抗心律失常药物作用的新靶点--M3-R/IKM3

目的　研究心脏M3受体 /M3受体介导的钾通道与心律失常的关系,寻找抗心律失常药物的新靶点。方法分别以结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支所致急性心律失常模型和膜片钳技术为基础,观察M3受体的干预作用及作用机制。结果　M3受体阻断剂 4DAMP(4 diphenylacetoxy N methylpiperidine methiodide)加重结扎大鼠冠状动脉前降支所致心律失常,而M3受体激动剂胆碱能明显对抗其作用。其他亚型受体阻断剂,M1受体阻断剂 (prienzepine)、M2受体阻断剂(methotramine)和M4受体阻断剂 (tropicamide)对结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支所致急性心律失常无影响。在膜片钳实验中发现,胆碱可激活一种延迟整流钾电流(IKM3 ),此电流可被M3受体阻断剂 4DAMP明显抑制。而M1,M2和M4受体阻断剂对胆碱介导的电流无作用。结论　胆碱通过激动心肌M3受体诱发一外向钾电流 (IKM3 ),并在维持心脏离子通道平衡中起重要作用。M3受体 /IKM 可能是抗心律失常新靶点。     

M3受体与大鼠缺血性心肌细胞凋亡关系的研究M3受体与大鼠缺血性心肌细胞凋亡关系的研究

目的观察M₃受体对大鼠缺血性心肌细胞凋亡的作用及其机制。方法结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支建立急性心肌缺血模型,给予M₃受体激动剂胆碱或阻断剂4DAMP进行干预,观察M₃受体对其的影响。结果缺血前15 min iv胆碱10 mg·kg^-1可提高血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,减少凋亡细胞的数量(P<0.01),并可增加Bcl-2表达,减少Fas表达。预先5 min iv 4DAMP 0.12 mg·kg^-1阻断心肌M₃受体可逆转胆碱的作用。结论激动M₃受体对结扎大鼠冠状动脉诱导的心肌损伤有保护作用,其机制可能与调节Bcl-2和Fas表达从而抑制心肌细胞凋亡有关。     

M3受体在脑心综合征心律失常中的作用

观察M₃受体(M₃R)在脑心综合征(CCS)模型大鼠心室肌中的作用及其表达，以探讨其与CCS心律失常的关系。线栓法建立CCS模型，监测心电图，激光共聚焦扫描显微镜记录激动M₃R后心肌细胞内钙的变化，Western blotting检测心室肌中M₃R表达水平的改变。同对照组相比，模型组心电图QRS、QT间期显著延长(P<0.01)；Western blotting结果显示模型组心室肌中M₃R的表达水平较对照组显著降低(P<0.05)；胆碱激动M₃R可以抑制KCl除极诱导的模型组心肌细胞内钙的升高幅度(P<0.01)，其特异阻断剂4-DAMP可以阻断这一作用。M₃R表达降低可能是CCS心律失常的重要原因之一。激动M₃R可以降低心肌细胞内钙，M₃R可能是治疗CCS心律失常新的靶点。     

M3受体对体外H2O2诱导大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的探讨M₃受体激动对H₂O₂诱导的大鼠培养心肌细胞凋亡的作用，进一步阐明其机制。方法末端标记法 (TUNEL)进行细胞凋亡检测；免疫组化方法检测Bcl-2和Fas的表达；共聚焦显微镜观察［Ca²⁺］_i荧光强度变化。结果M₃受体激动剂胆碱(10 mmol·L^-1)可减少H₂O₂诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的数量，并可增加心肌Bcl-2的表达，减少Fas表达，抑制H₂O₂诱导的［Ca²⁺］_i荧光强度的升高。但预先应用4DAMP (10 nmol·L^-1)阻断M₃受体可逆转胆碱作用。结论激动M₃受体对H₂O₂诱导的心肌细胞凋亡有保护作用，其机制可能与Bcl-2和Fas表达以及下调［Ca²⁺］_i有关。     

内皮素对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞膜钾通道的影响

目的观察内皮素(ET-1)对大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PASMCs)膜电压门控钾通道(K_V)的作用。方法用全细胞膜片钳记录方法研究ET-1对膜电位(E_m)、膜电容(C_m)、电压门控钾电流(IK_V)的影响。结果ET-1可引起PASMCs去极化,并抑制IK_V,抑制IK_V时间明显早于其对E_m变化的影响,ET-1对IK_V的影响呈可逆性和浓度依赖性,在有钙的环境中,ET-1对IK_V峰电流的抑制率明显高于无钙时。结论ET-1可浓度依赖性的抑制IK_V,使常氧大鼠PASMCs去极化,且ET-1对IK_V的抑制作用早于对E_m的影响,这些作用不完全依赖于钙的参与,但钙可加强ET-1对IK_V的抑制作用。     

白藜芦醇能够修复离体缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心脏M3受体与间隙连接蛋白43间结构及功能性整合

为了探讨白藜芦醇是否能通过影响M₃受体和间隙连接蛋白43(Cx43)间结构及功能性整合发挥其抗心肌缺血再灌注损伤作用，应用免疫共沉淀、免疫印迹及免疫荧光技术研究白藜芦醇对M₃受体与Cx43间结构及功能性整合的影响。结合大鼠离体II导联心电图及心肌超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的检测观察白藜芦醇是否能恢复心肌缺血再灌注损伤。白藜芦醇能修复心肌缺血再灌注损伤所致的M₃受体与Cx43间结构及功能性整合的破坏及纠正Cx43表达异常。同时QRS波时限﹑SOD及MDA的改变也得到相应恢复。白藜芦醇能修复M₃受体与Cx43间结构及功能性整合而发挥抗缺血再灌注损伤作用。     

内皮素对慢性低氧大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞膜钾通道活性的影响

目的观察内皮素(ET-1)对慢性低氧大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PASMCs)膜电压门控钾通道(K_V)活性的影响。方法将12只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组和慢性低氧组，每组6只。用全细胞膜片钳记录方法研究ET-1对两组大鼠PASMCs膜电位(E_m)、膜电容(C_m)及电压门控钾电流(IK_V)的影响。结果ET-1可引起两组大鼠PASMCs去极化，且对两组大鼠IK_V均有明显的浓度依赖性抑制作用。在慢性低氧组，高浓度ET-1对IK_V的抑制作用强于对照组。结论低氧并未改变ET-1引起PASMCs去极化及浓度依赖性抑制IK_V的特性，且慢性低氧可能改变了PASMCs对ET-1的敏感性，内皮素和低氧对PASMCs IK_V的抑制作用有协同性。     

双重作用的多巴胺D2/5-HT2A受体拮抗剂比较药效团分析

双重作用的多巴胺D₂/5-HT_2A受体拮抗剂是开发非典型抗精神病药物的有效途径,但最新研究显示, 非典型抗精神病药物将显著增加患者因心律失常及其他心脏疾病而猝死的风险,本文对D₂/5-HT_2A受体拮抗剂的药效团模型以及可能引起心血管风险的α_1A肾上腺素受体拮抗剂和hERG K⁺通道阻断剂的药效团模型进行比较分析,从药效团模型的角度分析多靶点药物的设计。     

大鼠心室肌M3受体与间隙连接蛋白43作为抗心律失常药物靶点的综合研究

目的在蛋白质分子水平研究心律失常相关蛋白质M₃受体与间隙连接蛋白43之间的结构相互作用，并为其作为筛选药物靶点提供依据。方法通过免疫组化结合激光共聚焦显微镜，及免疫沉淀与免疫印迹技术，研究M受体与间隙连接蛋白43的结构性共定位关系。结果证实了大鼠心室肌细胞膜蛋白中M₁～M₅等5个亚型的存在；观察到大鼠单个心肌细胞膜上M₃受体与间隙连接蛋白43的结构性共定位；发现M受体各亚型与间隙连接蛋白43均存在结构整合，且一定浓度离子型去垢剂可破坏M₃受体与间隙连接蛋白43的结构整合关系，并进一步发现参与M₃受体结构整合的是间隙连接蛋白43的磷酸化形式。结论大鼠心室肌M受体亚型与间隙连接蛋白43的磷酸化形式存在结构性共定位关系，且可被一定浓度离子型去垢剂破坏。     

5-HT2受体介导大鼠DRG神经元膜GABA-激活电流的增强作用

目的探讨5-HT对大鼠DRG神经元膜GABA-激活电流的调节作用及其机制。方法在新鲜分离的大鼠DRG神经元标本上，以全细胞膜片钳技术记录膜电流，用排管快速换液装置行胞外给药，以胞内透析技术分析信号转导途径。结果给予GABA可使多数受检细胞产生浓度依赖性内向电流(I_GABA)。预加5-HT，可使I_GABA增加。此效应可被5-HT₂受体特异性激动剂α-methyl-5-HT(1×10^-6 mol·L^-1)所模拟，被5-HT₂受体选择性拮抗剂cyproheptadine所阻断。在部分细胞，5-HT本身可引起由5-HT₃受体介导的快速内向电流，但并未发现该电流与5-HT对I_GABA的增强作用有必然的联系。从GABA激活电流的量效曲线可见，预加5-HT后和对照曲线相比，阈浓度不变、EC₅₀值相近，I_GABA最大值增加33.6%。胞内透析GDP-β-S或H-7可取消5-HT增强I_GABA的效应，而透析H-9无效。结论5-HT可增强GABA-激活电流，其机制为5-HT₂受体激活后通过PKC引起GABA_A受体胞内磷酸化所致。     

Activation of cardiac M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors has cardioprotective effects against ischaemia-induced arrhythmias

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M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor is associated with β-catenin in ventricular myocytes during myocardial infarction in the rat

1. The present study was designed to investigate whether the M₃ muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) is associated with β‐catenin in the ventricular myocardium during ischaemic myocardial injury and to determine the possible mechanism/s involved. 2. Rat hearts were subjected to coronary artery ligation for 1 and 6 h or 1 month to establish a myocardial ischaemia (MI) model. In the acute MI model, 16 rats were randomized into four groups: (i) control; (ii) ischaemia (rats were subjected to 20 min coronary occlusion); (iii) choline (10 mg/kg, i.v., choline chloride, an M₃ receptor agonist, was administered 15 min before occlusion); and (iv) 4‐diphenylacetoxy‐N‐methylpiperidine methiodide (4‐DAMP; 0.12 mg/kg 4‐DAMP, an M₃ receptor antagonist, was administered 20 min before occlusion, followed 5 min later by 10 mg/kg, i.v., choline chloride). Immunochemistry, western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation were used to determine the expression and localization of β‐catenin and the M₃ mAChR. 3. Myocardial ischaemia caused a time‐dependent increase in the expression of β‐catenin. Moreover, a physical association was found between β‐catenin and the M₃ mAChR in intercalated discs. This association was enhanced by prolonged ischaemia. Administration of choline before ischaemia not only increased β‐catenin expression, but also strengthened the association between β‐catenin and the M₃ mAChR. However, blockade of M₃ mAChR by 4‐DAMP completely inhibited the effect of choline on the expression of β‐catenin. In addition, MI increased phosphorylation of the M₃ mAChR. 4. The results indicate that increased β‐catenin activity is associated with M₃ mAChR during MI. This association is likely to play a role in heart signal transduction during ischaemia between neighbouring ventricular myocardiocum.     

Interaction of class III antiarrhythmic drugs with muscarinic M2 and M3 receptors: radioligand binding and functional studies

We have recently reported that class III antiarrhythmic drugs inhibit the muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor-operated K⁺ current (I _K, ACh) in guinea-pig atrial cells by different molecular mechanisms. The data obtained from the patch-clamp study suggest that d,l-sotalol inhibits I _{K, ACh} by blocking the muscarinic receptors, whereas MS-551 inhibits the K⁺ current by blocking the muscarinic receptors and depressing the function of the K⁺ channel itself and/or the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein). This study was undertaken to determine whether the class III antiarrhythmic drugs d,l-sotalol and MS-551 interact with the muscarinic receptors of cardiac and peripheral tissues. Both drugs inhibited concentration dependently the specific [³H]N-methylscopolamine ([³H]-NMS) binding to membrane preparations obtained from guinea-pig atria and submandibular glands. The competition curves of these drugs for [³H]-NMS binding to glandular membranes were monophasic, suggesting competition with [³H]-NMS at a single site. Although the competition curve of d,l-sotalol for [³H]-NMS binding to atrial membranes was monophasic, that of MS-551 was biphasic and showed high- and low-affinity states of binding. d,l-Sotalol showed slightly, but significantly, higher affinity for cardiac-type muscarinic receptors (M₂) than for glandular-type muscarinic receptors (M₃). The inhibition constant (K _i) for MS-551 in glandular membranes was also slightly greater than the high-affinity K _i value for the drug in atrial membranes. In guinea-pig left atria and ilea, d,l-sotalol shifted the concentration-response curves for the negative inotropic effect and the contracting effect of carbachol in a parallel manner. The slopes of Schild plot were not significantly different from unity, suggesting competitive antagonism, and the pA₂ for d,l-sotalol in left atria was slightly greater than that in ilea. MS-551 also shifted the concentration response curve for the negative inotropic effect of carbachol in atrial preparations to a greater extent than that for the contracting effect in ileal preparations, although MS-551 failed to show a pure competitive antagonism. These results suggest that both d,l-sotalol and MS-551 interact with cardiac M₂ and peripheral M₃ receptors, and that at high concentrations they exert anticholinergic activity in cardiac and peripheral tissues.     

The minor population of M3‐receptors mediate contraction of human detrusor muscle in vitro

1 The objective was to determine the role of muscarinic receptor subtypes in mediating contraction of the human detrusor smooth muscle in vitro. 2 Contractile responses of human detrusor muscle strips to carbachol were obtained in the absence and presence of a range of muscarinic antagonists (pirenzepine, methoctramine, 4‐diphenylacetoxy‐N‐methyl piperidine methiodide (4‐DAMP), tropicamide, oxybutynin and tolterodine). Affinity estimates (pK_B values) were calculated for the antagonists and correlated with values at the cloned muscarinic receptor subtypes quoted in the literature. 3 Pirenzepine, methoctramine and tropicamide drugs that have high affinities at M₁, M₂ and M₄‐receptors, respectively, all had low affinities on the human detrusor (pK_B values of 6.8, 6.9 and 6.5, respectively), whilst the M₃‐selective antagonist 4‐DAMP had a high affinity (9.5). Schild plots for all four antagonists had slopes of unity indicating an action at a single receptor. Oxybutynin and tolterodine also acted as competitive antagonists with affinity estimates of 7.6 and 8.1, respectively. 4 When the antagonist affinities obtained on the bladder were plotted against the values published for these antagonists at the cloned muscarinic receptor subtypes, the best correlations were obtained for the m3‐ and m5‐muscarinic receptor subtypes. 5 These data suggest that direct contractile responses of the human detrusor muscle to muscarinic receptor stimulation in vitro are mediated solely via the M₃‐muscarinic receptor subtype with no contribution from the major M₂‐receptor population.     

Isoform specificity of cardiac glycosides binding to human Na,K-ATPase α1β1, α2β1 and α3β1

Cardiac glycosides inhibit the Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase and are used for the treatment of symptomatic heart failure and atrial fibrillation. In human heart three isoforms of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase are expressed: α₁β₁, α₂β₁ and α₃β₁. It is unknown, if clinically used cardiac glycosides differ in isoform specific affinities, and if the isoforms have specific subcellular localization in human cardiac myocytes. Human Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase isoforms α₁β₁, α₂β₁ and α₃β₁ were expressed in yeast which has no endogenous Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase. Isoform specific affinities of digoxin, digitoxin, β-acetyldigoxin, methyldigoxin and ouabain were assessed in [³H]-ouabain binding assays in the absence or presence of K⁺ (each n = 5). The subcellular localizations of the Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase isoforms were investigated in isolated human atrial cardiomyocytes by immunohistochemistry. In the absence of K⁺, methyldigoxin (α₁ > α₃ > α₂) and ouabain (α₁ = α₃ > α₂) showed distinct isoform specific affinities, while for digoxin, digitoxin and β-acetyldigoxin no differences were found. In the presence of K⁺, also digoxin (α₂ = α₃ > α₁) and β-acetyldigoxin (α₁ > α₃) had isoform specificities. A comparison between the cardiac glycosides demonstrated highly different affinity profiles for the isoforms. Immunohistochemistry showed that all three isoforms are located in the plasma membrane and in intracellular membranes, but only α₁β₁ and α₂β₁ are located in the T-tubuli. Cardiac glycosides show distinct isoform specific affinities and different affinity profiles to Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase isoforms which have different subcellular localizations in human cardiomyocytes. Thus, in contrast to current notion, different cardiac glycoside agents may significantly differ in their pharmacological profile which could be of hitherto unknown clinical relevance.     

G02 AND Gi3 PROTEINS MEDIATE THE ACTION OF SOMATOSTATIN ON MEMBRANE Ca2+ AND K+ CURRENTS IN OVINE PITUITARY SOMATOTROPHS

1. Growth hormone (GH) secretion from the anterior pituitary gland is mainly regulated by hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SRIF). Somatostatin reduces both spontaneous and GHRH-stimulated GH secretion. 2. Exocytosis of GH is mainly determined by the intracellular free Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i), which is regulated by the influx of Ca²⁺ via membrane Ca²⁺ channels. Somatostatin reduces the influx of Ca²⁺ through two separate mechanisms, namely a direct action on Ca²⁺ channels and an indirect action on membrane potentials through the activation of K⁺ channels. 3. In the present experiments, somatotroph-enriched cells were obtained from the ovine pituitary gland by means of collagenase dissociation and Percoll-gradient centrifugation. Further identification was based on the effect of SRIF (10 nmol/L) on Ca²⁺ or K⁺ currents. 4. A significant reduction in Ca²⁺ currents and an increase in K⁺ currents was obtained in response to local application of SRIF (10 nmol/L), but vehicle application had no effect. The responses of Ca²⁺ and K⁺ currents to SRIF were reversible after removal of SRIF. 5. Dialysis of GTP-λ-s (200 μmol/L) abolished the recovery phase of K⁺ current response to SRIF after its removal, whereas GDP-β-s (200 μmol/L) totally blocked the response. Pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin (100 nmol/L) overnight abolished the Ca²⁺ current response to SRIF. 6. Intracellular dialysis of antibodies to αo, α_{1_3}, ai_1-2 and ai₃summits of the G-proteins into cells via whole-cell patch-clamp pipettes was confirmed by immunofluorescent staining of the antibodies. 7. Dialysis of anti-ai_1-3 or anti-@aLi₃ antibodies significantly attenuated the increase in the K⁺ current in response to 10 nmol/L SRIF, whereas neither anti-αo nor anti-αi_2 antibodies diminished the effect of SRIF on the K⁺ current. 8. Dialysis of anti-αo antibodies significantly attenuated the reduction in the Ca²⁺ current that was obtained upon application of 10 nmol/L SRIF. Neither anti-αi-2 nor anti-αi3 antibody dialysis diminished the effect of SRIF on the Ca²⁺ current. 9. Dialysis of the ao common antisense oligonucleotides (ASm) but not the αi₃ AS significantly diminished the inhibitory effect of SRIF on the Ca²⁺ current. This effect of ao ASm dialysis occurred at 12 h incubation after dialysis, reaching a maximal level at 48 h and partially recovering at 72 h incubation. Antisense oligonucleotides specific for αo₁ (αo₁ AS) or αo₂(α0₂ AS) were dialysed into somatotrophs and only αo₂ AS significantly attenuated the inhibition of SRIF on the Ca²⁺ current. 10. It is concluded that the G_i3 protein mediates the effect of SRIF on the K⁺ current and that the G02 protein mediates the effect of SRIF on the Ca²⁺ current in primary cultured ovine somatotrophs.     

Concomitant facilitation of GABAA receptors and KV7 channels by the non-opioid analgesic flupirtine

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Flupirtine is a non-opioid analgesic that has been in clinical use for more than 20 years. It is characterized as a selective neuronal potassium channel opener (SNEPCO). Nevertheless, its mechanisms of action remain controversial and are the purpose of this study.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Effects of flupirtine on native and recombinant voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels were explored in patch-clamp experiments using the following experimental systems: recombinant K_IR3 and K_V7 channels and α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in tsA 201 cells; native voltage-gated Na⁺, Ca²⁺, inward rectifier K⁺, K_V7 K⁺, and TRPV1 channels, as well as GABA_A, glycine, and ionotropic glutamate receptors expressed in rat dorsal root ganglion, dorsal horn and hippocampal neurons.

KEY RESULTS

Therapeutic flupirtine concentrations (≤10 µM) did not affect voltage-gated Na⁺ or Ca²⁺ channels, inward rectifier K⁺ channels, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, glycine or ionotropic glutamate receptors. Flupirtine shifted the gating of K_V7 K⁺ channels to more negative potentials and the gating of GABA_A receptors to lower GABA concentrations. These latter effects were more pronounced in dorsal root ganglion and dorsal horn neurons than in hippocampal neurons. In dorsal root ganglion and dorsal horn neurons, the facilitatory effect of therapeutic flupirtine concentrations on K_V7 channels and GABA_A receptors was comparable, whereas in hippocampal neurons the effects on K_V7 channels were more pronounced.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

These results indicate that flupirtine exerts its analgesic action by acting on both GABA_A receptors and K_V7 channels.     

柴胡皂甙和甘草甜素抑制Na+,K+-ATP酶活性的构效关系

研究在离体条件下各种单体柴胡皂甙和甘草甜素抑制Na⁺,K⁺-ATP酶活性的构效关系。实验结果表明,各种柴胡皂甙抑制Na⁺,K⁺-ATP酶活性的作用强度依次为:b₁>d>b₂>b₄>a>b₃>e>c。柴胡皂甙化学结构中的C₂₃-OH,C₁₆-OH及C₁₁和C₁₃的共轭双烯可能对其抑制活性起重要作用。甘草甜素(GL),甘草次酸(GA)和生胃酮(18-β-甘草次酸半琥珀酸双钠盐,CX)抑制Na⁺,K⁺-ATP酶活性的作用强度依次为GA≥CX>GL。研究还证明,柴胡皂甙d对Na⁺,K⁺-ATP酶的抑制为非竟争性抑制。