Heparin-released plasma lipase activities, lipoprotein and apoprotein levels in young adult cyclists and sedentary men

Serum lipid and lipoprotein levels, apolipoproteins A-I and B, and lipolytic enzyme activities were studied in 14 young male cyclists and in 21 age-matched sedentary controls. While there were no significant differences in serum cholesterol between the two groups, the cyclists showed a significant decrease in serum triglycerides (P less than 0.05) and LDL cholesterol (P less than 0.05) and had significantly higher levels of HDL cholesterol (P less than 0.01) and HDL2 cholesterol (P less than 0.001). Significantly lower serum cholesterol/HDL cholesterol (P less than 0.001) and LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol (P less than 0.001) ratios and a significantly higher HDL2 cholesterol/HDL3 cholesterol ratio (P less than 0.001) were observed in the athletes. Serum apolipoprotein B was lower and the Apo B/Apo A-I ratio significantly reduced in the athletes. No significant differences emerged between the two groups in plasma post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity (LPL) and in hepatic triglyceride lipase activity (HTGL), and there were no correlations between HDL cholesterol and lipolytic enzyme activities. In conclusion, this cross-sectional study may indicate that an aerobic training program such as cycling is associated with an advantageous lipoprotein pattern; some factors other than lipolytic activity may contribute to increase the HDL cholesterol levels in physical training.     

Effect of an 8-week endurance training program on markers of antioxidant capacity in women

AIM: The effects of endurance training and of exhaustive treadmill running on low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in women are not clearly established. METHODS: Twenty training and 10 control persons, all not endurance trained, aged 26+/-4 and 23+/-3 years, were recruited for 8 weeks of running training 3x/week 30 min. The susceptibility of LDL to in vitro oxidation, conjugated dienes, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and cholesterol, lipoproteins, triglycerides, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo B and lipoprotein (a) were determined before and after training, at rest and after exhaustive spiroergometric exercise. The training was tailored individually at the speed of the 4 mmol/L lactate threshold. RESULTS: At rest and after treadmill running, training induced an increase in lag-time (P<0.05), a decrease in MDA (P<0.05), and lower values for cholesterol (P<0.001), LDL (P<0.01), triglycerides (P<0.05) and apo B (P<0.001), but no increase for high density lipoprotein (HDL) or apo A-I. Before training, treadmill running induced lower conjugated dienes and malondialdehyde, after training an increase for LDL and decrease for cholesterol and triglycerides, no increase for HDL or apo A-I. In the control group, all parameters remained unchanged, only NO lowered (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Endurance training in women shows favorable effects on LDL oxidation, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and apo B.     

Lipoprotein and lipid profiles of elite athletes in Olympic sports

The aim of this work was to obtain an insight into the influence exerted upon plasma lipid parameters by high quality physical training in different specialties of nine Olympic sports. We compared the concentrations of serum cholesterol (TC), total lipids (TL), triglycerides (TG), HDL, LDL, VLDL, and % distribution of HDL, LDL, and VLDL of elite athletes (n = 127, age = 22.0 +/- 3.2 yrs) participating in regular training for over 3 years (2-4 h/day), separated into 11 groups of athletic specialties, with those obtained from a group of selected sedentary controls (n = 26, age = 25.3 +/- 4.5 yrs). We also compared the lipoprotein ratio factor (RF) values TC/HDL and LDL/HDL. The athletic disciplines examined were football, basketball, volleyball, boxing, wrestling, judo, sailing, skiing (slalom), track (two groups), and throwing-jumping. Football, volleyball, judo, SD and LD running, and the total sum of athletes had significantly higher HDL than the controls. Football, basketball, volleyball and all the disciplines taken together showed significantly lower LDL. Boxing, judo, and LD running had significantly lower VLDL and volleyball, SD, and LD running significantly lower %VLDL. Volleyball had significantly lower TL, boxing and volleyball lower TC, while judo, boxing, SD and LD running had lower TG. Sailing had significantly lower %HDL and higher %LDL and TL than the controls; wrestling, skiing, and throwing-jumping did not differ. In all the athletes taken together, VO2 max or relative body weight, with respect to HDL and TC/HDL, were found to be slightly correlated (r = 0.30, P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Aerobic exercise and the lipid profile in type 1 diabetic men: a randomized controlled trial

PURPOSE: Despite the potential importance of favorable changes in the lipid profile produced by aerobic exercise, training-induced lipid profile changes in atherosclerosis-prone type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) have not heretofore been adequately addressed. METHODS: We assessed the effect of a 12- to 16-wk aerobic exercise program on cardiorespiratory fitness and the lipid profile in young men with type 1 DM. Generally active men aged 20-40 yr with type 1 DM (N = 56) were randomized into training (N = 28) and control (untrained, N = 28) groups after baseline measurements. Training consisted of 30-60 min moderate-intensity running 3-5 times a week for 12-16 wk. RESULTS: For the 42 men finishing the study, peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) increased significantly only in the trained group. Total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) B decreased and the high-density lipoprotein (HDL)/apo A-I ratio increased in the trained group. HDL and apo A-I increased in both groups. The exercise program brought about improvements in the HDL/LDL and apo A-I/apo B ratios and apo B and triglyceride levels when comparing the relative (%) changes in the trained versus control group. In the trained group, men with HDL/LDL ratios below the group median at baseline showed even more favorable changes in their lipid profile than those with higher initial HDL/LDL ratios. Body mass index, percent body fat and hemoglobin A1c did not change during the training period in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Endurance training improved the lipid profile in already physically active type 1 diabetic men, independently of effects on body composition or glycemic control. The most favorable changes were in patients with low baseline HDL/LDL ratios, likely the group with the greatest benefit to be gained by such changes.     

Ionizing radiation alters hepatic cholesterol metabolism and plasma lipoproteins in Syrian hamster.

PURPOSE: The investigation of the effects of ionizing radiation on hepatic cholesterol metabolism and the concentration and composition of plasma lipoproteins in the male Syrian hamster. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After sublethal whole-body 60Co gamma-irradiation (8 Gy, 1 Gy/min), plasma lipoproteins were separated by density-gradient ultracentrifugation. Activities of hydroxymethylglutarylCoA (HMGCoA) reductase and of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase were measured in hepatic microsomes and the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor mass was determined in hepatic total membranes. Lipid peroxidation in LDL was assessed in vitro as the formation of conjugated dienes at 234 nm. A group of pair-fed animals served as controls as the food intake was markedly decreased with exposure to radiation. RESULTS: Plasma lipid concentrations decreased 2 days post-irradiation and then markedly increased by day 6 post-irradiation; plasma cholesterol was increased by 77% and triglycerides by +207%. LDL accumulated in plasma while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels decreased. HDL contained significant amounts of apo SAA, the acute phase apolipoprotein. The activities of hepatic HMGCoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis, increased (+125%, p=0.06); hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for bile acid synthesis, decreased (-85%); and the hepatic LDL receptor mass also decreased (-44%). The susceptibility of LDL to oxidation was also increased when animals were exposed to radiation. CONCLUSIONS: Lipoprotein modifications that appeared following radiation exposure may result from an induced inflammatory state and may further contribute to vascular damage.     

老年2型糖尿病患者血小板参数和血清脂质的变化

目的　探讨老年 2型糖尿病患者血小板参数和血清脂质的变化及其意义。方法　选择老年 2型糖尿病患者 4 1例。正常对照 33例。检测血小板数 (PLT)、平均血小板体积 (MPV)、血小板体积分布宽度 (PDW )、大血小板比率 (P LCR)、血清总胆固醇 (TC)、甘油三酯 (TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL C)、载脂蛋白A1,B(apoA1,apoB)、脂蛋白 (a) [(Lp(a) ]水平 ,观察血小板参数、血清脂质与糖尿病血管并发症及血糖控制水平之间的关系。 结果　老年糖尿病组与正常对照组比较、老年糖尿病不同血管并发症组间比较以及不同血糖浓度组间比较 ,血小板 4项参数测定值差异均无显著性意义均 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;血清TG ,Lp(a)测定值老年糖尿病组明显高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,P <0 .0 1) ;老年糖尿病合并大血管病变组LDL C明显高于微血管病变组和无血管并发症组 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　血小板 4项参数对老年糖尿病并发血管性病变的诊断可能无明显价值 ,血清LDL C ,TG ,Lp(a)是老年糖尿病患者发生动脉粥样硬化的主要危险因素     

Low LDL oxidation in veteran endurance athletes

The 'oxidation hypothesis' states that oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is important in the pathogenesis of the atherosclerotic lesion. Physical exercise has been reported to reduce clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. We compared the effects of aerobic physical exercise history on oxidation characteristics of plasma LDL at rest in non-smoking male veteran endurance athletes ( n = 15) and control subjects ( n = 16). As an indicator of LDL oxidation we used a method which provides an estimate of LDL diene conjugation in vivo. The athletes had lower plasma LDL cholesterol diene conjugation ( P = 0.003). They also had lower cholesterol, lower LDL and higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Intensive physical exercise energy expenditure correlated inversely with LDL diene conjugation ( r =−0.41, P = 0.021). We conclude that participation in intensive physical exercise training is associated with reduced plasma LDL fraction oxidation as reflected by LDL diene conjugation. This finding may have relevance for studies aiming to explain the variation in occurrence of ischemic heart disease.     

Specialized physical training programs: effects on serum lipoprotein cholesterol, apoproteins A-I and B and lipolytic enzyme activities.

To determine the effects of different types of physical training on lipid metabolism, serum lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol, apoproteins A-I and B, hepatic (HTGL), extrahepatic (LPL) and total (PHLA) post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activities were studied in elite athletes engaged in aerobic ("B", no. 13), anaerobic ("C", no. 17) and mixed ("D", no. 9) training programs and in a group of sedentary controls ("A", no. 15). In the aerobic and mixed groups serum triglycerides were significantly lower compared to sedentary controls while total serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, as well as serum apoprotein B levels were only slightly lower. HDL cholesterol and HDL2 cholesterol were slightly higher while serum cholesterol/HDL cholesterol (2.89 +/- 0.37 vs 3.6 +/- 0.47, p less than 0.01) and LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol (1.69 +/- 0.38 vs 2.23 +/- 0.43, p less than 0.05) ratios were significantly lower only in aerobic athletes compared to the control group. PHLA and LPL activities were slightly higher in the aerobic group than in controls, while PHLA and HTGL were significantly lower in aerobic and mixed athletes. No significant correlations were found between HDL cholesterol and energy expenditure during training, indexes of adipose mass or lipolytic enzyme activities. The results of this cross-sectional study seem to indicate that specialized training programs have a different effect on lipoprotein pattern and lipolytic enzyme activities, and only aerobic exercise has a potentially antiatherogenic effect.     

高血压对男性冠心病患者血脂和载脂蛋白的影响

 目的观察高血压对男性冠心病患者血脂和载脂蛋白的影响.方法将276例患者分为高血压病组(EH,83例)、冠心病组(CHD,85例)、高血压合并冠心病组(EH+CHD,108例).选择健康体检者106例作为对照组.比较三组患者的血脂和载脂蛋白的变化情况,并做分层分析.结果(1)三组患者的总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白B(Apo B)水平均明显高于对照组,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、载脂蛋白A-I(Apo AI)和Apo AI/B的水平明显降低(P＜0.05).(2)未按年龄分组时,各项血脂水平在三组患者中差异无统计学意义.(3)按年龄分层后,≤55岁组中EH+CHD组TC、甘油三酯(TG)和LDL-C的水平最高.结论高血压患者存在血脂代谢紊乱,在合并冠心病时高血压对血脂具有叠加作用,应加强中青年男性高血压患者的调脂治疗.     

大肠癌患者血清脂蛋白、血脂、癌胚抗原分析

目的：观察大肠癌患者术前术后血清脂白、血脂、癌胚抗原的变化。方法：对４６例大肠癌病人和４０例正常人检测血清ＴＣ、ＴＧ、ＨＤＬ－Ｃ、ＬＤＬ－Ｃ、ＣＥＡ术前术后的改变。结果：术前大肠癌血清ＴＣ和ＨＤＬ－Ｃ水平明显低于正常组,ＣＥＡ水平明显高于正常组,差异非常显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）;术后大肠癌血清ＴＣ、ＨＤＬ－Ｃ、ＣＥＡ水平与正常组对照有显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）,大肠癌恶性程度高则血清ＴＣ和ＨＤＬ－Ｃ水平     

Physical training improves insulin resistance syndrome markers in obese adolescents

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that physical training (PT), especially high-intensity PT, would have a favorable effect on components of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) in obese adolescents. METHODS: Obese 13- to 16-yr-olds (N = 80) were randomly assigned to one of the following 8-month interventions; 1) lifestyle education (LSE)-alone every 2 wk, 2) LSE+moderate-intensity PT, and 3) LSE+high-intensity PT. PT was offered 5 d x wk(-1). Plasma triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), low-density lipoprotein (low density lipoprotein (LDL)) particle size, apolipoproteins AI and B, glucose, insulin, and blood pressure were measured with standardized methods. RESULTS: The intent-to-treat analyses for all subjects who completed pre- and post-tests regardless of their adherence to the interventions showed that the LSE+high-intensity PT group had more favorable changes than the LSE-alone group in TAG level (P = 0.012), TC/HDLC (P = 0.013), and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.031). For efficacy analyses, all PT subjects who attended at least 2 d x wk(-1) (40%) were combined into one group (LSE+PT) and compared with the LSE-alone group. These two-group analyses showed significant interactions (P < 0.001) between baseline values and group membership for deltaTAG, deltaVLDLC, and deltaTC/HDLC, such that subjects who had the least favorable baseline values showed the most beneficial impact of the PT. Of particular interest was a favorable effect of the PT on LDL particle size. CONCLUSION: PT, especially high-intensity PT, had a favorable effect on several IRS markers in obese adolescents.     

Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and the relationships of physical fitness to plasma lipoprotein-lipid levels in men and women.

PURPOSE: A high level of cardiovascular fitness is generally associated with a plasma lipoprotein-lipid profile predictive of a low cardiovascular disease risk. We have investigated whether apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism could alter the relationships of physical fitness to plasma lipoprotein-lipid levels in a sample of healthy untrained subjects (64 premenopausal women and 65 men). METHODS: Subjects were grouped according to gender and apo E phenotype determined by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis. RESULTS: In both genders, VO2max expressed in mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) was negatively correlated with plasma triglyceride levels in apo E2 carriers and apo E3 homozygotes (-0.55< or =r< or =0.31; P<0.05), whereas these associations were not found in apo E4 groups. Plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C levels were negatively associated with VO2max (r = -0.39; P<0.05) only in women homozygotes for apo E3 whereas VO2max was positively correlated with plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)2-C levels only in men (r = 0.51; P<0.001) and women (r = 0.65; P<0.001) who were apo E3 homozygotes. A control for concomitant association with body fat mass and glucose intolerance performed by partial correlation analyses revealed that, with the exception of the plasma HDL2-C levels in the apo E3 homozygotes, most of the significant associations between VO2max (mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) and plasma lipoprotein-lipid levels were mediated by concomitant variation in body fatness and glucose tolerance. Conclusions: These results suggest that the magnitude of the relationships between VO2max and plasma lipoprotein-lipid levels is influenced by the apo E polymorphism. Thus, apo E2 carriers may be particularly responsive to improved fitness, thereby preventing the development of hypertriglyceridemia and type III dyslipoproteinemia.     

Lipoprotein subfraction changes after continuous or intermittent exercise training

PURPOSE: This study compared total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and their respective subfractions after completing 4 wk of either intermittent (INT-EX) or continuous (CON-EX) aerobic exercise training (TRAIN). METHODS: Untrained males (N = 7) and females (N = 11) completed 4 wk of TRAIN of supervised treadmill jogging occurring 5 d.wk(-1) for 30 min per session at 60% VO2max (75% HRmax). CON-EX was a single 30-min bout. INT-EX consisted of three 10-min bouts separated by 20 min of seated rest. Pre- and post-TRAIN fasting plasma samples were collected after subjects had followed 48 h of activity restriction and a 24-h repeated diet including a 12-h dietary fast. Postprandial lipemia was measured for 8 h following a standardized high-fat meal. RESULTS: Fasting triglycerides and very LDL-C were not affected by TRAIN, and TRAIN did not change postprandial area under the curve or peak in either group. With groups combined, TRAIN significantly decreased TC, total LDL-C, and the TC:HDL ratio, and increased HDL-C subfraction 2 and LDL mean particle size. Total intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol remained unchanged at post-TRAIN, and was not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent dyslipidemia, our findings suggest that persons who are normolipidemic can improve the lipoprotein profile equally with CON-EX and INT-EX by lowered TC through the sum of changes in LDL-C subfractions, increased mean LDL particle size, and increased HDL-C subfraction 2 concentration.     

Factor XIIa and triacylglycerol rich lipoproteins: responses to exercise intervention

OBJECTIVES: (a) To determine if factor XIIa (FXIIa) would be sensitive to change from exercise intervention in a group of previously sedentary/low active middle aged men and women; (b) to investigate further the previously reported relation between FXIIa and triacylglycerol (TAG) rich lipoproteins. METHODS: Thirty seven men (mean (SD) age 57 (7) years) and 60 women (mean age 54 (7) years) completed the study. Before the intervention, these subjects were randomly allocated to a group of walkers (n = 81) or controls (n = 16). Before and after an 18 week walking intervention, fasted blood samples were collected and analysed for FXIIa, TAG, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and apolipoprotein (apo) B. RESULTS: Kruskal-Wallis analysis of data obtained before the intervention showed no significant differences (p>0.4) between the walking and control groups for age, height, body mass, gender, FXIIa, TAG, TC, HDL-C, or apo B, although the women did show significantly lower levels of TAG (p<0.04) and higher HDL-C (p<0.0001) than the men. General linear model analysis of data obtained after the intervention, using the baseline value as a covariate, showed significant reductions (p<0.0001) in FXIIa for the walkers compared with the controls. Pearson product-moment correlations also showed significant relations between the concentrations of FXIIa and TAG, TC, LDL-C, and apo B. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that FXIIa is sensitive to change from exercise intervention and support previous research showing an association between the concentrations of FXIIa and TAG rich lipoproteins.     

Relationship of low- and high-density lipoproteins to coronary artery plaque composition by CT angiography

BackgroundThe association between lipoprotein levels and coronary plaque composition is not well understood.ObjectiveThe aim of this prospective international multicenter study of statin-naive individuals was to evaluate the association of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and total cholesterol (TC) to coronary plaque composition by coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA).MethodsWe studied 4575 individuals without known coronary artery disease not taking statin medications who underwent coronary CTA. Comparisons were made between those with high versus low LDL, HDL, TC, and non-HDL. We assessed the relationship of lipoproteins and plaques of specific composition (noncalcified [NCP], partially calcified [PCP], or calcified [CP] plaque).ResultsMean age was 57 ± 11 years (55% men). In univariable analyses, high LDL, low HDL, high TC, and high non-HDL were each associated with increased prevalence of NCPs, PCPs, and CPs (P < 0.05 for all). In multivariable analyses, high non-HDL was associated with the presence of NCP (odds ratio, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.22–1.78: P < 0.001). In the further subanalysis, a weak relationship between the highest group of non HDL (≥190 mg/dL) and the presence of CP was also noted (odds ratio, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.01–1.76; P = 0.04). Further, high non-HDL was associated with increasing numbers of segments with NCP (β coefficient, 0.043; 95% CI, 0.021–0.065; P < 0.001) but not segments with PCP or CP.ConclusionNCP presence and extent are associated with high non-HDL. These results suggest a relationship between lipid profile and plaque composition.     

白藜芦醇和有氧运动对高脂饮食大鼠血脂和血管内皮功能的作用

目的:探讨白藜芦醇以及有氧运动对高脂饮食大鼠血脂代谢、抗氧化及血管内皮功能的影响。方法:40只SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常饮食对照组(N组)、高脂饮食组(H组)、高脂饮食结合运动组(HE组)以及白藜芦醇和高脂饮食结合运动组(HER组),每组10只。运动组大鼠进行3天适应性无负重游泳30 min,以后隔日增加10 min,逐渐延长至90 min,并维持此量,每周训练5天,共8周。白藜芦醇组每天按50 mg/kg剂量灌喂白藜芦醇,其他组灌喂同剂量生理盐水。正常饮食组采用普通饲料,高脂饮食组采用高脂饲料。末次训练结束后,禁食8 h,乙醚麻醉,股动脉取血,肝素抗凝,制备血浆。检测反映血脂代谢的指标总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白AI(apoAI)、载脂蛋白B100(apoB100)和脂蛋白a[Lp(a)];反映抗氧化能力的指标超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、丙二醛(MDA)和氧化型低密度脂蛋白(OX-LDL)以及反映血管内皮功能的指标内皮素-1(ET-1)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)和一氧化氮(NO)。结果:与N组比较,H组大鼠TC、LDL-C、OX-LDL、MDA、apoB100、Lp(a)、ET-1显著上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),而HDL-C、apoAI、SOD、CGRP、NO显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与H组比较,HE组大鼠TC、LDL-C、OX-LDL、MDA、apoB100、Lp(a)、ET-1显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),HDL-C、apoAI、SOD、CGRP、NO显著上升(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与HE组比较,HER组大鼠TC、LDL-C、OX-LDL、MDA、Lp(a)、ET-1呈下降趋势(P<0.05),HDL-C、apoAI、SOD、CGRP呈升高趋势(P<0.05)。结论:高脂饮食大鼠血脂紊乱,血管内皮功能下降,抗氧化能力明显减弱。有氧运动减轻高脂饮食大鼠血脂紊乱程度,提高血管内皮功能,增强机体抗氧化能力。有氧运动同时补充白藜芦醇的效果优于单纯运动。     

Effects of a resistive training program on lipoprotein--lipid levels in obese women.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a resistive training program on the time course of changes in strength, body mass index, lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in sedentary obese women. Sixteen sedentary obese women strength trained 3 times . wk-1 for 12 wk performing three sets of six to eight repetitions per set with sets 1 and 2 at 60-70% of one-repetition maximum. During set 3, the subjects used the greatest weight possible so that failure occurred between six to eight repetitions. Six sedentary obese women served as controls. Blood samples for serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL-C), low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), TC/HDL-C ratio, apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I), and apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100) were obtained pre, and after 4, 8, and 12 wk of training and approximately 3-4 d following the last training session. A 3-d dietary record was obtained on all subjects pre and post, and subjects were instructed not to alter their diet. The 12 wk of resistive training did not result in a significant change in body weight, BMI, or total kilocalories consumed per day but did show a mean improvement of 58% in muscular strength (P less than 0.05). The training program did not significantly alter the TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, TC/HDL-C ratio, apo A-I, or apo B-100 levels, which suggests that this increase in strength owing to resistive training in the absence of body weight loss did not alter the lipid profiles in these sedentary obese women.     

Endothelial function in post-menopausal former elite athletes.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize endothelial function in postmenopausal former elite athletes in comparison to sedentary controls and to study the influence of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on endothelial function in these groups of women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Research unit at a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty postmenopausal former elite but still active endurance female athletes and 19 age-matched sedentary controls. The group of athletes and control subjects were each subdivided into two groups on the basis of utilization or non-utilization of HRT involving estrogen and gestagen. METHODS: Flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) was employed as an indicator of endothelial function. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for lipids and body composition determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: FMD, blood lipids and body composition. RESULTS: Former elite athletes not utilizing HRT demonstrated the highest FMD of all four subgroups, their values being significantly higher than those of control subjects not utilizing HRT (P < 0.05), whereas this difference was not seen between the subgroups of athletes and control subjects using HRT. Serum levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and the percentage of fat mass were significantly lower in the former elite athletes than in the control group (P < 0.05 in all cases). However, these variables were not related to FMD. CONCLUSION: This investigation documents enhanced endothelial function in postmenopausal former elite endurance athletes not utilizing HRT, whereas the use of HRT equalizes FMD in former athletes and sedentary control subjects. Our findings suggest that long-term strenuous exercise has beneficial effects on endothelial function in postmenopausal women but that no further improvement can be obtained with HRT.     

Serum lipids in power athletes self-administering testosterone and anabolic steroids

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the effects of testosterone and anabolic steroids on serum lipids in power athletes. Altogether 11 national top-level adult athletes completed the study. Five of them volunteered for the study group and the rest for controls. The follow-up consisted of 9 months of a strength training period. During the first 6 months, the subjects in the study group self-administered androgenic steroids on an average of 57 +/- 24.9 mg/day. The most interesting observation was the extremely low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and HDL2 cholesterol concentrations of the androgen users. After 8 weeks of training, the study group had significantly (P less than 0.05) lower HDL cholesterol concentrations than the control group (0.53 +/- 0.11 and 1.14 +/- 0.19 mmol/l, respectively). This difference remained significant from 8 to 32 weeks of training. No systematic changes were observed in the control group. The HDL2 cholesterol concentration decreased by about 80% (P less than 0.01) and HDL3 cholesterol by about 55% (P less than 0.01) from the onset values in the study group. A substantial decrease in HDL cholesterol to total cholesterol and in HDL2 cholesterol to HDL3 cholesterol ratios were also noticed under the influence of exogenous androgens. The results of this study suggest that the sustained use of testosterone and anabolic steroids have a marked unfavorable effect on the pattern of HDL cholesterol in the serum of male power athletes.     

糖尿病心肌缺血的Logistic回归分析

目的　为探讨糖尿病心肌缺血的相关因素。方法　按十二导联心电图 ,将 93例糖尿病分为无心肌缺血组(A组 )和心肌缺血组 (B组 )。两组病人均完成血压、心脏自主神经功能、尿白蛋白排泄率 (UAE)、红细胞山梨醇(RBCS)、糖化血红蛋白 (HbAlc)、血总胆固醇 (TC)、甘油三酯 (TG)、高密度脂蛋白 (HDL)及其亚类 (HDL3-c及HDL2 c)、低密度脂蛋白 (LDL)、血浆镁 (Mg) ,血浆纤维蛋白原 (Fg)测定。结果　与A组比较 ,B组的病程显著较长 ,收缩压和舒张压 ,UAE ,HbAlc ,RBCs,TG ,TC ,LDL和Fg显著升高 ,而心脏自主神经功能、HDL和Mg显著降低 ,(P <0 0 5或 0 0 1)。两组间性别构成、体重指数、年龄、HDL2 c和HDL3 c无显著差别。Logistic逐步回归分析示与心肌缺血密切相关的主要因素依次为UAE、心脏自主神经病变 (CAND)、TG、dBp和HDL。结论　UAE、dBp和TG升高 ,HDL降低 ,以及CAND是糖尿病人心肌缺血的主要相关因素。防治糖尿病心肌缺血除了控制血糖外 ,还应控制尿白蛋白排泄率和血压 ,调节血脂 ,防治心脏自主神经病变。