政府投入方式对社区卫生服务中心完成公共卫生功能的影响分析

公共卫生功能是政府职能的体现，政府有责任对公共卫生进行投资。社区卫生服务机构是公共卫生体系的网底，大量的基本公共卫生功能靠社区卫生服务中心来完成．因此政府应该对社区卫生服务的基本公共卫生进行补偿。政府对社区卫生服务完成公共卫生功能的补偿表现为直接投入、政策性投入和政府购买几种形式。在我国，不同地区政府对社区卫生服务的投入方式不同，分析不同政府投入对社区卫生服务中心完成公共卫生服务功能的影响，有助于政府根据各地实际，制定合适的投入方式和方法。     

国内外公共卫生服务购买方式比较

通过分析我国部分地区公共卫生服务的购买方式与特点,借鉴英国、德国、加拿大和美国等国家的成功经验,获得适用于我国的公共卫生服务购买方式的有益启示,并提出相应的建议。以政府为主导的购买方式将会成为公共卫生服务供给方式的改革方向,但还应考虑公共卫生服务产品的特殊性,因地制宜地推进政府购买的试点,鼓励第三方组织的介入,加强基层公共卫生服务机构的服务能力,并将绩效考核纳入政府购买的过程中。     

政府购买农村公共卫生服务政策研究

国内对政府购买农村公共卫生服务政策的研究分为2类:政府职责研究和公共卫生服务购买方式研究。本文总结目前研究主要结论和方法,提出今后应该深入研究的领域。     

乡村医生提供公共卫生服务的法律困境与对策

《乡村医生从业管理条例》规定乡村医生有为村民提供公共卫生和基本医疗服务的义务;目前,乡村医生提供的基本公共卫生服务,主要通过政府购买服务的方式进行合理补助。在政策实施过程中,被购买服务的乡村医生人选受所在村卫生室法律性质和地位的限制,乡村医生提供的公共卫生服务多数流于形式,而且,绩效考核也不严格。目前,补助标准相对偏低,无法调动乡村医生从事公共卫生服务的积极性。从法律上建立和完善公共卫生服务提供机构的准入条件。完善对乡村医生提供公共卫生服务的绩效考核,不断完善对政府购买服务的补助方式。     

山东探索政府购买公卫服务成本核算新机制

日前,山东省卫生厅、财政厅在青岛联合召开了全省政府购买城市社区公共卫生服务工作座谈会。山东省卫生厅副厅长仇冰玉在座谈会上表示,通过购买服务的机制,预计今年全省各级政府投入城市社区公共卫生服务的经费将达4．2亿元。山东省卫生厅妇幼保健与社区卫生处处长丁凤深介绍,政府购买社区公共卫生服务包括合理确定购买服务项目,公开、公平、择优选择服务提供机构,成本核算,确定补助标准,第三方绩效考评,资金的筹集及支付,加强管理和监督7个主要环节。其中,探索成本核算既是一个新的方向,也最受业界关注。     

我国社区卫生服务中政府购买公共卫生服务项目的难点和建议

本文介绍了政府购买卫生保健服务改革的国外经验,并与我国社区卫生服务中政府购买公共卫生服务项目的 实际情况相结合,分析了我国政府购买社区公共卫生服务存在的问题并提出了对策与建议,以期为我国实施此项改革提供参考与借鉴.     

安阳政府购买社区公卫服务

日前,河南省安阳市财政局会同该市卫生局出台了《安阳市城市社区公共卫生服务补助资金管理暂行办法》等办法,确定了社区公共卫生服务的内容及补助标准,并提出了政府购买社区公共卫生服务内容。     

河南省息县基本公共卫生服务均等化现状分析

2009年以来,河南省息县开展了政府购买公共卫生服务试点工作,形成了“政府购买、服务同质、合同管理、乡村一体、绩效支付”的基本公共卫生服务提供新模式.本文通过分析河南省息县在实施国家基本公共卫生服务项目过程中存在的主要问题,提出相应对策,即完善公共卫生服务体系,加强公共卫生人才建设,积极开展健康教育,加强慢性病筛查的登记管理工作,强化绩效考核,为促进基本公共卫生服务均等化提供借鉴.     

北京市社区公共卫生服务项目及考核现况的定性访谈研究

目的 了解目前北京市社区卫生服务机构开展的公共卫生服务内容及考核情况,分析存在的问题,为北京市制定及完善相关政策提供参考.方法 分别选取城区和郊区社区卫生服务相关专家进行专题小组访谈和个人深入访谈.结果 专家根据实际工作情况,对目前北京市开展的社区公共卫生服务进行了重新确定,提出了社区公共卫生服务实施和考核过程中存在的问题,并提出改善建议.结论 建议进一步明确社区卫生服务机构和人员的定位,完善社区公共卫生服务项目内容,制定北京市社区公共卫生服务的分类原则,增加政府对社区公共卫生服务购买的意识和投入以及完善社区公共卫生服务考核机制.     

浅析"公共卫生服务券"的公平和效率

2002年10月，中共中央、国务院下发了《关于进一步加强农村卫生工作的决定》，决定中指出农村预防保健等公共卫生服务可由政府举办的卫生机构提供，也可由政府向符合条件的其他医疗机构购买。从决定下发以来，在中国农村地区开始出现以“公共卫生服务券”的形式购买公共卫生服务的做法，目的在于解决传统服务模式中农民利用卫生服务能力较低、乡镇卫生院服务质量较差和不到位的问题，改善农村公共卫生中的公平和效率。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.