乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者临床特征及影响因素分析

目的 探讨乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者的临床特征及其影响因素。方法 2015年6月～2020年6月我院收治的乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者90例和同期乙型肝炎肝硬化未出血患者90例,收集患者临床资料,分析乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者的临床特征,并采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响出血的因素。结果 单因素分析结果显示,出血组病程长、有消化道出血史、使用非甾体类药物、Child-Pugh分级差、食管静脉曲张程度严重、胃左静脉内径和门静脉内径宽、PT延长、有腹水和血清白蛋白水平低与未出血组比,存在显著性统计学差异(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,肝硬化病程长、应用非甾体类药物、Child-Pugh分级差、食管静脉曲张程度严重、胃左静脉内径增宽、门静脉内径增宽、PT延长和有腹水是乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的独立危险因素(OR=3.145;3.171;2.190;2.672;2.363;3.142;3.083;3.062,P<0.05),而血清白蛋白增加是出血的保护因素(OR=0.288,P<0.05)。结论 乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张患者存在一些可能诱发曲张静脉破裂出血的危险因素,临床应予以重视,以预防曲张静脉破裂出血的发生。     

Risk factors and survival of early bleeding after esophageal variceal ligation

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In cirrhotic patients, esophageal variceal bleeding (EVB) is still unpredictable and continues despite initial adequate treatment that is associated with great mortality. Bacterial infections are frequently diagnosed in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). The aims of this study were to analyze the clinical risk factors and survival of early bleeding after endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL). METHODOLOGY: A total of 96 cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices who received elective or emergent EVL procedure were analyzed. The variables for risk factors analysis included bacterial infection, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with or without portal vein thrombosis, etiology of cirrhosis, Child-Pugh status, and basic laboratory data. There were 19 patients with bleeding episode or rebleeding within 14 days after EVL. The remaining 77 patients were without bleeding event after EVL. RESULTS: Patients with Child C cirrhosis (odds ratio, 7.27; 95% CI, 2.20-24.07, P = 0.001) and bacterial infection (odds ratio, 130.29; 95% CI, 14.70-1154, P < 0.001) were independently associated with the early bleeding after EVL. However, there was no significant difference in long-term survival between patients with and without early bleeding after EVL. CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial infection and end-stage liver cirrhosis (Child C) are the independent risk factors for early bleeding after EVL. We should closely monitor the symptoms/signs of infection and empirical antibiotics should be administered once infection is suspected or documented, especially in cirrhotic patients with poor liver reserve.     

Influence of the Spleen on Portal Haemodynamics: a Non-invasive Study with Doppler Ultrasound in Chronic Liver Disease and Haematological Disorders

Background: Splanchnic haemodynamic parameters for the differential diagnosis of splenomegalies of different origins are still suboptimal and the role of spleen enlargement in cirrhosis remains controversial. In an attempt to elucidate these questions, we assessed splanchnic haemodynamics in chronic liver diseases and various other disorders with splenomegaly. Methods: Study groups comprised: (i) patients with chronic liver disease (89 with cirrhosis, 35 with chronic hepatitis), (ii) patients with splenomegaly without relevant portal hypertension (14 with haematological splenomegaly and 25 liver transplant recipients without complications), (iii) 15 patients with arterial hypertension, (iv) 22 healthy controls. In all subjects, spleen size, portal flow parameters and splenic artery resistance index were measured using duplex-Doppler ultrasound. Results: Splenic artery resistance index was significantly and selectively increased in patients with cirrhosis (0.63, whereas all other group means ranged between 0.53 and 0.56; P < 0.01). Portal flow velocity was significantly decreased in cirrhosis ( P < 0.01). The combination of these two parameters provided an accuracy of 87.5% in distinguishing portal hypertensive from haematological splenomegaly. In patients with cirrhosis, the degree of spleen enlargement was positively correlated with increasing portal flow volume, portal vein diameter and variceal size, whereas splenic resistance index and portal velocity did not differ in connection with spleen size. Conclusions: Splenoportal Doppler sonography provides specific findings in cirrhosis and may therefore be a useful tool in differentiating between splenomegaly of portal hypertensive or haematological origin. In patients with cirrhosis, the presence of splenomegaly is associated with the presence of larger oesophageal varices.     

乙肝肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎危险因素分析

目的探讨乙肝肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎（SBP）的有关危险因素。方法收集2006年1月～2009年6月我科收治的372例乙肝肝硬化患者的临床资料,将其分为并发SBP组（91例）和未并发SBP组（281例）,并对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果SBP组年龄、Child—Pugh分级、脾脏厚度、门脉径主干宽度、总胆红素等均高于无SBP组,白蛋白低于无SBP组,差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）;而两组的性别、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、甲胎蛋白、HBV—DNA定量等指标比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论老年人、Child—Pugh分级C级、严重低白蛋白血症、脾脏肿大、门脉径主干增宽、高胆红素血症均为乙肝肝硬化并发SBP的危险因素。     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张程度与肝功能评价的相关性研究

目的 探讨原发性胆汁性肝硬化食管静脉曲张程度与门脾静脉内径、肝功能Child-Pugh分级,Meld评分间的关系.方法 对2008年9月至2011年5月间选择92例原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者行增强CT,测量门静脉主干及脾门部脾静脉直径,行胃镜了解食管静脉曲张的程度,并对其中44例出现过静脉曲张破裂出血患者采用Child-Pugh分级,Meld评分标准进行肝功能分级.结果 食管静脉曲张程度与门静脉内径（P =0.018）、脾静脉内径（P=O.O02）呈正相关,而Child-Pugh分级（P＞0.05）,Meld评分（P＞0.05）则与食管静脉曲张程度无相关性.结论 根据门、脾静脉内径可预测原发性胆汁性肝硬化的食管静脉曲张程度;而Child-Pugh分级,Meld评分对患者的食管静脉曲张程度及出血风险不能进行有效评估.     

Influence of the spleen on portal haemodynamics: a non-invasive study with Doppler ultrasound in chronic liver disease and haematological disorders

BACKGROUND: Splanchnic haemodynamic parameters for the differential diagnosis of splenomegalies of different origins are still suboptimal and the role of spleen enlargement in cirrhosis remains controversial. In an attempt to elucidate these questions, we assessed splanchnic haemodynamics in chronic liver diseases and various other disorders with splenomegaly. METHODS: Study groups comprised: (i) patients with chronic liver disease (89 with cirrhosis, 35 with chronic hepatitis), (ii) patients with splenomegaly without relevant portal hypertension (14 with haematological splenomegaly and 25 liver transplant recipients without complications), (iii) 15 patients with arterial hypertension, (iv) 22 healthy controls. In all subjects, spleen size, portal flow parameters and splenic artery resistance index were measured using duplex-Doppler ultrasound. RESULTS: Splenic artery resistance index was significantly and selectively increased in patients with cirrhosis (0.63, whereas all other group means ranged between 0.53 and 0.56; P < 0.01). Portal flow velocity was significantly decreased in cirrhosis (P < 0.01). The combination of these two parameters provided an accuracy of 87.5% in distinguishing portal hypertensive from haematological splenomegaly. In patients with cirrhosis, the degree of spleen enlargement was positively correlated with increasing portal flow volume, portal vein diameter and variceal size, whereas splenic resistance index and portal velocity did not differ in connection with spleen size. CONCLUSIONS: Splenoportal Doppler sonography provides specific findings in cirrhosis and may therefore be a useful tool in differentiating between splenomegaly of portal hypertensive or haematological origin. In patients with cirrhosis, the presence of splenomegaly is associated with the presence of larger oesophageal varices.     

Clinical significance and prediction factors of gastric varices in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hepatocellular carcinoma is part of the natural history of liver cirrhosis. Gastrointestinal bleeding and hepatic failure are the leading causes of death in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. With gastrointestinal bleeding, variceal bleeding is the most prominent, and most variceal bleeding is of esophageal origin. Gastric varices bleeding is often a massive and severe bleeding episode. The role of gastric varices among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma remains to be clarified. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence, clinical significance and prediction of gastric varices in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODOLOGY: From 1998 to 2000, we reviewed 304 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma receiving upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examinations. Patients' clinical characteristics, physical findings, laboratory data, image studies, endoscopic examinations and treatment were reviewed. RESULTS: Among 304 patients with HCC, twenty-one (6.9%) had gastric varices among 304 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The location of gastric varices were the posterior wall in 12 (57%), the lesser curvature in 1 (5%), the greater curvature in 4 (19%) and the fundus in 4 (19%). Three (14%) of these 21 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and gastric varices had clinical evidence of bleeding. One of them died due to uncontrollable bleeding. Child-Pugh classification, hepatic encephalopathy, portal vein or splenic vein dilatation, ascites, splenomegaly, albumin level, prothrombin time and platelet count were significantly different between hepatocellular carcinoma patients with gastric varices and without gastric varices under the univariate analysis. Ascites (Odds ratio: 5.45; 95% confidence interval: 2.12-14.01) and portal vein or splenic vein dilatation (Odds ratio: 4.38; 95% confidence interval: 1.77-10.86) were the two most important predictors under the stepwise logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of gastric varices in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma is 6.9% and the risk of bleeding is low in this study. The Predictors of gastric varices among hepatocellular carcinoma are related to liver cirrhosis, Child-Pugh classification, hepatic encephalopathy, portal vein or splenic vein dilatation, ascites, splenomegaly, albumin level, prothrombin time and platelet count.     

Pharmacologic efficacy in gastric variceal rebleeding and survival: including multivariate analysis

BACKGROUND: Therapy with beta-blocker and nitrate has been reported to improve survival of patients with bleeding esophageal varices and to decrease esophageal rebleeding. However, there is little information available concerning the efficacy of these medications on rebleeding risk and survival in gastric variceal bleeding after initial hemostasis. METHODS: We conducted an open trial to observe the roles of beta-blocker and nitrate in the long-term outcome of bleeding gastric varices. Eighty-three patients were included and evaluated on the basis of age, gender, gastric variceal size, associated esophageal variceal size, Child-Pugh classification, existence of hepatoma and portal vein thrombosis, beta-blocker or nitrate therapy, and follow-up histoacryl injection. Survival analysis and multivariate analysis with the Cox proportional hazards model were performed to evaluate independent risk factors. RESULTS: Larger gastric varices have been shown to be the only risk factor for rebleeding (adjusted odds ratio, 4.50; 95% CI, 1.30-15.59). beta-Blocker and nitrate did not significantly reduce the incidence of rebleeding (adjusted odds ratio, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.08-1.66). Although medical treatment was shown to improve the overall survival by Kaplan-Meier method (p < 0.01), multivariate analysis showed Child-Pugh class B or C and advanced hepatoma with portal vein thrombosis to be the real independent risk factors that influence survival (Child-Pugh class B or C odds ratio, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.53-4.84; portal vein thrombosis odds ratio, 6.99; 95% CI, 2.42-20.16). beta-Blocker and nitrate did not significantly prolong survival independently. CONCLUSIONS: beta-Blocker and nitrate did not decrease the risk of rebleeding and did not improve the overall survival independently. The poor prognosis was correlated with Child-Pugh class B or C, and the advance hepatoma, with portal vein thrombosis.     

Variceal pressure is a strong predictor of variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis as well as in patients with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension

BACKGROUND: Variceal pressure is a strong predictor for a first variceal bleed in patients with cirrhosis. AIMS: To evaluate whether variceal pressure is also a determinant of the risk of a first variceal bleed in patients with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. METHODS: Variceal pressure was measured non-invasively in 25 patients with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension and large varices while receiving a stable therapeutic regimen. Factors predictive of bleeding were compared with those observed in 87 cirrhotics. RESULTS: The one year incidence of variceal bleeding was 32% (n=28) for the cirrhotic and 20% (n=5) for the non-cirrhotic patients. There was no difference in factors predicting the risk of bleeding between the groups, except for variceal pressure. For the same level of variceal pressure, the risk of variceal bleeding was lower in patients with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed the following variables as having a significant predictive power: variceal pressure (p=0.0001), red spots (p=0.004), and the time interval between the first observation of the varices and the moment of variceal pressure measurement (p=0. 0046). For the non-cirrhotics the risk of bleeding increased with higher Child-Pugh score (p=0.0024); this was not the case for the cirrhotic patients (p=0.9521). CONCLUSION: Variceal pressure is a major predictor of variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis as well as in patients with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. The risk of bleeding in non-cirrhotics is less than in cirrhotics for the same level of variceal pressure. In patients with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension the risk of variceal bleeding increases more with advancing disease.     

Long-term follow-up study of adult patients with non-cirrhotic obstruction of the portal system: comparison with cirrhotic patients.

Thirty-two patients with non-cirrhotic portal system obstruction and oesophageal varices of non-malignant etiology were recruited over 13 years. Diagnosis was based on the presence of oesophageal varices at endoscopy, minor alterations in liver function tests and liver histology, a low hepatic venous pressure gradient, and pertinent angiographic patterns. Twenty-three had portal vein thrombosis, nine had splenic vein thrombosis. Twenty-one had idiopathic portal vein obstruction, 11 had secondary obstruction. The outcome was compared with a group of 32 patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, matched for age, Child-Pugh class, previous history of gastrointestinal bleeding, and size of oesophageal varices. Patients with non-cirrhotic obstruction of the portal system were followed for up to 171 months (mean 94 months). During follow-up ten patients had gastrointestinal bleeding, and eight died (five of gastrointestinal bleeding). After 6 years of follow-up, the cumulative risk of gastrointestinal bleeding was 24%, the cumulative risk of death was 17%, and the cumulative risk of death from gastrointestinal bleeding was 14%. Cumulative probability of death by any cause and the probability of gastrointestinal bleeding were significantly lower in patients with non-cirrhotic obstruction of the portal system than in patients with cirrhosis comparable for liver function and portal hypertension (p = 0.04 for both). The cumulative probability of death by gastrointestinal bleeding was not significantly different. In conclusion, the prognosis for non-cirrhotic obstruction of the portal system is significantly better than for patients with cirrhosis with comparable levels of liver function impairment and severity of portal hypertension.     

门静脉血栓形成对肝硬化病程发展影响

目的探讨门静脉血栓（PVT）形成对肝硬化病程的影响。方法回顾我院2003年～2011年肝硬化伴PVT形成的患者资料。18例肝硬化伴PVT形成患者人选血栓组;随机选择同阶段肝硬化门静脉高压症的无门静脉血栓形成患者19例作为对照组,比较两组患者的门静脉宽度、脾脏厚度、食管胃底静脉曲张、腹水及上消化道大出血发生等情况。结果血栓组的门静脉宽度及脾脏厚度大于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。血栓组食管胃底重度静脉曲张、上消化道大出血和大量腹水比例两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论脾肿大和门静脉增宽是PVT形成的主要危险因素,PVT形成加重门静脉高压的程度,从而增加上消化道出血几率,使腹水难以消退,增加相关并发症发生率并使相关症状加重,预防门静脉血栓形成有助于延缓肝硬化病情发展。     

肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血的相关危险因素分析

目的探讨可以评估肝硬化患者食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血风险的临床指标。方法回顾性分析572例合并食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血的肝硬化患者(观察组)及704例未发生出血的肝硬化患者(对照组)的临床资料,对两组间存在差异性的指标运用单因素和多因素Logistic回归模型进行分析。结果两组在肝功能分级状况(P0.05)、血清白蛋白(t=5.05,P=0.000)、凝血酶原时间(t=-2.80,P=0.005)、门静脉内径(t=-2.28,P=0.006)、脾脏厚度(t=-2.73,P=0.006)方面比较,差异有统计学意义。单因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示白蛋白(OR=0.944,P=0.000)、凝血酶原时间(OR=1.067,P=0.007)、门静脉内径(OR=3.423,P=0.007)、脾脏厚度(OR=1.276,P=0.007)与出血存在相关性,进一步多因素非条件Logistic回归分析提示白蛋白(OR=0.936,P=0.000)、门静脉内径(OR=4.098,P=0.013)、脾脏厚度(OR=1.275,P=0.007)是出血的独立危险因素。结论白蛋白、门静脉内径、脾脏厚度是肝硬化并发食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血的独立危险因素,对预测食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血的发生有重要的临床价值,改善白蛋白可在一定程度上减少肝硬化并发食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血的风险。     

Factors influencing the prevalence of gallstones in liver cirrhosis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To investigate the prevalence of gallstone disease in Chinese patients with liver cirrhosis and to identify risk factors for cholelithiasis. METHODS: Blood samples were tested and ultrasonographic examination of the upper abdomen was conducted to observe the prevalence of gallstones in 90 compensated cirrhotic patients (Child-Pugh A), 180 decompensated cirrhotic patients (Child-Pugh B, C) and 300 controls. Risk factors for gallstone formation (age, sex, pregnancy, family history) and the characteristics of liver cirrhosis (Child class, inside diameter of portal vein), and gallbladder (wall thickness) were assessed. RESULTS: Gallstones were found more often in cirrhotic patients (23.7%) than in controls (7.33%, P < 0.001). The prevalence of gallstones in decompensated cirrhotic patients was higher than that of the compensated cirrhotic patients (P < 0.001). Advanced age, female sex, family history of gallstones, gallbladder wall thickness 4 mm or greater and inside diameter of portal vein 13 mm or greater were significantly associated with gallstone disease in patients with liver cirrhosis. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (P < 0.001), sex (P = 0.0005) and thickness (4 mm or greater) of the gallbladder wall (P = 0.0064) were independently associated with gallstone disease in such patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the high prevalence of cholelithiasis in liver cirrhosis. Age and sex are risk factors for gallstones and gallbladder wall thickness could be an additional risk factor for the development of gallstone in patients with liver cirrhosis.     

乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿期患者首发食管静脉曲张出血或腹水的临床特征

目的比较乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿期患者首发食管静脉曲张破裂出血或首发腹水的检验学和超声影像学方面的差异。方法回顾性研究2005年-2007年50例乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿期患者首发以食管静脉曲张破裂出血或腹水住院者的血液分析、肝肾功能、电解质及门脾静脉宽度等资料。性别分层分析这些资料的改变与出血和腹水之间的关系。结果乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿期首发食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者的血红蛋白显著低于以腹水为首发症状的乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿期患者（P〈0.05）,而血糖则显著高于后者（P〈0.01）。出血组女性患者红细胞总数显著低于腹水组男性患者（P〈0.05）,出血组男女患者的血钠都显著高于腹水组男性患者（P〈0.05,0.0001）,腹水组男性血钠显著低于女性（P〈0.05）。腹水组平均发病年龄大于出血组,但差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。两组之间在白蛋白水平、凝血酶原时间、白细胞总数、血小板总数、血钾、血肌酐、血尿素氮和门脾静脉宽度等方面均无显著性差异。结论乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿期患者首发食管静脉曲张破裂出血者多见高血糖和低血红蛋白,首发腹水者男性更多见低血钠,表明乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿期出血性损害更倾向侵袭男性患者。     

Sugiura's operation: a Japanese exclusive?

Fifteen patients with liver cirrhosis (11) or intrahepatic non cirrhotic portal hypertension (4) and previous variceal bleeding were electively treated by Sugiura's operation. There were no operative death. One patient (6.6 p. 100) had recurrent variceal bleeding 58 months postoperatively. One other patient had a self-limited episode of encephalopathy The 5-year actuarial survival rate was 81 p. 100. Four of the cirrhotic patients operated more than 5 years ago were alive at 5 years. The operation resulted in portal vein thrombosis in 2 patients, one of whom died. Results of this small series are quite similar to those of the largest Japanese series. They suggest that Sugiura's procedure has a low operative risk, is very efficient in preventing variceal rebleeding and does not result in encephalopathy.     

内镜下套扎联合硬化剂注射治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者疗效及其再出血危险因素分析*

目的 研究内镜下套扎联合硬化剂注射治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血（EGVB）患者的疗效,并分析引起治疗后再出血的危险因素。 方法 2012年2月~2016年2月收治的120例乙型肝炎肝硬化并发EGVB患者,采用内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术（EVL）联合内镜下静脉曲张硬化剂注射术（EIS）治疗,对胃底静脉曲张出血患者采用组织黏胶内镜下注射联合EIS治疗,术后给予心得安治疗。采用Logistic回归分析再出血的危险因素。 结果 在手术过程中止血成功率为100.0%,33例EGVB1型患者治疗后静脉曲张消失率明显高于而静脉曲张复发率显著低于2型或1型/2型患者（P<0.05）;不同类型静脉曲张患者治疗后再出血率比较无显著性差异（P>0.05）;35例再出血患者男性占（85.7%）,明显高于85例未再出血组的49.4%（P<0.05）,年龄明显大于未出血患者（P<0.05）,门静脉内径和Child-Pugh评分分别为（1.5±0.5）cm和（10.3±2.1）分,显著高于未出血患者[分别为（1.1±0.2） cm和（7.3±1.3） 分,P<0.05],而血清白蛋白和血钠浓度分别为（23.4±5.5） g/L和（124.67±31.47） mmol/L,显著低于未出血患者[（33.6±6.7）g/L和（137.5±36.2） mmol/L,P<0.05];经Logistic回归分析,发现门静脉内径和Child-Pugh评分是诱发再出血的危险因素[OR=3.713（1.253~10.999）、OR=4.267（1.311~13.886）],而白蛋白水平和血钠浓度是再出血发生的保护因素[OR=0.236（0.062~0.902）、OR=0.143（0.026~0.785）]。 结论 内镜下套扎联合硬化剂注射治疗乙型肝炎肝硬化并发EGVB患者临床疗效显著,并且对EGVB1型患者疗效最好。门静脉内径宽或Child-Pugh评分高说明肝储备功能差,发生再出血的风险就大。因此,针对这样的患者,更应该做好防治再出血治疗。     

Transabdominal gastroesophageal devascularization without transection for bleeding varices: results and indicators of prognosis

BACKGROUND: Esophagogastric devascularization is an operation that can be performed for endoscopically uncontrolled variceal bleeding in hospitals having only basic surgical instruments and is therefore an appropriate procedure for small hospitals in developing countries. The aim of this study was to analyze one hospital's experience of this operation in consecutive patients with variceal bleeding. METHODS: Between 1996 and 2003, 45 patients (30 male, 15 female) who had a mean age of 40 years (range 7-78 years) underwent devascularization procedures. Of the 45, 23 had cirrhosis and 22 had non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (11 extrahepatic portal venous obstruction, 11 non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis), and 18 patients had emergency procedures and 27 were elective. Mortality, morbidity, rebleeding rates and the prognostic factors for death were assessed. RESULTS: Elective and emergency mortality was one (3.7%) and 11 (61%) patients, respectively. There was no rebleeding in hospital. At follow up (mean 48 months, range 3-92 months) overall survival in patients with cirrhosis was 7 out of 20 and in patients with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension was 19 of 21. Five (17%) had recurrent variceal hemorrhage, of whom three, all cirrhotic patients, died. Preoperative prognostic indicators for death were emergency surgery, a Child-Pugh score >or=10, preoperative blood transfusion >or=20 units and renal failure. CONCLUSIONS: Gastroesophageal devascularization effectively controls variceal bleeding especially in non-cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. In the elective situation it carries a low mortality and rebleed rate. In emergencies the prognosis is poor with advanced cirrhosis, following large quantities of blood transfusion and deranged renal function. It is suggested that this operation be offered especially to non-cirrhotic patients in hospitals in developing countries where facilities for more sophisticated procedures are not available.     

Noninvasive predictors of large varices in patients hospitalized with gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage

Aim To identify noninvasive factors predicting the presence of large varices (LV) in patients hospitalized with gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage (GEVH). Methods Case records of patients admitted with GEVH between January 1998 and June 2005 were retrospectively analyzed. Relevant clinical parameters assessed included Child-Pugh class, ascites (clinical and/or on ultrasound), portosystemic encephalopathy (PSE), splenomegaly (clinical and/or on ultrasound), and hemodynamic instability. The laboratory parameters assessed were hemoglobin level, platelet count, prothrombin time, serum bilirubin, and albumin. The ultrasonographic characteristics noted were splenic size, presence of splenic varices, and portal vein diameter. Results A total of 420 patients (264 men) presented with GEVH during the study period. The mean age, gender distribution, and presence of cirrhosis were similar in the two groups. Liver cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), Child-Pugh class C, presence of clinically detectable ascites, grade 3–4 PSE, detectable splenomegaly, previous history of GEVH, hemodynamic instability and platelet count <91,000 were more common in the LV group. The frequency of radiologically detected ascites, splenomegaly, and portal vein diameter were similar in both groups. On multivariate analysis, the independent predictors for the presence of LV were cirrhosis with HCC, clinically detectable splenomegaly, hemodynamic instability, a previous history of GEVH, platelet count <91,000, and splenic size ≥158 mm. Conclusion Cirrhosis with HCC, clinical splenomegaly, hemodynamic instability, a previous history of GEVH, thrombocytopenia (i.e., platelet count <91,000), and splenic size ≥158 mm are independent noninvasive predictors of large varices in patients hospitalized with gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage.     

乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者临床特征及其危险因素分析

目的 分析乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血(EVB)患者的临床特征,并探讨乙型肝炎肝硬化发生EVB的危险因素.方法 2018年6月～2020年6月我院收治的乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张(GOV)患者108例,当发生曲张静脉破裂出血时,给予内科止血治疗.收集临床资料,应用单因素和多因素Logistic回归...     

乙型肝炎肝硬化患者发生食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血的危险因素分析

目的探索乙型肝炎肝硬化患者发生食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血的危险因素。方法选取2014年10月—2016年6月因乙型肝炎肝硬化并发食管胃静脉曲张来我院进行治疗的患者165例,根据就诊当天是否发生破裂出血分为出血组和非出血组,分析该类患者破裂出血的危险因素。结果单因素分析结果显示:2组患者在年龄、性别和WBC计数方面的差异无统计学意义(P0.05),出血组患者HGB、PT明显高于非出血组,而PLT明显低于非出血组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);出血组患者中肝功能Child-Pugh评分C级患者、重度食管胃静脉曲张患者及中重度腹水患者明显多于未出血组,2组患者在肝功能Child-Pugh评分、食管胃静脉曲张和腹水严重程度上的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素分析结果显示:肝功能Child-Pugh评分、PLT、腹水、门静脉内径和感染是发生破裂出血的危险因素,其中腹水严重程度是最主要的独立危险因素。结论肝功能Child-Pugh分级较低、PLT较低、腹水较严重、门静脉内径较大和出现感染是乙型肝炎肝硬化患者发生食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血的危险因素,临床上须尽早进行对症治疗,预防破裂出血的发生。