不同手术方式对门静脉高压症病人肝功能性血流量的影响

目的　探讨TIPS、断流术、断流加分流术对肝功能性血流量的影响。方法　本组肝硬化门静脉高压症病人 37例 ,行TIPS治疗 8例、断流术 10例、TIPS +门奇静脉断流术 10例、门奇断流+脾肾分流术 9例。采用超声多普勒、D 山梨醇 (SOD)清除率和直接门静脉测压检测手术前后肝总血流量、肝功能性血流量和门静脉压。结果　术前病人门静脉、肝动脉和肝总血流量显著增加 ,肝功能性血流量显著下降 ,ChildC级病人下降更为显著。TIPS、TIPS +断流术和断流 +脾肾分流术后门静脉压力和肝功能性血流量均明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 )。其中 ,TIPS术后肝功能性血流量下降显著大于TIPS +断流术和断流 +脾肾分流术。断流术病人门静脉压和肝功能性血流量无明显变化。结论　肝功能性血流是评估肝脏储备功能的重要指标 ,分流术在降低门静脉压力同时减少肝功能性血流量。     

Transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic shunt vs surgical shunt in good-risk cirrhotic patients: a case-control comparison

HYPOTHESIS: In good-risk patients with variceal bleeding undergoing portal decompression, surgical shunt is more effective, more durable, and less costly than angiographic shunt (transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic shunt [TIPS]). DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. SETTING: Academic referral center for liver disease. PATIENTS: Patients with Child-Pugh class A or B cirrhosis with at least 1 prior episode of bleeding from portal hypertension (gastroesophageal varices, portal hypertensive gastropathy). INTERVENTION: Portal decompression by angiographic (TIPS) or surgical (portacaval, distal splenorenal) shunt. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Thirty-day and long-term mortality, postintervention diagnostic procedures (endoscopic, ultrasonographic, and angiographic studies), hospital readmissions, variceal rebleeding episodes, blood transfusions, shunt revisions, and hospital and professional charges. RESULTS: Patients with Child-Pugh class A or B cirrhosis undergoing TIPS (n = 20) or surgical shunt (n = 20) were followed up for 385 and 456 patient-months, respectively. Thirty-day mortality was greater following TIPS compared with surgical shunt (20% vs 0%; P =.20); long-term mortality did not differ. Significantly more rebleeding episodes (P<.001); rehospitalizations (P<.05); diagnostic studies of all types (P<.001); shunt revisions (P<.001); and hospital (P<.005), professional (P<.05), and total (P<. 005) charges occurred following TIPS compared with surgical shunt. CONCLUSIONS: Operative portal decompression is more effective, more durable, and less costly than TIPS in Child-Pugh class A and B cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding. Good-risk patients with portal hypertensive bleeding should be referred for surgical shunt.     

Differential effects on portal and effective hepatic blood flow. A comparison between transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic shunt and small-diameter H-graft portacaval shunt.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine the effects of transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic shunt (TIPS) and small-diameter prosthetic H-graft portacaval shunt (HGPCS) on portal and effective hepatic blood flow. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Mortality after TIPS is higher than after HGPCS for bleeding varices. This higher mortality is because of hepatic failure, possibly a result of excessive diminution of hepatic blood flow. METHODS: Forty patients randomized prospectively to undergo TIPS or HGPCS had effective hepatic blood flow determined 1 day preshunt and 5 days postshunt using low-dose galactose clearance. Portal blood flow was determined using color-flow Doppler ultrasound. RESULTS: Treatment groups were similar in age, gender, and Child's class. Each procedure significantly reduced portal pressures and portasystemic pressure gradients. Portal flow after TIPS increased (21 mL/second +/- 11.9 to 31 mL/second +/- 16.9, p < 0.05), whereas it remained unchanged after HGPCS (26 mL/second +/- 27.7 to 14 mL/second +/- 41.1, p = n.s.). Effective hepatic blood flow was diminished significantly after TIPS (1684 mL/minute +/- 2161 to 676 mL/minute +/- 451, p < 0.05) and was unaffected by HGPCS (1901 mL/ minute +/- 1818 to 1662 mL/minute +/- 1035, p = n.s.). CONCLUSIONS: Both TIPS and HGPCS achieved significant reductions in portal vein pressure gradients. Portal flow increased after TIPS, although most portal flow was diverted through the shunt. Effective hepatic flow is reduced significantly after TIPS but well preserved after HGPCS. Hepatic decompensation and mortality after TIPS may be because, at least in part, of reductions in nutrient hepatic flow.     

Combined TIPS with portal-azygous disconnection improved the long term clinical outcome in portal hypertension patients

Objective  

The results of TIPS and the combined TIPS and portal-azygous disconnection for portal hypertension and variceal bleeding were evaluated.     

Neoadjuvant transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: a solution for extrahepatic abdominal operation in cirrhotic patients with severe portal hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Major abdominal surgery, although technically feasible per se, can be contraindicated in some cirrhotic patients because of severe portal hypertension. The present study reports our experience of seven such patients who were prepared for major abdominal surgery by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). STUDY DESIGN: There were seven cirrhotic patients (six men and one woman aged 47 to 69 years) with portal hypertension. Portal hypertension was considered severe because of the presence of at least one of the following: history of variceal bleeding (five of seven patients), varices at risk of bleeding (red signs or cardial location of varices; four of seven patients), or intractable ascites (three of seven patients). The planned operations included colon, gastroesophageal, kidney, and aortic procedures in three, two, one, and one patient, respectively. Because portal hypertension was the leading cause of surgical contraindication, the following "two-step strategy" was applied to the seven patients: first, TIPS to control portal hypertension, followed, after a delay of at least 1 month, by abdominal surgery. RESULTS: The TIPS procedure was successfully performed in all patients without complications. The hepatic venous pressure gradient decreased from 18+/-5 to 9+/-5 mm Hg (p<0.01). All patients were operated on with a delay ranging from 1 month to 5 months after TIPS (2.9+/-1.3 months; median 3 months). The planned operation was performed in six of the seven patients. One patient with cancer of the cardia did not have resection because of extensive abdominal spreading of the tumor. Intraoperative transfusion was necessary in only two patients. Operative mortality occurred in one patient, 36 days after resection of a left colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The minimally invasive nature of TIPS allows us to propose the following two-step management of cirrhotic patients with severe portal hypertension needing abdominal surgery: decompression of the portal system by TIPS followed by elective surgery.     

Non-lethal Right Liver Atrophy After TIPS Occlusion in A Cirrhotic Patient: Introducing The Hepatic Biembolization

Background

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is the standard procedure in the treatment of refractory ascites and variceal bleeding in the setting of portal hypertension. Secondary obstruction of the shunt is a classic but potentially lethal complication.

Methods

We present here the case of a cirrhotic patient that underwent a TIPS for refractory ascites, with early complete thrombosis without lethal complication.

Results

Obstruction of the TIPS led to thrombosis of both the right hepatic and the right portal veins with progressive total atrophy of the right liver and marked hypertrophy of the left liver. Despite initial poor liver function, biological hepatic markers improved slowly until complete recovery.

Conclusion

Hence, we suggest the concept of combined right portal and hepatic vein embolization as a new procedure to induce partial liver hypertrophy before major liver resection, even in cirrhotic patients.

     

经TIPS途径造影观察肝硬化门静脉高压失代偿期患者门体静脉侧支血管

目的探讨经TIPS途径门静脉属支置管造影观察肝硬化门静脉高压失代偿期(DCPH)门体静脉间侧支血管(PSCV)的可行性及其造影表现。方法回顾性分析经临床确诊为DCPH并接受TIPS治疗的274例患者的资料。术中均经TIPS途径置管至肠系膜上静脉和脾静脉,行门静脉DSA造影。基于造影表现,对PSCV进行分类,并描述其特点。结果对274例患者均成功完成TIPS治疗及门静脉属支造影,根据PSCV在门静脉系统的起源部位,可将其分为4种类型:①门静脉分支型,占2.55%(7/274),为向肝血流且以分流为主;②门静脉主干型,占23.36%(64/274),为离肝血流且血流量较大;③门静脉属支型,占12.77%(35/274),为离肝血流且汇入体循环的途径较多;④混合型,占61.31%(168/274),为门静脉系多起源参与PSCV供血。结论经TIPS途径对DCPH患者进行门静脉属支置管DSA造影安全、可行,可显示PSCV的起源及其分型。各型PSCV具有不同的血流动力学特点。     

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: An update

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) have been used in the treatment of complications of portal hypertension. TIPS is used for the control of acute variceal bleeding and for the prevention of vericeal rebleeding when pharmacologic therapy and endoscopic therapy have failed. Patients with refractory ascites with adequate hepatic reserve and renal function who fail to respond to large volume paracentesis may be reasonable candidates for TIPS. Promising indications for TIPS are Budd-Chiari syndrome uncontrolled by medical therapy, severe portal hypertensive gastropathy, refractory hepatic hydrothorax, and hepatorenal syndrome. TIPS cannot be recommended for preoperative portal decompression solely to facilitate liver transplantation. Special care should be taken to insure proper placement of the stent to avoid increasing the technical difficulty of the transplantation procedure. The major limiting factors for TIPS success are shunt dysfunction and hepatic encephalopathy. Because shunt stenosis is the most important cause of recurrent complications of portal hypertension, a surveillance program to monitor shunt patency is mandatory. The MELD score may be useful in predicting post-TIPS survival, and also in counseling patients and their families. (Liver Transpl 2003;9:207-217.)     

高位肠-腔人工血管架桥术联合门奇断流术治疗门脉高压症疗效观察

目的探讨高位肠系膜上静脉-下腔静脉人工血管架桥术(简称高位肠-腔人工血管架桥术,HMCS)联合门奇断流术治疗门脉高压症的疗效。方法对2001—2011年收治的144例行高位肠-腔人工血管架桥术联合门奇断流术门脉高压症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果全组男89例,女55例;年龄19～55岁。肝炎后肝硬化119例,其他肝硬化25例。均有中-重度胃底食管静脉曲张。有1次以上出血史者128例。术前肝功能分级:Child A级86例,B级58例。均行HMCS+断流术。术后自由门静脉压力平均下降9 cmH2 O。白细胞及血小板计数均明显升高或恢复正常。术后并发症:切口感染4例,腹腔感染1例,发热12例,肝性脑病2例,人工血管内血栓形成1例,出现乳糜漏14例,以上并发症均通过非手术治疗治愈。1例死于肝肾综合征。随访106例患者6个月至10年,其中95人自觉比术前明显好转,无消化道再次出血、肝性脑病、腹水等症状,总有效率89.6%(95/106)。肝性脑病4例,人工血管内血栓形成3例,均通过非手术治疗治愈;上消化道出血复发4例,其中死亡3例,1例通过非手术方式止血治愈。结论高位肠-腔人工血管架桥术联合门奇断流术治疗门脉高压...     

采用裸支架联合覆膜支架建立经颈静脉肝内门体分流术的中远期疗效

目的探讨经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)中采用裸支架联合覆膜支架建立分流道的中远期疗效。方法回顾性分析我院连续71例采用裸支架+覆膜支架方式建立TIPS分流道的患者资料。术中均采用8mm直径支架建立分流道,首先置入相应长度裸支架,再于其内置入同等直径覆膜支架,覆膜支架长度小于裸支架2cm,使分流道远心端门静脉内2cm为裸区,近心端裸支架与覆膜支架平齐达下腔静脉开口部。分析术后分流道通畅率、肝性脑病发生率及生存率。结果对所有患者均成功建立肝内分流道。术前、术后门静脉压力分别为(3.67±0.82)kPa、(2.31±0.62)kPa(P0.01)。随访2~63个月,平均(25.83±11.34)个月;共置入裸支架76枚,覆膜支架73枚;术后1、2、3年的分流道通畅率为87%、72%、61%,肝性脑病发生率为16%、34%、46%,生存率为83%、74%、67%。结论采用裸支架联合覆膜支架方式建立TIPS分流道的中远期疗效与TIPS专用覆膜支架近似,可作为必要时的替代产品。     

可控弹簧圈限制TIPS分流道血流治疗难治性肝性脑病

目的 观察Interlock可控弹簧圈限制分流道血流对TIPS术后难治性肝性脑病的干预效果。方法 对5例TIPS术后难治性肝性脑病患者以Interlock可控弹簧圈限制分流道血流,观察治疗效果。结果 5例共用7枚可控弹簧圈,其中10 mm×25 cm 3枚,15 mm×25 cm 1枚,10 mm×40 cm 3枚。限流术后配合内科对症治疗,1例患者明显好转,未出现肝性脑病症状;2例限流后2个月内仍反复发生肝性脑病,予以再次弹簧圈限流后症状消失;2例限流术后半个月出现腹胀、腹腔积液等门静脉高压症状,选用8 mm×60 mm球囊扩张原支架分流道处弹簧圈,植入8 mm×60 mm镍钛合金裸支架,之后未再出现肝性脑病及门静脉高压症状。结论 以可控弹簧圈限制分流道血流治疗TIPS术后难治性肝性脑病（5例）安全可靠。     

Portal Vein Arterialization for Hepatic Artery Thrombosis in Liver Transplantation: A Case Report, Doppler-Ultrasound Aspects, and Review of the Literature

Portal vein arterialization (PVA) is a salvage procedure for insufficient hepatic arterial or portal vascularization. It plays a role in auxiliary and orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). In OLT, current indications for PVA include hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT), pre-OLT or post-OLT extended splanchnic vein thrombosis, intraoperative low portal flow, and anatomic variations like the absence of portal and mesenteric veins. Out of the transplantation domain, PVA is used both in extensive surgery for malignancies of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas and in the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) due to intoxications. We describe a case of acute post-OLT HAT successfully treated with PVA as a short bridge to retransplantation. By Doppler ultrasound of clinical PVA we detected an increased intrahepatic portal flow velocity, with disappearance of the arterial spikes, a finding that needs further investigation. PVA represents a rare surgical procedure. In fact, it has been used most of all in urgent conditions or in case of abrupt vascular complications during surgery. According to the literature, PVA emerges as a salvage procedure for poor arterial or portal hepatic flow, both in OLT and in general abdominal surgery. The outcome of this procedure is unpredictable. The aim of the shunt is to gain time, awaiting the onset of collateral arterial vessels or the performance of definitive surgery. Its early thrombosis may be a catastrophic event, due to acute liver ischemia. In contrast, a late occlusion is often well tolerated. Strict surveillance is always useful because sometimes it is mandatory to embolize the arterioportal fistula to treat or to prevent the onset of portal hypertension.     

改良经颈静脉肝内门-体分流术治疗症状性慢性门静脉血栓

目的探讨超声引导经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影辅助经颈静脉门-体分流术(TIPS)治疗症状性慢性门静脉血栓的临床疗效。方法选取14例症状性慢性门静脉血栓患者,术前进行腹部增强CT或MRI评估门静脉血栓,采用改良TIPS术并置入溶栓管溶栓。结果改良TIPS成功率100%,患者腹痛腹胀症状均有明显缓解,门静脉血流再通,部分血栓完全消失。门静脉压力由术前(30.36±1.78)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)下降至术后(19.00±3.55)mmHg,差异有统计学意义(t=17.85,P0.05);门静脉内径由术前(16.07±2.06)mm恢复至术后(13.36±2.24)mm,差异有统计学意义(t=3.34,P0.05)。结论改良TIPS术治疗慢性门静脉广泛血栓安全、可行。     

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt vs. small-diameter prosthetic H-graft portacaval shunt: Extended follow-up of an expanded randomized prospective trial

We report herein the results of extended follow-up of an expanded randomized clinical trial comparing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) to 8 mm prosthetic H-graft portacaval shunt as definitive treatment for variceal bleeding due to portal hypertension. Beginning in 1993, through this trial, both shunts were undertaken as definitive therapy, never as a “bridge to transplantation.” All patients had bleeding esophageal/gastric varices and failed or could not undergo sclerotherapy/banding. Patients were excluded from randomization if the portal vein was occluded or if survival was hopeless. Failure of shunting was defined as inability to shunt, irreversible shunt occlusion, major variceal rehemorrhage, hepatic transplantation, or death. Median follow-up after each shunt was 4 years; minimum follow-up was 1 year. Patients undergoing placement of either shunt were very similar in terms of age, sex, cause of cirrhosis, Child’s class, and circumstances of shunting. Both shunts provided partial portal decompression, although the portal vein-inferior vena cava pressure gradient was lower after H-graft portacaval shunt (P<0.01). TIPS could not be placed in two patients. Shunt stenosis/occlusion was more frequent after TIPS. After TIPS, 42 patients failed (64%), whereas after H-graft portacaval shunt 23 failed (35%) (P <0.01). Major variceal rehemorrhage, hepatic transplantation, and late death were significantly more frequent after TIPS (P <0.01). Both TIPS and H-graft portacaval shunt achieve partial portal decompression. TIPS requires more interventions and leads to more major rehemorrhage, irreversible occlusion, transplantation, and death. Despite vigilance in monitoring shunt patency, TIPS provides less optimal outcomes than H-graft portacaval shunt for patients with portal hypertension and variceal bleeding. Presented at the Forty-First Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, San Diego, Calif., May 21–24, 2000.     

采用Viatorr覆膜支架行经颈静脉肝内门体分流术

目的评价采用Viatorr覆膜支架行经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)治疗门静脉高压并发症的疗效与安全性。方法回顾性分析8例接受Viatorr覆膜支架TIPS治疗的肝硬化门静脉高压症患者的资料。术后进行随访,复查上腹部CT,以评价TIPS疗效。结果对8例患者均成功手术,均采用直径8mm、覆膜段长度50~80mm的Viatorr覆膜支架建立肝内分流道。对其中1例合并门静脉海绵样变的患者于门静脉端置入8mm×40mm的E-Luminexx裸支架1枚;1例患者因肝静脉端狭窄于肝静脉端置入8mm×40mm的Fluency覆膜支架1枚。术后患者门静脉压力由术前的[33.08(29.32,40.22)]mmHg降为[23.31(21.43,26.51)]mmHg,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.52,P=0.012)。术后随访1.1~7.7个月,所有患者均存活,均未再发生门静脉高压相关并发症。术后2例患者发生肝性脑病。术后1~7.7个月复查示所有患者TIPS分流道通畅。结论对国内肝硬化门静脉高压症患者应用Viatorr支架行TIPS治疗安全、有效。     

选择性贲门周围血管离断术对治疗门静脉高压症的临床价值评估

目的　探讨选择性贲门周围血管离断术对门静脉高压症治疗的价值。方法　自2002 年1月～2004年3月,我院用选择性贲门周围血管离断术共治疗门静脉高压症47例,以104例经典 的贲门周围血管离断术作为对照组。测量病人手术前、切脾后、手术后自由门静脉压力,入院时、手术 后2周的门静脉血流量,观察术后复发出血、肝性脑病、门静脉高压性胃病发生率,腹水、食管胃底静 脉曲张改善程度以及成活情况。结果　选择性贲门周围血管离断术后病人复发性出血、门静脉高压 性胃病发生率明显减低(P<0.05),腹水、食管胃底曲张程度改善(P<0.05),自由门静脉压和门静脉 血流量明显下降(P<0.01),但不增加肝性脑病发生率(P>0.05)。结论　选择性贲门周围血管离断 术保留了机体自发性的分流,兼有分流术和断流术的优点,是一种较合理的手术方式。     

Distal spleno-renal shunt for portal decompression in childhood.

Successful portal decompression presents a unique challenge in children. The meso-caval shunt, utilizing the large caliber iliac vein in constructing the anastomosis, has been accepted as the standard operative procedure for treating these patients. Technical and anatomic difficulties, however, often prevent the successful performance of this shunt. The proximal spleno-renal shunt, advocated by many as an alternative in children, incurs the penalty of splenectomy. Furthermore, in both techniques, portal venous blood is preferentially shunted from the liver, posing a potential for subsequent development of hepatic encephalopathy as the patients mature. The distal spleno-renal shunt avoids these problems by selectively decompressing the esophageal venous plexus through the spleen. With this procedure, the majority of portal venous blood flow is maintained and the spleen is preserved. The present report describes three children in whom the distal spleno-renal shunt has been successfully employed for portal decompression. The youngest of these patients was 2 1/2 yr of age at the time of operation and has a patent portal-systemic shunt 18 mo postoperatively. This experience confirms the effectiveness of the distal spleno-renal shunt as an alternative to the meso-caval shunt, especially in children with inflammatory involvement of the superior mesenteric vein.     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术治疗门静脉海绵样变并发门静脉高压

目的探讨经颈静脉肝内门腔静脉分流术治疗合并门静脉海绵样变的门静脉高压症的疗效。方法 8例反复上消化道出血患者(均有肝硬化、门静脉高压)术前均经B超及CT等影像学证实伴有门静脉海绵样变,门静脉主干及左右支有完全或部分闭塞,对其行TIPS治疗,并评价疗效。结果对7例患者均成功施行TIPS术,1例失败,6例为先经皮穿刺右肝门静脉分支,建立经门静脉右支至主干通道,并行球囊扩张成形治疗。其中4例经常规TIPS途径由肝右静脉穿刺门静脉右支建立门腔静脉分流道,2例由门静脉右支穿刺右肝静脉建立门腔静脉分流道。1例穿刺门静脉右支失败,改由常规TIPS途径穿刺门静脉左支建立门腔静脉分流道。门静脉压力由术前的(33.72±8.35)mmHg降低至术后的(21.43±7.64)mmHg;1例在术后6个月发现分流道狭窄,再次植入支架后恢复通畅。1例术后5个月再发黑便,复查提示分流道堵塞,并门静脉广泛血栓形成,放弃进一步治疗。另5例在12个月随访中分流道通畅,未再发消化道出血。结论 TIPS是治疗伴门静脉海绵样变的门静脉高压症的安全、有效的方法。     

采用Viatorr支架行TIPS治疗门静脉高压症疗效

目的分析Viatorr支架用于TIPS治疗门静脉高压的临床疗效。方法收集使用Viatorr支架行TIPS治疗的34例门静脉高压患者,分析术后门静脉压力下降情况、肝性脑病发病率及分流道通畅率。结果采用Viatorr支架行TIPS技术成功率100%;术前、术后门静脉压力分别为(40.00±3.85)cmH_2O和(23.60±2.87)cmH_2O。术后随访1～14个月,分流道通畅率100%(34/34),肝性脑病发病率5.88%(2/34)。结论使用Viatorr支架行TIPS治疗门静脉高压手术操作成功率高,分流道通畅率高,术后肝性脑病发生率低。