics. The extract dose-dependently reduced (P <0.05) the number of writhes and stretches induced by acetic acid, number of licks induced by formalin, paw volumes induced by carrageenan and egg albumin. The reaction time by the tail of the extract-treated animals to the hot water also increased. The extract also reduced hyperthermia induced by brewer’s yeast. The highest dose (200?mg/kg body weight of the extract) produced the best result in all cases.

Discussion and conclusion: This study revealed that the aqueous extract of Felicia muricata leaves possessed anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic activities. These findings have therefore supported the use of aqueous extract of Felicia muricata leaves in the traditional medicine of South Africa as an oral remedy for pains, inflammation, and fever.     

Analgesic,antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and toxic effects of andrographolide derivatives in experimental animals

Andrographolide (1) and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (2) are active constituents of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.), family Acanthaceae. A. paniculata extracts are reported to have antiviral, antipyretic, immunostimulant and anticancer activities. In this study, 1 and its 14-acetyl- (4) and 3,19-isopropylidenyl- (3) derivatives, as well as 2 and its 3,19-dipalmitoyl-derivative (5), were intraperitoneally tested for their analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and acute toxicity effects in animal models. Analgesic effects were tested in mice using hot plate and writhing tests to distinguish the central and peripheral effects, respectively. The results showed that, at 4 mg/kg, all tested substances have significant analgesic effects, and the highest potency was seen with 3, 4 and 5. Increasing the dose of 3 and 5 to 8 mg/kg did not increase the analgesic effect. In the writhing test, 3 and 5, but not 1, showed significant results. In a baker’s yeast-induced fever model, 3 and 5 significantly reduced rats’ rectal temperature (p < 0.05). In a carrageenan-induced inflammation model, 1, 3 and 5 significantly reduced rats’ paw volume. Doses of 3 and 5 up to 100 mg/kg did not show any serious toxic effects. From this study, 3 and 5 are the most interesting derivatives, showing much greater potency than their parent compounds. These could be further developed as analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents, without any serious toxicity.     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kaempferia galanga</Emphasis> leaves in animal models

This study was performed to determine the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of Kaempferia galanga leaves using various animal models. The extract, in the doses of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, was prepared by soaking (1:10; w/v) the air-dried powdered leaves (40 g) in distilled water (dH₂O) for 72 h and administered subcutaneously in mice/rats 30 min prior to the tests. The extract exhibited significant (P < 0.05) antinociceptive activity when assessed using the abdominal constriction, hot-plate and formalin tests, with activity observed in all tests occurring in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the antinociceptive activity of K. galanga extract was significantly (P < 0.05) reversed when prechallenged with 10 mg/kg naloxone. The extract also produced a significantly (P < 0.05) dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity when assessed using the carrageenan-induced paw-edema test. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that K. galanga leaves possessed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities and thus supports the Malay’s traditional uses of the plant for treatments of mouth ulcer, headache, sore throat, etc.     

退热解毒灵颗粒的解热抗炎作用

目的:研究退热解毒灵颗粒解热抗炎作用及抗炎机制。方法:40只SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组、退热解毒灵小剂量组(小剂量组)、退热解毒灵大剂量组(大剂量组)和阳性对照组,每组8只,观察在灌胃退热解毒灵颗粒6,15 g·kg-1后不同时间点的体温变化以及足肿胀度的变化,并观察退热解毒灵颗粒对角叉菜胶所致大鼠足肿胀炎症组织中前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)及一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)含量的影响。结果:大鼠背部皮下注射酵母5 h后体温明显升高(P<0.05),7 h大剂量组较模型组体温下降(P<0.05),8 h大、小剂量组较模型组体温下降(P<0.05),10 h大剂量组体温基本接近正常;大鼠右后足趾腱膜下注射角叉菜胶致炎1 h后大、小剂量组较模型组均对肿胀有明显的抑制(P<0.01,P<0.05),且在2 h作用效果最明显,抑制率分别为45.0%,35.0%;大剂量组能有效抑制大鼠足肿胀组织中PGE2、MDA及NO的含量;小剂量组能有效抑制大鼠足肿胀组织中NO的含量,大鼠足肿胀组织中PGE2、MDA的含量未见明显变化。结论:退热解毒灵颗粒有显著的解热抗炎作用,其抗炎机制可能与减少炎性组织中PGE2、NO的生成,抑制组织炎症中脂质过氧化产物MDA形成有关。