复合支架材料构建组织工程骨修复兔颅骨缺损

目的观察以胶原缓释重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2（rhBMP-2）复合骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）及珊瑚构建的组织工程骨修复颅骨缺损的能力，明确复合BMSCs的组织工程骨修复颅骨缺损后新骨的来源。方法构建三种复合支架材料：（1）rhBMP-2／珊瑚；（2）胶原/rhBMP-2／珊瑚；（3）BMSCs／胶原／rhBMP-2／珊瑚。将其分别植入兔颅骨缺损处，8周和16周后采用X线片、HE染色、Masson三色染色法、荧光显微镜等观察比较骨缺损修复的情况。通过BrdU标记BMSCs及免疫组化染色方法证实新骨的来源。结果BMSCs／胶原/rhBMP-2／珊瑚组材料修复颅骨缺损的能力最强，且与自体髂骨修复的情况相近；胶原／rhBMP-2／珊瑚组材料次之，rhBMP-2／珊瑚组材料成骨能力较弱。BMSCs参与了新骨组织的形成，新骨组织部分来源于经诱导的BMSCs。结论胶原是rhBMP-2适宜的缓释载体，胶原及BMSCs对促进复合支架材料修复骨缺损有重要意义。BMSCs／胶原／rhBMP-2／珊瑚构建的组织工程骨可成为一种良好的骨缺损修复材料．     

组织工程重建兔颞下颌关节盘软骨

目的 应用组织工程学方法重建颞下颌关节盘软骨。方法 分离6只日本大耳白兔髁状突软骨细胞。进行细胞的微载体大规模扩增,将扩增后的软骨细胞接种于组织引导再生胶原膜,体外适当培养后植入4只同种成年兔皮下,植入后12周,对所获组织进行组织形态学观察。结果 髁状[突软骨细胞在胶原膜内生长良好,植入动物体内12周后可形成乳白色类软骨样组织,其表面光滑,有弹性。甲苯胺蓝染色,细胞周围基质呈异染性。结论 应用胶原膜结合软骨细胞共同培养,可形成软骨样组织,该方法将有可能成为软骨缺损及关节盘破损修复的有途径。     

兔外周血MSC复合同种异体脱钙皮质骨修复软骨缺损的研究

目的:比较外周血(peripheral blood,PB)与骨髓(bone marrow,BM)来源MSC复合脱钙皮质骨基质(demineralized cortical bone matrix,DCBM)修复兔膝关节软骨缺损的效果,为其进一步的临床应用提供实验参考。方法:获取分离培养的第三代兔PB-MSC和BM-MSC,以2×107/ml的细胞密度接种于DCBM上。20只成年新西兰兔,构建股骨远端滑车关节面中心部大面积全层软骨缺损模型,随机分为4组:I组:PB-MSC/DCBM复合物;II组:BM-MSC/DCBM复合物;III组:单纯DCBM支架组;IV组:空白缺损组。分别于术后24周、48周取材,通过大体观察、组织学评分、组织化学和免疫组织化学染色评价其在体内修复软骨的效果。结果:移植后24周PB-MSC/DCBM组:修复区由半透明组织填充,局部有小的浅的凹陷,表面光整,稍低于周围正常软骨,与周围组织连接连续。BM-MSC/DCBM组的大体观察类似I组。单纯DCBM组:表面光整,与周围组织连续性不如I、II组。空白缺损组:仍有一大的缺损。48周PB-MSC/DCBM组和BM-MSC/DCBM组,缺损区基本不可见,充填好,表面光滑,基本和周围正常组织无界限,与周围软骨连续性好,软骨细胞外基质表达较多。组织学评分显示:在24周和48周两个时间点,PB-MSC/DCBM组和BM-MSC/DCBM组比较组间无差异,均显著高于单纯DCBM组和空白缺损组。结论:PB-MSC具备与BM-MSC相似的修复兔关节软骨缺损的能力。     

99mTc-MDP动态骨显像在定量监测组织工程骨修复兔颅骨缺损中的应用

目的 探讨99^mTc-MDP动态骨显像在定量监测组织工程骨修复骨缺损过程中血管化和成骨效果中的应用价值.方法 选取兔15只,制作颅骨缺损模型[缺损处对称植入纳米羟基磷灰石/Ⅰ型胶原复合人工骨（nHAc）和颗粒羟基磷灰石/Ⅰ型胶原复合人工骨（pHAc）],随机分为2、4、8、10和12周5组,每组3只.耳缘静脉注射99^mTc-MDP后,行常规骨动态显像,利用ROI技术,计算出放射性峰值和摄取比值.比较nHAc和pHAC植入区各时相的放射性峰值或摄取比值.行头颅X线摄片,并观察分析图像.结果 ①骨动态显像：nHAC组植入区各时间点的血流相放射性峰值及静态相摄取比值均显著高于pHAc组（P＜0.01）;随时间延长,nHAc及pHAc组植入区的血流相放射性峰值与静态相摄取比值均逐渐增高;nHAc组上述参数于第8周开始显著高于第2周（P＜0.05）,而pHAc则始于第10周（P＜0.01）.②X射线检查：nHAc组骨修复时间早于pHAc组,且前者各时间点的新生骨密度均更高;nHAC组植入区边缘及中央区均见新骨形成,而pHAC组仅限于边缘部位.结论 在促进早期血管化及加速成骨活动方面,nHAc明显优于pHAc.99^mTc-MDP动态骨显像能准确、定量、动态地评价组织工程骨修复骨缺损中血管化和成骨效果.     

培养软骨、肌肉和骨蜡移植修复生长板缺损的实验研究

目的 比较培养软骨、肌肉和骨蜡移植修复生长板缺损作用,证明实验动物模型的可靠性。方法 24只6周龄新西兰白兔随机分为3组,手术造成右侧胫骨近端生长板内侧1／3－1／2缺损,未作处理的左侧胫骨为正常对照。分别将培养软骨、肌肉和骨蜡植入生长板缺损处,手术后第8周行双下肢X线摄片和组织学检查,观察胫骨近端发育及生长板缺损修复情况。结果 肌肉和骨蜡植入组胫骨发生明显内翻及短缩畸,两组间比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。生长板缺损部位由大量致密新生骨充填。培养软骨植入组胫骨发育良好,明显优于肌肉和骨蜡植入组（P＜0．01）。移植软骨再生修复生长板缺损,恢复其组织结构和生长功能。结论 在6周龄兔胫骨近端内侧生长板1／3－1／2缺损移植实验中,培养软骨可有效修复生长板缺损和防止胫骨畸形,而肌肉和骨蜡无此修复作用。     

膝关节软骨全层缺损的手术修复技术进展

<正>膝关节软骨损伤是运动创伤和膝关节外科领域的常见病和多发病,软骨损伤后若得不到有效处理,可能最终会发展为骨性关节炎,导致膝关节功能丧失。随着近些年软骨损伤治疗技术的发展,膝关节软骨全层缺损的手术修复治疗受到越来越多临床医生的重视,但治疗效果却有很大差异。同时,对于关节软骨损伤的评价标准、手术方案以及手术时机的选择,都有很多争论。本文就膝关节软骨全层缺损的几种最主要的手术修复技术、适应症和临床效果做一综述。     

组织工程软骨修复的磁共振成像研究进展

软骨损伤一直是临床治疗的难点。近年来,随着组织工程生物技术的发展,采用组织工程方法修复大面积软骨缺损逐渐应用于临床并取得了一定的治疗效果。MRI可对不同修复手术及不同修复阶段进行无创性评价。就组织工程软骨修复技术的发展概况及其相关MRI表现予以综述,以提高影像诊断医师的认识。     

组织工程软骨修复的磁共振成像研究进展

软骨损伤一直是临床治疗的难点.近年来,随着组织工程生物技术的发展.采用组织工程方法修复大面积软骨缺损逐渐应用于临床并取得了一定的治疗效果.MRI可对不同修复手术及不同修复阶段进行无创性评价.就组织工程软骨修复技术的发展概况及其相关MRI表现予以综述,以提高影像诊断医师的认识.     

应用组织工程化人工软骨修复羊关节软骨缺损的实验研究

目的 :探索以多孔磷酸三钙生物陶瓷材料为支架构建组织工程化软骨修复羊关节软骨缺损的可行性。方法 :实验分 3组。实验组 (n =12 ) :分离培养羊自体关节软骨细胞 ,采用微载体技术在旋转生物反应器内进行扩增 ,扩增后的软骨细胞接种到预制的 β_磷酸三钙 (β_TCP)多孔生物陶瓷材料上 ,细胞_材料复合体经体外孵育后 ,无菌条件下植入预制的羊前肢肱骨头关节面缺损处 ;单纯材料组 (n =12 ) :采用单纯 β_TCP材料修复羊关节软骨缺损 ;空白对照组 (n =4 ) :制备的羊关节软骨缺损区未做任何修复。术后 3和 6个月分别取材 ,进行缺损区组织学、组织化学和免疫组织化学分析。结果 :在实验组羊关节软骨缺损处表面肉眼可见透明软骨样组织形成。组织学检查发现 ,术后 3个月时材料降解明显 ,未降解吸收的材料孔洞内广泛分布着新生软骨组织 ,软骨细胞外基质丰富 ,Ⅱ型胶原染色阳性。至术后 6个月 ,支架材料几乎完全降解 ,缺损区被新生软骨组织所取代。在单纯材料组羊关节软骨缺损处术后 3个月时 ,可见从缺损区边缘有新生软骨组织向支架材料内长入 ,支架材料吸收明显。至术后 6个月 ,可见从缺损区边缘长入到支架材料内的新生软骨组织逐渐增多 ,但材料的中心部位未发现新生软骨形成。空白对照组羊关节软骨缺损区至术后 6     

膝关节软骨损伤及修复术后的MRI研究进展

膝关节软骨损伤影像学检查的重要性及研究现状 膝关节是人体最大最复杂的关节,其表面覆盖着一层关节软骨。关节软骨是无血管、淋巴管和神经的组织,因此损伤后自身的修复能力有限;并且修复组织的组成、结构和力学特性均明显区别于正常关节软骨。因此关节软骨损伤后常导致关节功能障碍．严重影响关节的正常功能。应用影像学方法正确评价关节软骨损伤的程度是临床治疗的基础。     

Autologous osteochondral grafts in the treatment of cartilage defects of the knee joint

Autologous osteochondral grafting (mosaicplasty) was performed on 18 patients with grade IV cartilage defects of the knee joint. The average age of these 12 men and 6 women was 36 years, follow-up time was 27.2 months and defect size was 252 mm² (18×14 mm). After plain anteroposterior and lateral radiographs and MRI (STIR sequence) examination, diagnostic arthroscopy was performed, followed by autologous osteochondral grafting, avoidance of weight bearing for 6–8 weeks, physiotherapy and continuous passive motion. All patients showed, radiologically (MRI), a full coverage of the defect with articular surface congruity postoperatively. The postoperative ICRS score was normal for 12 and nearly normal for 6 patients. Seven patients showed early persistent joint effusion for an average of 5.3 months. Hyaline-like cartilage coverage was found in four patients on second-look arthroscopy. The transplantation of autologous osteochondral grafts is being applied in an effort to reconstruct the affected articular surface with properties similar to those of hyaline cartilage. This method retains the integrity and function of a damaged joint, providing promising results in terms of preventing the development of early arthritis in young patients.     

The effects of early or late treatment of osteochondral defects on joint homoeostasis: an experimental study in rabbits

A 3.5 × 4 mm tubular osteochondral defect was created on the right medial femoral condyles of 51 adult rabbits. In the control group (CG), defects were left untreated. In the early-(ETG) and late-(LTG) treatment groups, defects were treated by an osteoperiosteal graft 1 and 12 weeks, respectively, after the index procedure. Synovial fluid (SF) samples were collected regularly and proteoglycan fragments (PF), total collagen (TC) and collagenase (MMP-1) levels were measured. Rabbits were killed at 4 (early period), 12 (intermediate period), or 24 (late period) weeks postoperatively. Histological examination indicated a more successful healing in both grafting groups than in the CG, but without any difference at any time period between the grafting groups. In the CG, PF, and TC levels in SF increased continuously until the late period, indicating an ongoing degenerative activity in the joints. In contrast, SF marker levels in both grafting groups indicated that normalization in joint metabolism could be achieved—at least partially—after treatment. However, PF levels in the SF showed that the treatment of defects in earlier stages might result in better outcomes since the negative effects were more prominent in chronic stages, presumably due to the more prolonged period of disturbed homeostasis. Thus, histological values and SF marker levels indicated that treatment of osteochondral defects at any time of the disease had a positive effect on healing when compared to no treatment. Early treatment might better assist the recovery of joint homeostasis than late treatment.     

曲唑酮联合依托必利治疗功能性消化不良疗效观察

目的观察曲唑酮联合依托必利治疗功能性消化不良的疗效。方法将66例确诊为功能性消化不良患者随机分为治疗组及对照组,治疗组在常规控制治疗基础上给予曲唑酮联合依托必利治疗,4周为1疗程。对照组给予常规药物控制治疗。结果联合治疗组34例中显效22例,有效9例,无效3例,对照组32例中显效10例,有效9例,无效13例,两组对比有统计学意义。结论曲唑酮联合依托必利治疗功能性消化不良效果显著。     

纯失读症患者阅读功能恢复机制的功能MRI初步研究

目的利用磁共振功能成像(fMRI)技术观察阅读功能恢复过程中脑功能的变化，为阐明阅读和语言功能恢复机制提供实验依据。方法采用fMRI对1例汉语纯失读症患者在其发病后45d和130d分别进行扫描。在扫描过程中要求病人判断是否认识所呈现的3类汉字。经后处理获得脑激活图，并对2次实验所观察到的脑激活部位和激活体积等进行比较。结果第1次实验显示Broca区、Wernicke区和右侧纹外区等被激活。而在第2次实验中，除上述区域仍被激活外，病灶周围的左侧纹外区也见显著激活，且右侧纹外区的激活体积比首次实验增大了约2倍。结论左侧纹外区皮层是阅读功能的关键脑区之一。阅读功能的恢复既可由对侧相应脑区代偿，也可由病灶同侧脑区重组，这2种机制可以并存。     

Relation between wall thickening on gated perfusion SPECT and functional recovery after coronary revascularization in patients with previous myocardial infarction

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate whether wall thickening analysis by gated perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is useful in predicting functional recovery after revascularization.Methods Forty-one patients with previous myocardial infarction and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (ejection fraction, EF, 36±6%) who were scheduled for revascularization underwent rest ^99mTc-sestamibi gated SPECT.Results Of 131 akinetic or dyskinetic segments at baseline echocardiography, 82 (63%) recovered after revascularization. Compared with wall thickening analysis, perfusion imaging provided higher sensitivity (78% vs 50%, P<0.0001) and specificity (80% vs 71%, P<0.0005). Among segments with 55% sestamibi uptake (viable), those with detectable wall thickening had a higher likelihood of functional recovery than those with absent wall thickening (95% vs 77%, P<0.05). In segments with improved function, the absence of wall thickening was associated with lower sestamibi activity than was observed when detectable wall thickening was present (58±14% vs 71±13%, P<0.0005). An increase in EF of 5% was detectable in 22 (54%) patients. For the prediction of EF improvement, perfusion imaging provided a higher sensitivity than wall thickening analysis (68% vs 41%, P<0.05), while specificity was not significantly different (68% vs 74%). The prevalence of patients with functional recovery did not change when wall thickening analysis was considered in addition to perfusion status (73% in patients with detectable wall thickening and 70% in those without; P=NS).Conclusion In patients with coronary artery disease, wall thickening analysis by gated perfusion SPECT provides additional information compared with perfusion data for the prediction of segmental functional recovery. However, on a patient basis, wall thickening assessment seems to be of more limited value than perfusion status.     

Time course of functional recovery after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery according to the preoperative reversibility of perfusion impairment on myocardial SPECT

Purpose Ischaemic myocardial dysfunction shows different time courses of functional recovery according to the pathophysiological characteristics of the dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the time course of functional recovery according to the preoperative reversibility of perfusion impairment on myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) after revascularisation surgery.Methods Forty-eight patients (42 men and 6 women; mean age 59±9 years) who underwent revascularisation surgery were included in the study. ²⁰¹Tl rest/dipyridamole stress ^99mTc-sestamibi gated SPECT was performed 10±8 days before (preoperative), 105±13 days after (early follow-up) and 497±66 days after (late follow-up) surgery. Using a 20-segment model, segmental perfusion and thickening were quantified with automatic software. As an indicator of the reversibility of perfusion impairment, a reversibility score (RevS) was defined as a measure of rest minus stress perfusion values. Segmental dysfunction and functional recovery were defined from quantified thickening values. Function-recovered segments were divided into early recovery and late recovery groups, and preoperative perfusion status was compared in these groups. Function-recovered segments were also re-classified into high-RevS and low-RevS groups according to the preoperative RevS, and the time courses of functional recovery were investigated in each group.Results A total of 502 segments were included in the analysis and 263 were finally classified as function-recovered segments. Of these, 172 were in the early recovery and 91 in the late recovery group. In terms of preoperative perfusion status, RevS was 8.9±10.8 in the early recovery group and 5.4±11.0 in the late recovery group (P=0.01). When all 502 segments were classified by RevS, no difference in the proportion of final function recovery was observed between the high-RevS and the low-RevS group (54% vs 51%). However, the proportion of early recovery was higher in the high-RevS group (73%) than in the low-RevS group (57%) (P=0.01).Conclusion Ischaemic dysfunctional myocardium with reversible perfusion impairment tends to recover function earlier after revascularisation surgery than myocardium with a persistent decrease in perfusion.     

Estimation of ankle joint parameters in typically developed adults using functional calibration methods

BackgroundDespite of many attempts to determine or correct hip and knee joint parameters via non-invasive techniques such as regression or functional methods, in conventional gait models the position of the ankle joint center still is assumed at the center point between malleoli.Research questionThe aim of this study was to estimate the ankle joint parameters using a functional approach.MethodsTo this aim, we used data of 23 typically developed adults performing two different calibration motions. Subsequently, we applied functional approaches to determine the functional joint center and axis.ResultsThe results show significant differences for ankle joint parameters in all directions for both calibration motions applied with respect to the malleoli line. Most prominently, we find a shift of the ankle joint center of 7 % of the foot length anteriorly to the malleoli mid-point when applying functional calibration.ConclusionThese significant alterations of the ankle joint center and axis indicate the importance of accurate determination of ankle joint parameters and consequently their influence on the clinical outcome.     

骨软骨损伤愈合过程的MRI与病理对照研究初探

目的：研究骨软骨损伤愈合过程的MRI表现及其与病理学表现之间的对应关系。方法：18只家兔分6组用外科手术的方法分离股骨内侧髁一骨软骨块，再放回原位后制成动物模型，分别于术后第2、5、10、15、23、30天摄取X线正侧位平片，并行MRI轴位T1WI，矢状位T1WI、T2WI、D(N)WI、梯度回波FLASH准T2WI检查，于每次检查后处死一组动物行病理检查，分析MRI表现与病理结果之间的关系。结果：①骨软骨块与股骨髁交界面的变化规律：第2天，交界面在各序列呈低信号，对应病理改变为交界面主要是血肿；第5、10天，交界面呈长T1、T2信号，病理结果主要为机化血肿性肉芽组织；第15天，交界面T2值缩短，病理示肉芽组织向纤维组织过渡；第23、30天，交界面在MR各序列均呈低信号，病理为纤维骨痂和骨性骨痂。②15只膝关节骨软骨块在MR各序列均呈中等信号，病理学检查提示骨软骨块内有少量骨细胞坏死，形成空骨陷窝，轻度炎性细胞浸润，骨髓内有水肿。3例T1WI为高信号，梯度回波FLASH准T2WI呈低信号，其余序列呈等信号，病理示骨髓腔内造血组织减少，脂肪增多。结论：骨软骨损伤的愈合过程中交界面要经历血肿形成、肉芽组织吸收和血肿机化、纤维组织和纤维性骨痂形成、骨性骨痂形成几个阶段，与之相应，MRI T2WI也经历了从低到高再到低的过程，T1WI一直呈低信号。大多数骨软骨块MRI各序列均呈等信号，病理改变轻微。     

Estimation of a midfoot joint center in typically developed adults using functional calibration methods

BackgroundThere are detailed findings on hip and knee joint parameters determined via functional calibration methods for use in instrumented 3D-gait analysis but these methods have not yet been addressed to the foot.Research questionAre functional calibration methods feasible for determining foot joint parameters and may they help for clinical interpretation of foot deformities?MethodsRigid segments were formed by markers on forefoot and hindfoot via a least square method. The position of the midfoot joint articulating both foot segments was then determined via a functional calibration motion. This two-stage procedure was applied on a cohort of 17 typically developed adults and one subject with severe planovalgus foot deformity for determining the location of the midfoot joint and kinematics of hindfoot and forefoot.ResultsThe position of the midfoot joint center could be estimated in the typically developed cohort and also in the demonstration case with planovalgus foot deformity. Depending on the choice of marker set for hindfoot and forefoot, the position of the joint center varied in the anatomic midfoot region with most robust results when addressing the marker on the navicular to the hindfoot.ConclusionThe presented method for joint center determination within the foot and the characteristic results of the foot joint angles appear promising for typically developed feet. However, further validation of the method is needed for application in clinical context.     

自体镶嵌式骨软骨移植修复膝关节软骨缺损

目的 探讨膝关节软骨缺损的修复方法。方法 6例膝关节软骨缺损患者，关节镜下在其非负重区的软骨面上，用专用器械凿取圆柱状的骨软骨，并移植至软骨缺损部位，用于修复缺损。结果 随访2～24个月，患者的临床症状消失，关节活动度正常，MRI显示原软骨缺损区软骨表面平整，移植的骨软骨柱位置良好。结论 自体镶嵌式骨软骨移植术创伤小、操作简单、能保持关节面的曲度，是较为实用的手术。