注射用益气复脉（冻干）治疗冠心病合并慢性心力衰竭的临床疗效观察

目的 探讨注射用益气复脉（冻干）对冠心病合并慢性心力衰竭患者的临床疗效。方法 回顾性选取三六三医院2021年1月—2022年1月收治的冠心病合并慢性心力衰竭患者110例为研究对象。根据治疗方案不同分为对照组和试验组,每组各55例。对照组患者采用常规治疗方案,试验组在对照组基础上加用注射用益气复脉（冻干）治疗：注射用益气复脉（冻干）5.2 g加入5%葡萄糖注射液250 mL中静脉滴注,每分钟约40滴,每日1次,疗程14 d。两组均于治疗2周后评估疗效,分别于治疗前后采用多普勒彩色超声诊断仪检测两组患者左室收缩末期内径（LVESD）、左室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、左室射血分数（LVEF）,以及血清末端脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）、超敏C-反应蛋白（hs-CRP）水平。结果 试验组临床疗效总有效率为92.73%,显著高于对照组的83.64%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后两组患者LVEF均较本组治疗前显著提高（P<0.05）,LVESD、LVEDD均较本组治疗前显著降低（P<0.05）,治疗后与对照组比较,试验组LVEF显著提高（P<0.05）,LVEDD显著降低（P<0.05）,LVESD差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。治疗后两组患者血清NT-proBNP、hs-CRP水平均较本组治疗前明显降低（P<0.05）,且治疗后试验组与对照组比较,NT-proBNP、hs-CRP水平下降更显著（P<0.05）。结论 在常规治疗基础上加用注射用益气复脉（冻干）治疗冠心病合并慢性心力衰竭患者,能明显改善临床症状及心功能,降低NT-proBNP和hs-CRP,提高临床疗效。     

注射用益气复脉（冻干）治疗慢性心力衰竭伴低血压的临床研究

目的 观察注射用益气复脉（冻干）治疗慢性心力衰竭伴低血压的疗效。方法 选取郑州市中医院2018年10月-2020年2月心内一科收治的120例慢性心力衰竭并低血压患者,采用随机数字法分为对照组（53例）和观察组（55例）。对照组针对原发病进行一般治疗。观察组在对照组治疗的基础上给予注射用益气复脉（冻干）,2.6~5.2 g加入5%葡萄糖注射液或0.9%氯化钠注射液250~500 mL中静滴,1次/d,连续使用7~14 d。观察两组患者的临床疗效,同时比较两组患者治疗前后的左室射血分数（LVEF）、N端脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）、心率、生活质量评分和血压水平。结果 治疗后,观察组患者总有效率为96.4%,显著高于对照组的84.9%,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组LVEF显著升高,NT-proBNP、心率和生活质量评分均明显降低,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组在NTproBNP水平和生活质量评分显著低于于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组血压均有明显升高,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,治疗后,观察组的血压水平显著高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 注射用益气复脉（冻干）治疗慢性心力衰竭合并低血压不仅能有效改善患者的心功能,减轻临床症状,而且能进一步提升低血压患者的血压水平。     

注射用益气复脉（冻干）联合多巴胺/多巴酚丁胺治疗心源性休克临床研究

目的 探讨注射用益气复脉（冻干）联合多巴胺/多巴酚丁胺治疗心源性休克的临床疗效。方法 选取郑州市中医院2018年1月-2019年12月收治的心源性休克患者120例为研究对象,采用随机数字法最终分为对照组（54例）和观察组（52例）。对照组患者在常规治疗的基础上给予大剂量盐酸多巴胺注射液5~20 μg/（kg·min）和盐酸多巴酚丁胺注射液5~15 μg/（kg·min）治疗。观察组在对照组治疗基础上静滴注射用益气复脉（冻干）2.6~5.2 g/次,加入5%葡萄糖注射液或0.9%氯化钠注射液250~500 mL中,1次/d。疗程为7~14 d。观察两组患者的临床疗效和不良反应情况,同时比较两组治疗前后的血压和尿量水平。结果 治疗后,观察组患者总有效率为94.2%,显著高于对照组的81.5%,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组血压和尿量水平均明显改善,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05、0.01）,观察组的血压和尿量水平显著高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05、0.01）。两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。结论 注射用益气复脉（冻干）联合多巴胺/多巴酚丁胺治疗心源性休克患者具有一定的临床疗效,能够显著改善血压和尿量水平。     

芪苈强心胶囊联合左西孟旦治疗扩张型心肌病心力衰竭的临床研究

目的 探讨芪苈强心胶囊联合左西孟旦注射液治疗扩张型心肌病心力衰竭的临床疗效。方法 选取2019年3月-2020年3月新野县人民医院收治的80例扩张型心肌病心力衰竭患者,根据随机数字表法中数字奇偶法将所有患者分为对照组和治疗组,每组各40例。对照组患者泵注左西孟旦注射液,12 μg/kg,维持10 min后静脉滴注,剂量为0.2 μg/（kg·min）,滴注24 h,1次/周。治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上口服芪苈强心胶囊,4粒/次,3次/d。两组患者连续治疗4周。观察两组临床疗效,比较两组的心功能、心肌损伤指标。结果 治疗后,治疗组总有效率（92.50%）高于对照组（72.50%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组左室射血分数（LVEF）显著升高,左心室收缩末期内径（LVESD）、左室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）明显降低（P<0.05）,且治疗组LVEF高于对照组,LVESD、LVEDD低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）、N末端B型利钠肽原（NT-proBNP）水平均明显降低（P<0.05）,且治疗组cTnI、NT-ProBNP水平明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 芪苈强心胶囊联合左西孟旦注射液治疗扩张型心肌病心力衰竭具有较好临床疗效,可提高心功能,减轻心肌损伤,安全性较好。     

注射用益气复脉（冻干）联合米力农治疗急性心肌梗死合并心衰疗效及对患者血清IL-6、CRP水平的影响

目的 分析注射用益气复脉（冻干）联合米力农治疗急性心肌梗死合并心衰的效果以及对患者血清白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、C反应蛋白（CRP）水平的影响。方法 选取在2020年1月—2021年2月于泸州市人民医院接受治疗的90例急性心肌梗死合并心衰患者为研究对象,其中45例选取于接受米力农治疗的患者,纳入对照组;另外45例选取于在对照组治疗方式基础上加用注射用益气复脉（冻干）治疗的患者,纳入试验组。两组患者均接受一致的基础治疗,包括利尿治疗、血管扩张治疗、给氧治疗等,对照组在基础治疗同时给予米力农注射液,剂量为50 μg/kg,将米力农注射液与5%葡萄糖注射液10 mL混合后,进行静脉推注,后以0.5 μg/（kg·min）的速度进行进行静脉滴注（溶媒为50 mL葡萄糖注射液）,每天治疗1次,每次持续治疗4～6 h。试验组在对照组的治疗基础上加用注射用益气复脉（冻干）5.2 g溶入5%葡萄糖注射液250 mL中进行静脉滴注,1次/d。两组患者均接受1周的治疗。对比治疗前后两组患者总有效率、心功能指标、心功能NYHA分级及血清IL-6、CRP水平,观察两组患者不良反应发生情况。结果 经过治疗后,试验组的总有效率86.67%显著高于对照组的66.67%（P<0.05）,两组患者的各项考察指标均有所改善（P<0.05）,治疗后试验组患者的心功能指标左室射血分数（LVEF）与左心室短轴缩短率（FS）高于对照组（P<0.05）,心功能NYHA分级为Ⅲ级患者的占比、心功能指标左心室收缩末期内径（LVESD）、左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）与脑钠肽（BNP）、血清IL-6与CRP水平显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组的腹痛与便秘发生率无显著差异,肝功能、肾功能主要指标均无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论 在急性心肌梗死合并心衰患者的治疗中,同时使用注射用益气复脉（冻干）与米力农进行治疗,能够有效改善患者的心功能指标与体内的炎症反应,其疗效显著,且安全性高。     

注射用益气复脉（冻干）联合重组人脑利钠肽治疗心房颤动伴慢性心力衰竭的临床研究

目的 探讨注射用益气复脉（冻干）联合重组人脑利钠肽治疗心房颤动伴慢性心力衰竭患者的临床疗效。方法 回顾性收集2018年9月—2020月12月在贵州医科大学附属乌当医院心血管内科住院的房颤伴慢性心衰患者203例为研究对象,按治疗方法不同将患者分为对照组（n=97）和联合组（n=106）。所有入组的患者均进行常规的抗心衰治疗。对照组患者在常规治疗的基础上给予注射用重组人脑利钠肽,首次给药剂量为0.15 μg/kg、iv给药,后以0.075 μg/（kg·min）的速度,持续静脉泵入72 h。联合组在对照组治疗的基础上加用注射用益气复脉（冻干）5.2 g药液溶至5%葡萄糖注射液250 mL中,静脉滴注,1次/d,连续治疗14 d。治疗1个月后对两组患者进行疗效评价及脑利钠肽（BNP）、左室射血分数（LVEF）、6分钟步行试验（6MWT）检测。结果 联合组的临床治疗总有效率为81.1%,明显高于对照组的67.0%（P<0.05）。治疗前两组患者BNP、LVEF、6MWT差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,经治疗后各组上述指标与治疗前比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后联合组BNP下降更为明显（P<0.05）,LVEF升高更明显（P<0.05）,6WMT增加更明显（P<0.05）。结论 注射用益气复脉（冻干）联合重组人脑利钠肽治疗心房颤动伴慢性心力衰竭患者可明显提高患者临床总有效率,对患者LVEF、6MWT及BNP有明显的改善作用。     

注射用益气复脉（冻干）联合阿托伐他汀治疗冠心病合并心力衰竭的疗效分析

目的 探讨注射用益气复脉（冻干）联合阿托伐他汀治疗冠心病并心力衰竭的临床效果。方法 选取2021年4月—2023年4月贵州省第二人民医院收治的100例冠心病合并心力衰竭患者为研究对象，根据治疗方案不同分为对照组和试验组，每组各50例。对照组在常规治疗基础上口服阿托伐他汀钙片，每次20 mg，每日1次；试验组在对照组基础上加用注射用益气复脉（冻干），每次5.2 g加入250～500 mL 5%葡萄糖注射液或0.9%氯化钠注射液稀释后静脉滴注，每日1次，两组均连续用药14 d。观察两组患者的疗效，比较治疗前后两组患者心功能指标［脑钠肽（BNP）、左室射血分数（LVEF）］、血脂指标［总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（HDL-C）］变化，观察治疗期间不良反应发生情况。结果 试验组治疗总有效率96.0%，显著高于对照组82.0%（P＜0.05）。治疗前，两组患者心功能指标及血脂指标比较，差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。治疗后，两组患者血清BNP、TC和LDL-C水平均较本组治疗前显著降低（P＜0.05），LVEF水平均较本组治疗前显著升高（P＜0.05），且试验组与对照组比较，上述各项指标改善效果更显著（P＜0.05）。治疗期间，两组患者均各有3例患者出现轻度恶心，不良反应总发生率比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 注射用益气复脉（冻干）联合阿托伐他汀钙片治疗冠心病合并心力衰竭疗效显著，可改善患者心功能及血脂，安全性较高。     

左西孟旦和多巴酚丁胺治疗扩张型心肌病的比较研究

目的 比较左西孟旦和多巴酚丁胺治疗扩张型心肌病的临床效果。方法 选择2016年11月-2019年6月南通市第六人民医院收治的扩张型心肌病患者128例,依据随机数字表法将128例患者分为观察组（n=64）与对照组（n=64）。对照组在常规治疗的基础上静脉泵入盐酸多巴酚丁胺注射液,5 μg/（kg·min）,持续24 h。观察组在常规治疗的基础上给予左西孟旦注射液,初始负荷剂量：6~12 μg/kg,静注,时间>10 min,然后静脉泵入0.05~0.2 μg/（kg·min）,持续24 h。7 d为1个疗程,两组治疗共1疗程。观察两组患者的临床疗效,同时比较两组治疗前后的心功能指标、心肌力学指标和血清学指标。结果 治疗后,观察组总有效率高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组左室收缩末期容积（LVESV）、左室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）均降低,左室射血分数（LVEF）均明显升高（P<0.05）,且观察组LVESV、LVEDV均低于对照组,LVEF均高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组长轴应变值（GLS）、径向应变值（GRS）、面积应变值（GAS）均明显增加（P<0.05）,且观察组GLS、GRS、GAS均高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组半乳凝集素3（Gal-3）、β2微球蛋白（β2-MG）、可溶性ST2（sST2）水平均明显降低（P<0.05）,且观察组Gal-3、β2-MG、sST2均低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 左西孟旦治疗扩张型心肌病可显著改善患者心功能,提高心肌收缩能力,抑制分泌Gal-3、β2-MG、sST2,提高疗效,安全可靠,值得推荐于扩张型心肌病患者的临床治疗。     

注射用益气复脉（冻干）治疗慢性心力衰竭伴低血压的临床研究

目的 探究注射用益气复脉（冻干）治疗慢性心力衰竭伴低血压的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性选取2019年7月—2021年3月于泰山医学院鲁西医院住院治疗的80例慢性心力衰竭伴低血压患者为研究对象,按照患者治疗方法不同分为对照组和观察组,每组各40例,对照组针对原发性疾病进行常规治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上给予注射用益气复脉（冻干）治疗,5.2 g加入5%葡萄糖注射液或0.9%氯化钠注射液500 mL中静脉滴注,1次/d,连续治疗14 d。观察两组患者的临床疗效,同时比较两组患者治疗前后心功能指标和血压变化情况。结果 治疗后,观察组总有效率为95%,显著高于对照组的80%,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后两组左心室射血分数（LVEF）、舒张压和收缩压均升高,N端脑钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）降低,两组间治疗后对比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 注射用益气复脉（冻干）治疗慢性心力衰竭伴低血压效果理想,患者血压水平升高,心功能改善。     

左西孟旦联合美托洛尔对老年慢性心力衰竭患者心功能、N端脑钠肽前体和心室重构的影响

目的 研究左西孟旦联合美托洛尔对老年慢性心力衰竭患者心功能、N端脑钠肽前体水平和心室重构的影响。方法 选取2015年1月-2017年12月新疆兵团第一师医院诊治的老年慢性心力衰竭患者81例,按治疗方法分为对照组41例、观察组40例。对照组口服美托洛尔片治疗,观察组联合给予左西孟旦注射液治疗。比较两组的治疗有效率,心功能指标以及N端脑钠肽前体水平。结果 观察组老年慢性心力衰竭患者的总有效率为92.50%,明显高于对照组的75.61%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后两组患者的左心室射血分数、左心室舒张末期内径、左心室后壁厚度均显著改善,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且观察组更明显,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组治疗后的N端脑钠肽前体水平均明显降低,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且观察组更为明显,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 左西孟旦联合美托洛尔可以有效改善老年慢性心力衰竭患者的心功能,降低N端脑钠肽前体水平,抑制心室重构,且具有较高的安全性。     

Pharmacokinetics of Pyrazinamide under Fasting Conditions,with Food,and with Antacids

Study Objectives . To determine intrasubject and intersubject variability in, and the effects of food and antacids on, the pharmacokinetics of pyrazinamide (PZA). Design . Randomized, four-period, crossover phase I study. Subjects . Fourteen healthy men and women volunteers. Interventions . Subjects ingested single doses of PZA 30 mg/kg under fasting conditions twice, without a high-fat meal and with an aluminum-magnesium antacid. They also received standard dosages of isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol. Measurements and Main Results . Serum was collected for 48 hours and assayed by gas chromatography with mass selective detector. Data were analyzed by noncompartmental methods and a compartmental analysis using nonparametric expectation maximization. Both fasting conditions produced similar results: mean PZA C_max 53.4 ± 10.4 μg/ml, T_max 1.43 ± 1.06 hours, and AUC_0-∞, 673 ± 79.7 μg·hr/ml. Fasting results are similar to those in previous reports. In the presence of antacids, subjects had a mean C_max of 55.6 ± 9.0 μg/ml, T_max of 1.43 ± 1.23 hours, and AUC_0-∞ of 628 ± 88.4 μg·hr/ml. In the presence of the high-fat meal, mean C_max was 45.6 ± 9.44 μg/ml, T_max 3.09 ± 1.74 hours, and AUC_0-∞ 687 ± 116 μg·hr/ml. Conclusions . These small changes in C_max. T_max, and AUC_0-∞. can be avoided by giving PZA on an empty stomach whenever possible. Conclusion : Serum concentrations in this study were consistent with those described previously. In addition, PZA's kinetic behavior was consistent between fasting treatments. Antacids and food had minimal effects on the agent's absorption. Samples drawn between 0.5 and 3 hours after dosing approached C_max for most subjects, with 1 hour being closest. Samples drawn as early as day 2 of daily PZA therapy will produce serum concentrations that approach steady-state values.     

A cytochemical study of the livers of rats treated with diethylnitrosamine/phenobarbital, with benzidine/phenobarbital, with phenobarbital, or with clofibrate

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with clofibrate (CLOF) in the diet for 2 years or with 4 i.p. injections of either diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or benzidine (BZ) followed by phenobarbital (PB) in the diet for 67 weeks, or just with PB for 41 weeks. Animals were killed at frequent intervals, some while still on treatment and others after 3 or 6 months withdrawal of treatment. The livers were subjected to cytochemical measurements of the parenchyma, foci, nodules and carcinomas. The parenchyma of the CLOF groups showed, in general, increases in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PD), alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD), 5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nu), acid phosphatase (AP) and catalase and decreases in uricase and glutathione (GSH). CLOF induced a low incidence of GSH positive foci; nodules showed universally lower levels of catalase and GSH. In the DEN/PB and BZ/PB groups the parenchyma showed increases (even before PB treatment started) in G-6PD and in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) and decreases in GSH. DEN raised and BZ lowered 5'-Nu. Neither initiator affected alpha-GPD. Both initiators caused a high incidence of foci positive for G-6PD and for gamma-GT; nodules induced by DEN/PB were mainly positive for gamma-GT and showed an erratic response to the other parameters. Carcinomas, found only after DEN/PB, were all positive for G-6PD and, with one exception, all were negative for alpha-GPD, 5'-Nu, AP and GSH. All changes regressed within 3 months of withdrawal of CLOF but not after withdrawal of PB from DEN-initiated animals. In conclusion G-6PD, alpha-GPD and 5'-Nu may be useful histocytochemical parameters for studying the precarcinogenic hepatic changes and nodules induced by peroxisome proliferators and by genotoxic hepatocarcinogens.     

Etomidate-anaesthesia, with and without fentanyl, compared with urethane-anaesthesia in the rat

In spontaneously breathing rats, continuous infusion of etomidate with and without fentanyl caused a slight decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. Coadministration of fentanyl and etomidate in order to obtain full anaesthesia and analgesia resulted in respiratory depression. In artificially ventilated rats both etomidate as well as the anaesthetic combination caused a strong reduction in aortic flow and an increase in total peripheral resistance. A single infusion of etomidate did not change blood pressure. Etomidate combined with fentanyl reduced blood pressure. Under adjusted ventilation blood pressure, aortic flow, max(dF/dt) and heart rate were progressively reduced during a 4 h period. In contrast, urethane anaesthesia reduced aortic flow to a minor extent. Total peripheral resistance and max(dF/dt) were hardly affected. The slightly reduced blood pressure and blood gas variables remained stable during the experiment. From pharmacokinetic studies it was established that effective etomidate plasma levels were maintained constant during the experimental period. Pharmacokinetic interaction between etomidate and fentanyl did not occur. It is concluded that for anaesthesia of longer duration during cardiovascular experiments in rats, urethane is preferable to etomidate/fentanyl because it does not cause serious changes in basal haemodynamic variables.     

Ecotoxicology, ecophysiology, and mechanistic studies with rotifers

Invertebrates play an increasing role in assessing the impacts of environmental contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. Substantial efforts were made to identify suitable and environmentally relevant models for toxicity testing. Rotifers have a number of promising characteristics which make them candidates worth considering in such efforts. They are small, simple in their organization, genetically homozygous, easy to cultivate. Rotifers are further widely distributed and ecologically important in freshwaters, in estuaries and coast, and also play an important role in the transportation of aquatic pollutants across the food web. In the last decades there has been a substantial increase of contributions on rotifers, particularly in areas of their ecology, geophylogeny, genomics and their behavioral, physiological, biochemical and molecular responses, following exposure to environmental chemicals and other stressors. Gene expression analysis enables ecotoxicologists to study molecular mechanisms of toxicity. Rotifers also appear as useful tools in the risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites that find their way into aquatic ecosystems because their sensitivity to some of these substances is higher than that of cladocerans and algae. In respect to endocrine disruptors, rotifers seem to be particularly sensitive to androgenic and anti-androgenic substances, whereas copepods and cladocerans are typically more affected by estrogens and juvenile hormone-like compounds. Generally, a combination of whole-animal bioassays and gene expression studies allow an understanding of toxicological mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to demarcate the potential of using rotifers as important invertebrate aquatic model organisms for ecophysiology, ecotoxicology and environmental genomics. This review does not claim to find reasons for a superior use of rotifers in these fields. But the different phylogenetic allocation of rotifers in the Platyzoa (formerly Nemathelminthes) justifies its consideration since there are evolutionary differences in biochemical and genetic performances that need to be considered. Problems, controversials and needs for further studies are discussed. We are providing a literature survey here for the last 15 years that shows a steady increase of ecotoxicological research on rotifers.     

Interactions of alkylureas with l-valine,l-valyl-l-valine,l-leucine,and l-leucyl-l-leucine

The solubilities of l -valine, l -leucine, l -valyl-l -valine, and l -leucyl-l -leucine have been determined in methyl-, N,N′-dimethyl-, and ethylurea solutions. Gibbs free energies of transfer of both amino acids and dipeptides as well as the peptide unit from water to alkylurea solutions have been ascertained. Enthalpies of transfer for the same compounds and the peptide unit have been determined from calorimetric measurements. The additivity principle for the contribution of the peptide unit and the side chains is obeyed neither for Gibbs free energy nor for the enthalpy of transfer. The most characteristic feature of Gibbs free energy data are the negative values for the transfer of the peptide unit to urea solutions and the positive values for the transfer to alkylurea solutions. Moreover, Gibbs free energy of transfer of the l -valyl and l -leucyl side chains is negative in alkylurea and urea solutions. The enthalpy of transfer values for urea solutions are generally negative, whereas the values for alkylurea solutions are positive. The enthalpy values for the l -valyl and l -leucyl side chains are positive as well. However, the enthalpy values for the peptide unit are all negative.     

Characteristics of patients with bulimia only, bulimia with affective disorder, and bulimia with substance abuse problems

Characteristics of patients with a diagnosis of bulimia only (N = 46), bulimia with a history of affective disorder (N = 34), and bulimia with a history of substance abuse (N = 34) were compared. Results showed that compared to patients with bulimia only or with bulimia and affective disorders, patients with bulimia and substance abuse experienced a higher rate of diuretic use to control weight, financial and work problems, stealing before and after the onset of the eating disorder, previous psychiatric inpatient treatment, and greater amount of alcohol use after the onset of the eating disorder. Both the substance abuse group and affective disorder group showed a higher incidence of attempted suicide, more social problems, and greater overall treatment rate than the bulimia only group. There were no significant differences among groups in their family histories.     

Dechlorination with sodium thiosulfate affects the toxicity of wastewater contaminated with copper, cadmium, nickel, or zinc

Sodium thiosulfate is recommended by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for dechlorination of the effluent samples containing residual chlorines before the toxicity testing. For samples contaminated with residual chlorine and metals, e.g., Cd(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II); however, metal toxicity as measured with Daphnia magna was reduced even at approximately half the recommended amount of sodium thiosulfate. Formation of metal-thiosulfate complexes that are less bioavailable may explain the apparent reduction of metal toxicity. In contrast, for samples spiked with Zn(II), dechlorination with sodium thiosulfate increased toxicity. The use of sodium thiosulfate for dechlorination should be cautioned when the sample under the bioassay is potentially contaminated with metals.