UPLC-MS/MS测定血浆中伊伐布雷定及其活性代谢产物的含量

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中伊伐布雷定及其活性代谢产物(N-去甲伊伐布雷定)的含量。方法 选用Waters Acquity BEH C₁₈(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)色谱柱,流动相为0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B),梯度洗脱;流速为0.4 mL·min^-1;电喷雾离子源,多反应监测。伊伐布雷定：[M+H]⁺,m/z 469.3→177.2,N-去甲伊伐布雷定：[M+H]⁺,m/z 455.2→262.2,卡马西平：[M+H]⁺,m/z 237.1→194.2。结果 伊伐布雷定线性范围为0.2~100 ng·mL^-1(r=0.998 1),N-去甲伊伐布雷定线性范围为0.05~25 ng·mL^-1(r=0.993 1);两者日间、日内精密度均<15%,方法回收率>90%,稳定性较好。结论 该方法快速、灵敏、重复性好,适用于血浆中伊伐布雷定及其代谢产物含量测定。     

液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法测定人血浆中班布特罗:在药代动力学研究中的应用

目的　建立液相色谱 串联质谱法测定人血浆中班布特罗浓度,研究中国受试者口服该药的动力学特点。方法　血浆样品经液 液萃取后,采用液相色谱电喷雾串联质谱法以选择离子反应监测(SRM)方式进行检测。结果班布特罗的线性范围为0.05 - 4.0ng·mL^-1 ,最低定量浓度为0.05ng·mL^-1 ,该法的日内及日间精密度(RSD)小于8% ,准确度(RE)在±9%范围内。18名中国健康受试者单剂量口服班布特罗10 mg后,主要药动学参数T_max,C_max, T_1/2和AUC_0-t分别为(2.3±1.3)h ,(3.95±2.20 )ng·mL^-1 ,(11.4±6.1)h和(26.85±11.77)ng·h·mL^-1 。结论　该法灵敏度高,操作简便、快速,适用于临床药代动力学研究     

硫酸沙丁胺醇渗透泵控释片的人体药代动力学与生物利用度

目的:研究自制硫酸沙丁胺醇渗透泵控释片与进口控释片的人体药代动力学与生物利用度。方法:利用高效液相色谱荧光检测法,采用交叉实验设计对本品和进口硫酸沙丁胺醇控释片进行人体生物利用度对照研究。结果:硫酸沙丁胺醇控释片与进口硫酸沙丁胺醇控释片的血药浓度曲线下面积AUC 分别为(63.67 ±10.37)ng·h·mL^-1和(60.21 ±11.95) ng·h·mL^-1,最大血药浓度C_max 分别为(8.60 ±1.93) ng·mL^-1 和(8.20 ±1.40)ng·mL^-1,达峰时间T_max 分别为(6.3 ±1.0) h 和(6.8 ±1.3) h,多剂量给药达稳态时血药浓度波动系数FD 分别为1.09 ±0.23 和1.14±0.25。结论:经方差分析和双单侧检验,两种制剂生物等效。     

盐酸曲美他嗪缓释片在健康人体内的生物等效性研究

目的：评价盐酸曲美他嗪缓释片在中国健康受试者空腹和餐后条件下单剂量给药时的人体生物等效性。方法：采用随机、开放、单剂量、两序列、两周期交叉的试验设计。空腹组和餐后组分别纳入24 例健康受试者,并随机分为两组,每组12例,口服盐酸曲美他嗪缓释片受试制剂（T）或参比制剂（R） 35 mg,第一组按照TR的给药序列,第二组按照RT的给药序列给药。采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱对血浆中曲美他嗪浓度进行测定。利用Win Nonlin 6.4及以上版本和SAS 9.3版本软件进行药代动力学参数的计算和统计分析,并进行生物等效性评价。结果：空腹口服参比制剂和受试制剂后的主要药代动力学参数如下：C_max分别为（69.73±12.86）和（74.43±13.45）ng·mL^-1;T_max均为4.5 h;t_1/2分别为（6.47±0.51） 和（6.38±0.42）h;AUC_0-t分别为（825.74±140.29）和（867.88±126.28）ng·mL^-1·h;AUC_0-∞分别为（832.57±142.73）和（874.50±127.86）ng·mL^-1·h。餐后口服参比制剂和受试制剂后的主要药代动力学参数如下：C_max分别为（80.05±16.67）和（90.40±17.95）ng·mL^-1;T_max均为4.5 h;t_1/2分别为 （6.32±1.02）和（6.17±1.00）h;AUC_0-t分别为（824.61±147.04）和（825.27±154.35）ng·mL^-1·h; AUC_0-∞分别为（831.34±149.00）和（831.43±156.99）ng·mL^-1·h。在空腹和餐后状态下,受试制剂和参比制剂主要药代动力学参数几何均值对应的90%置信区间符合等效范围要求（80.00%~125.00%）。结论：受试制剂和参比制剂在空腹和餐后组口服时均具有生物等效性。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血清和尿中盐酸青藤碱浓度及药代动力学研究

用RP-HPLC法,以三唑仑为内标,反相C₁₈为分析柱,乙腈—0.01mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠—四甲基乙二胺(46∶54∶0.22v/v)为流动相,磷酸调至pH6.9,检测波长263nm,测定血清和尿中盐酸青藤碱浓度,线性范围分别为6～480ng·mL^-1和0.06～3μg·mL^-1,平均回收率75.88%和91.35%,日内日间误差小于5%,最低检测浓度血清4ng·mL^-1,尿40ng·mL^-1。8名健康男性志愿者单次口服盐酸青藤碱片80mg,测定血清及尿浓度,该药符合二室开放模型,体内消除符合一级动力学消除过程,主要药代动力学参数:T_1/2α0.791±0.491h,T_1/2β9.397±2.425h,T_{max 1.040±0.274h,Cmax246.604±71.165ng·mL^-1,AUC 2651.158±1039.050ng·h·mL^-1,CL 0.033±0.01ng·mL^-1。}     

五酯胶囊与他克莫司的相互作用研究

摘要：目的 通过研究五酯胶囊(Wuzhi Capsule,WZC)与他克莫司(tacrolimus,TAC)在健康人体内的相互作用,初步探讨两药合用的剂量比,为WZC成为TAC节约剂及临床合理使用两药提供理论依据。方法 8名健康志愿者口服给药2 mg TAC,研究单次给药WZC后对体内TAC血药浓度的影响;将40名健康志愿者随机分为5组,口服给药2 mg TAC 5 min后,分别给予0,1,2,6,7粒WZC,于给药前、不同时间点静脉采血,置于抗凝管中,分析测定。结果 本方法测得合用不同剂量五脂胶囊后TAC体内主要药动学参数,T_max=(3.125±1.356)h,C_max=(43.539±10.656)ng·mL^-1, AUC_0→t=(459.3±114.2)ng·h·mL^-1,C_{12 h}与C_{24 h}维持在5~10 ng·mL^-1,CL/F从51.67%降至27%。结论 WZC能够使血液中TAC的浓度显著升高,并且WZC还可以同时降低TAC维持有效血药浓度的剂量,从而大大缩小器官移植患者TAC的使用剂量,达到缩减移植患者医疗费用的经济效益。 关键词：五酯胶囊;他克莫司;药动学     

HPLC/MS法研究左旋黄皮酰胺及其代谢物在Beagle犬血浆中的药代动力学HPLC/MS法研究左旋黄皮酰胺及其代谢物在Beagle犬血浆中的药代动力学

目的用HPLC/MS法研究左旋黄皮酰胺［(-)-clau］及其代谢物6-羟基-黄皮酰胺(6-OH-clau)在Beagle犬血浆中的药代动力学过程。方法Beagle犬灌胃左旋黄皮酰胺30 mg·kg^-1，采集静脉血样，血浆经乙酸乙酯萃取分离后，用HPLC/MS选择性正离子检测内标(格列吡嗪，［M+H］⁺，m/z 446)法测定左旋黄皮酰胺(［M+H］⁺，m/z 298)及6-羟基-黄皮酰胺(［M+H-H₂O］⁺，m/z 296)的浓度，以甲醇-水-冰醋酸(60∶40∶0.8)为流动相，流速1.0 mL·min^-1。用3P97软件计算药代动力学参数。结果左旋黄皮酰胺和6-羟基-黄皮酰胺分别在1.0～200 ng·mL^-1和0.2～40.0 ng·mL^-1线性关系良好(r>0.999)，萃取回收率均大于85%。原药及其代谢物的体内过程均符合二室模型；左旋黄皮酰胺及6-羟基-黄皮酰胺的C_max分别为(21±10) ng·mL^-1和(3.9±2.2) ng·mL^-1；T_max分别为(0.8±0.5) h和(1.3±0.5) h；T_1/2α分别为(0.9±0.6) h和(1.4±0.6) h；T_1/2β分别为(19±23) h和(13±12) h；AUC_{0-24 h}分别为(69±14) h·ng·mL^-1和(12±7) h·ng·mL^-1。结论Beagle犬灌胃左旋黄皮酰胺后迅速吸收，血药浓度一相消除很快，但末端消除较慢；其代谢物6-羟基-黄皮酰胺血药浓度经时过程与左旋黄皮酰胺相似，但血药浓度相对较小。     

柱前衍生-HPLC测定白消安在家兔体内的药动学参数

目的 建立测定家兔血清中白消安浓度和家兔体内药动学特征的柱前衍生化HPLC。方法 以1,5-戊二醇二甲磺酸酯为内标,二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠为衍生化试剂。流动相：甲醇-水（54∶46）,流速：0~20 min（1.0 mL·min^-1）,20~27 min（1.3 mL·min^-1）。柱温：30℃,检测波长：280 nm,进样量：25 μL。家兔分别以灌胃、静注的方式给予白消安,按本法测定血药浓度,DAS 3.0计算药动学参数。结果 白消安的血药浓度在0.1~3.4 mg·-L¹ 内线性关系良好（r=0.999 7）,日内、日间精密度以及样品稳定性符合中国药典2015年版的规定。低、中、高浓度的萃取回收率分别为90.0%,89.0%,91.5%。不同给药途径获得的药动学参数：单剂量口服t_1/2=（2.26±0.66）h,k=（0.33±0.12）·h^-1,k_a=（2.54±1.3）·h^-1,AUC_0–t=（1.95±0.18）h·mg·mL^-1;单剂量静脉注射t_1/2=（1.53±0.09）h,k=（0.45±0.03）·h^-1,AUC_0–∞=（4.38±0.26）h·mg·mL^-1。多剂量口服后C_ss=（0.48±0.03）mg·mL^-1,AUC_0–τ=（3.87±0.26）h·mg·mL^-1。结论 建立的柱前衍生-HPLC法适用于白消安血药浓度测定及药动学研究,不同给药途径的药动学参数为临床药动学研究提供了依据。     

灯盏花素及其β-环糊精包合物在大鼠体内的药代动力学

目的建立测定大鼠血浆中灯盏乙素浓度的反相高效液相色谱法，研究灯盏花素及其β-环糊精包合物(灯盏花素-β-CD)大鼠灌胃后体内药代动力学行为。方法以甲醇-水-醋酸盐缓冲液为流动相，Shim-pack C₁₈为固定相；12只大鼠随机均分为2组，分别灌胃灯盏花素及其包合物后，检测血浆药物浓度。药时数据采用3P97药代计算程序处理。结果线性范围10-400 ng·mL^-1，方法回收率95.32%-98.81%；灯盏花素和包合物的C_max分别为(154±18) ng·mL^-1和(328±31) ng·mL^-1；AUC_0-12h分别为(710±126) ng·h·mL^-1和(1 093±200)ng·h·mL^-1，经t检验两者有极显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论该法准确、灵敏，适用于灯盏乙素血浆浓度的测定；制备的灯盏花素包合物与灯盏花素相比吸收显著增加。     

基于UPLC-MS/MS的新型脂肪酸合成酶抑制剂4k在大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定大鼠血浆中新型脂肪酸合成酶抑制剂4k的浓度,并研究其在大鼠体内的药动学特征。方法 12只SD大鼠随机分为2组,分别单次尾静脉注射和灌胃给予4k。以三氯生为内标,建立并验证UPLC-MS/MS测定不同时间点大鼠血浆中4k的浓度,用DAS 2.0软件计算药动学参数。结果SD大鼠单次静脉注射后主要药动学参数为T_1/2 (0.54±0.39)h,T_max 0.033 h,C_max (2 730.72±803.13)ng·mL^-1,AUC_0-∞ (577.72± 174.58)ng·mL^-1·h,Vd (1 241.17±657.98)mL·kg^-1,CL (1 882.67±610.03)mL·kg^-1·h^-1,MRT_0-∞ (0.42±0.19)h。由于灌胃给药后,大鼠体内血药浓度低于定量下限,因此无法进行药动学参数计算。结论 本方法简单准确、快速灵敏,适用于大鼠血浆中4k浓度的测定及其药动学研究。     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.