江西汉族体质特征

目的 探讨江西城市、乡村汉族的体质特征.方法 按照Martin、<人体测量手册>和<人体测量方法>规定的方法,2010年5月赴江西省丰城市调查了城市汉族307例(男性151例,女性156例)、乡村汉族398例(男性203例,女性195例)成人86项体质指标.结果 江西汉族上眼睑皱褶率中等,有蒙古褶率较低,眼裂高度多为中等型;半数人为水平眼裂,鼻根高度中等型率最高;鼻背侧面观多为直型;颧骨突出度约一半为中等型,鼻基部多水平;鼻翼高度多为中等,鼻孔最大径多为斜位,耳垂圆形率最高;发色多为黑色,眼色多为褐色、肤色以黄色率与浅黄色率接近;鼻翼宽以中等型率最高;上唇皮肤部高度多为中等型,红唇厚度多为窄型.江西男女性均为圆头型、高头型、中头型、中面型、中鼻型.汉族城市男性与女性均为中等身材,农村男性与女性均为亚中等身材.城乡男女性均为长躯干型、中骨盆宽型、中胸型.城市男性、城市女性还为窄肩型、亚短腿型,乡村男性还为中肩型、中腿型.乡村女性还为中肩型、亚短腿型.头面部和身体高度、宽度方面的指标方面,江西汉族较接近南亚类型族群,而头面部、体部指数方面,显示江西汉族体质也受到北亚类型族群的一定影响.结论 江西汉族人具有南亚类型族群的体质特征.     

屯堡人的体质特征

目的 探讨屯堡人的体质特征。方法 应用Martin、《人体测量方法》和《人体测量手册》规定的方法,调查了贵州省安顺市507例（男251例,女256例）屯堡成人的87项体质指标,对23项体质指数进行计算,统计指数分型情况,并与我国一些族群资料进行比较。 结果 屯堡人多数具有上眼睑皱褶,近1/5的人具有蒙古褶,眼外角高型者居多,鼻根高度多为中等型,鼻背多为直型,鼻基部多为水平型,鼻翼高度多为中等型,鼻孔最大径斜位率与横位率接近,耳垂圆形率最高,上唇皮肤高度多为中等型,红唇厚度多为中等型;发色多为黑色,皮肤黄色率最高、眼褐色较多。屯堡人男、女性身高均属于亚中等型身材。屯堡人男女均以中头型、高头型、狭头型、中鼻型、长躯干型、宽骨盆型率最高,男性阔面型、中腿型、中胸型、中肩型、矮型率最高,女性则宽胸型率最高;阔面型与中面型、亚短腿型与中腿型、窄肩型与中肩型、矮型与亚中等型率接近。 结论 屯堡人体质特征与其他地区汉族、中国北亚类型族群较为接近。     

四川汉族体质特征

目的 探讨四川城市、乡村成人的体质特征.方法 按照Martin<人体测量方法>和<人体测量手册>规定的方法,在四川资阳地区简阳市调查342例男性(城市汉族男性137例,乡村汉族男性205例)和357例女性(城市女性151例,乡村女性206例)成人的86项体质指标,计算35项体质指数,统计了指数分型情况,并将之与我国族群资料进行比较,对四川汉族体质特征进行了初步分析.结果 四川汉族(男女合计)上眼睑有皱褶率较高,有蒙古褶率低,眼裂高度多为窄型,眼外角多高于眼内角,鼻根高度多为中等型,鼻背多为直型,颧骨多不突出,鼻基部多为上翘,鼻翼高度多为中等,鼻孔最大径多为斜位;鼻翼宽度多大于眼内角宽,耳垂三角形率最高,上唇皮肤部高度多为中等,红唇厚度薄型率(49.1%)最高,中型率(40.1%)亦较高,厚红唇率低;发色为黑色,眼色多为褐色,肤色多为黄色.按头面部指数均值,四川汉族男女性均为圆头型、高头型、中头型、超狭面型、狭鼻型、长躯干型、亚短腿型、宽肩型、宽骨盆型,男性还为中胸型,女性还为宽胸型.四川汉族城市男性为中等身材,城市女性、乡村男性、乡村女性均属于亚中等身材.结论 四川汉族头面部指标值、指数值明显受到南亚类型族群与北亚类型族群的共同影响.四川汉族体部指标值更接近于北亚类型族群,体部指数值介于北亚类型族群与南亚类型族群之间.     

广东粤语族群汉族体质特征

目的 探讨广东粤语族群汉族的体质特征。方法 调查了广东省茂名地区452名（男195,女257）城市汉族和839名（男347,女492）乡村汉族成人的83项体质指标,计算了24项体质指数,统计了指数分型情况。结果 广东粤语族群汉族男女上眼睑皱褶、蒙古褶率较低,眼裂窄且多呈眼外角高。鼻根高度中等,直鼻梁,鼻基部水平,鼻翼中等,鼻孔最大径水平。上唇皮肤高度中等,红唇较薄。发色黑,眼色多为黑褐色或褐色,男性肤色较女性深。广东粤语族群汉族男女均以中头型、高头型、狭头型、     

浙江汉族的体质特征

目的 探讨中国浙江汉族人的体质特征并分析其在蒙古人种中的分型地位。方法 采用国际学术界规定方法，在浙江绍兴地区调查了330例男性（城市男性为144例，乡村男性为186例）和357例女性（城市女性为153例，乡村女性为204例）成人的86项体质指标，计算了24项体质指数，统计了指数分型情况，与我国族群资料进行了比较，对浙江汉族体质特征进行了初步分析。结果 浙江汉族人上眼睑有皱褶率较低，有蒙古褶率低，眼裂高度多为狭窄型，眼外角多高于眼内角，鼻根高度多为中等型，鼻背侧面观多为直型，颧部突出度男性多为微弱型，女性多为中等型；鼻基部多呈水平；鼻翼高度多为中等，鼻孔最大径多为斜位，鼻翼较宽；耳垂多为圆形；上唇皮肤部高度多为低，红唇男性中等型较高，女性中等型率最高、薄型率次之。发黑，肤黄、眼褐。总体说来，浙江汉族头面部测量指标值接近于北亚类型族群。浙江汉族头面部指数值介于南亚、北亚类型族群之间。浙江汉族的体部指标值接近于北亚类型族群，体部指数值更接近于北亚类型族群，但亦有南亚类型族群特点。从指数均值来看，浙江汉族男性女性均为圆头型、高头型、中头型、阔面型，中鼻型。按体部指数均值，浙江汉族男女性均为长躯干型、窄肩型、中骨盆型；男性为中胸型，女性为窄胸型；城乡男性和城市女性为中腿型，乡村女性为亚短腿型。结论 浙江汉族体质更接近于北亚类型族群。聚类分析结果表明，9个汉族族群未能聚在一起。汉族族源的多元性，导致不同地区汉族体质的较大差异。将整个汉族笼统地归入一个体质类型，可能并不恰当。     

汉族江淮方言族群的体质特征

目的 探讨江苏江淮方言族群城市、乡村汉族人的体质特征。方法 按照Martin、《人体测量方法》和《人体测量手册》规定的方法，在江苏省淮安市、郊调查了370例男性（城市男性157例，乡村男性213例）和362例女性（城市女性154例，乡村女性208例）成人的86项体质指标，计算了26项体质指数，统计了指数分型情况，与我国族群资料进行了比较，对江苏汉族江淮方言族群体质特征进行了初步分析。结果1.江苏汉族江淮方言族群男女均表现为上眼睑皱褶率高，有蒙古褶率低；眼裂高度多为中等型；眼外角高型者居多；鼻根高度多为中等型；鼻梁侧面观多为直型；鼻基部多为上翘；颧骨多不突出；鼻翼高度多为中等；鼻孔最大径多为斜位；耳垂三角形率与圆形率接近；上唇皮肤部高度多为中等型；红唇厚度以薄型率为主；发色几乎均为黑色；眼色多为褐色；肤色以黄色为主。鼻翼宽度男性多为宽阔型，女性多为中等型。2.按头面部、体部指数均数，江苏汉族江淮方言族群男女均为圆头型、高头型、中头型、中鼻型、长躯干型、亚短腿型、宽胸型。此外男性为阔面型、宽肩型、宽骨盆型，女性为中面型、中肩型、中骨盆型。3.江苏汉族江淮方言族群城市与乡村男女均为超中等身材。结论1.江苏汉族江淮方言族群男性主要表现为城市围度和皮褶厚度大于农村，而女性则结果相反。2.头面部、体部主要指标、指数，江苏汉族江淮方言族群更接近于北亚类型族群，但也具有一些南亚类型族群的特征。     

江西客家人体质特征

目的 了解江西客家人的体质特征并分析江西客家人在蒙古人种中的分型地位. 方法 采用国际学术界规定方法,在江西赣州调查了337例男性(城市客家人男性为154例,乡村客家人男性为183例)和346例客家人女性(城市女性为150例,乡村女性为196例))成人的86项体质指标,计算了23项体质指数,统计了指数分型比例,与我国族群资料进行了比较,对江西客家人体质特征进行了初步分析. 结果 (1)江西客家人上眼睑有皱褶率低,有蒙古褶率高,眼裂狭窄,眼外角多高于眼内角,鼻根高度多为中等型,直鼻背,鼻基部多上翘,鼻翼高度多为中等,鼻宽值多大于眼内角间宽值,上唇皮肤部高度多为中等,男性红唇薄型率略高于中等型率,女性薄型率最高.江西客家人发黑,皮肤黄色率最高,眼褐色率最高.江西客家人头面部观察指标表现出蒙古人种北方族群的头面部特征.但其鼻翼较宽,又表现出南亚类型的一定体质特点.(2)江西客家人男女性均以圆头型、高头型、中头型、中鼻型率最高.男性以阔面型率最高;女性则以狭面型率最高.江西客家人头面部测量指标值更接近于北方族群,头面部指数值介于南方、北方族群之间.(3)江西客家人城市、乡村的男性与女性身高均属于中等身材.江西客家人男女性均以长躯干型、亚短腿型率最高.男性和城市女性以中胸型率最高,乡村女性以宽胸型率最高.男性与乡村女性中肩型、宽肩型率均较高.男性以中骨盆型率最高. 结论 聚类分析显示,客家人既具有北方族群体质特征,又具有南方族群体质特征.     

海南汉族体质特征 

目的 探讨海南城市、乡村汉族人的体质特征并分析海南汉族在蒙古人种中的分型地位。方法 遵循知情同意原则,采用随机取样方法在海南琼海市和万宁市龙滚镇分别调查了城市汉族310例（男为160例,女为150例）、乡村汉族323例（男为174例,女为159例）成人的86项体质指标,计算了33项体质指数,统计了指数分型情况,与我国族群资料进行了比较,对海南汉族体质特征进行了初步分析。 结果 1.海南汉族上眼睑有皱褶率高,有蒙古褶率低,眼裂高度多为窄型,多为眼外角高于眼内角,鼻根高度多为中等型,鼻背侧面观多为直型,鼻基部多为上翘型,颧骨不突出,鼻翼高度多为中等,鼻孔最大径多为斜位,鼻翼宽度多大于眼内角间宽,耳垂圆形率最高,上唇皮肤部高度多为中等型,红唇厚度薄型率、中型率接近,厚红唇率低,发色为黑色     

福建汉族闽东语族群的体质特征

目的 探讨福建汉族闽东语族群的体质特征。方法 按照Martin、《人体测量方法》和《人体测量手册》规定的方法,调查福建汉族闽东语族群692例（城市男性151例,乡村男性188例,城市女性159例,乡村女性194例）成人的86项体质指标,对26项体质指数进行计算,统计指数分型情况,并与我国族群资料进行比较。
结果 闽东语族群城乡男女均表现为上眼睑皱褶率高,有蒙古褶率低,眼裂高度多为窄型,眼外角高型者居多,鼻背多为直型,鼻翼高度多为中等,鼻基部上翘型略高于水平型,鼻孔最大径多为斜位,鼻翼宽度多大于眼内角间宽,颧骨多不突出,上唇皮肤高度多为中等型,红唇薄型最多,发色几乎均为黑色,皮肤黄色率最高,眼色褐色较多。闽东语族群城市男性、乡村男性、城市女性身高属于超中等型身材,乡村女性为中等身材。从头面部、体部指数均数看,闽东语族群城、乡男性均为圆头型、高头型、中头型、狭面型、狭鼻型、中腿型、中胸型、窄骨盆型、长躯干型、宽肩型,城、乡女性均为中头型、高头型、狭头型、超狭面型、狭鼻型、中腿型、中胸型、窄骨盆型、中躯干型;城市女性为中肩型,乡村女性为宽肩型。闽东语族群头面部指标值、指数值受中国南方族群与北方族群的共同影响,体部指标值、指数值更接近于中国北方族群。 结论 闽东语族群男、女性体质特征更接近于中国北方族群。     

汉族湘语族群体质特征

目的 探讨汉族湘语族群的体质特征. 方法 在湖南双峰县调查了湘语族群城市汉族320例(男性157例,女性163例)和乡村汉族410例(男性196例,女性214例)成人的86项体质指标,计算了39项体质指数,统计了指数分型,与我国族群资料进行了比较,对汉族湘语族群体质特征进行了初步分析. 结果 湘语族群上眼睑有皱褶率中等,有蒙古褶率低,眼裂高度多为窄型,多为眼外角高于眼内角,鼻根高度中等型率最高,鼻背侧面观多为直型,颧部突出度微弱型最高,鼻基部多为水平,鼻翼高度多为中等,鼻孔最大径多为横位,鼻翼多为宽型,耳垂男女多为三角形,上唇皮肤部高度男女均以中等型率最高,红唇厚度男女均以薄型率最高,发色多为黑色,眼色多为黑褐色,肤色男性以黄色率最高,女性以浅黄率最高.湘语族群男女性均为短头型、高头型、中头型、中鼻型.此外,男性为中面型,女性为阔面型.湘语族群头面部特征介于北亚类型族群与南亚类型族群之间.城市男性与女性、乡村男性与女性均为中等身材.城乡男女均为长躯干型、中腿型.男性及乡村女性为中胸型,城市女性为宽胸型.女性及城市男性均为中肩型,乡村男性为宽肩型.男性为宽骨盆型,女性为中骨盆型.从体部指标值和指数值来看,汉族湘语族群更接近于北亚类型族群. 结论 汉族湘语族群体质特征与保安族、土族较为接近,虽然具有一定南亚类型族群特点,但是更接近于北亚类型族群.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.