脾切除术后血小板变化及处理

目的探讨脾切除术后血小板计数的变化及处理措施。方法选择晚期血吸虫病巨脾型285例,肝炎后肝硬化致门脉高压综合征120例,原发性血小板减少性紫癜5例,胃癌5例,外伤性脾破裂35例。脾切除术前查血小板,术后3天,连续查血小板,然后根据情况定期复查。术后血小板上升至400×109/L者,使用抗血小板药物,单独或联合应用。结果发现所有病例术后均有不同程度的血小板计数升高,以晚期血吸虫病巨脾型合并脾功能亢进者最为明显,大多数能在术后2周左右自行降至(100~300)×109/L,部分患者需使用抗血小板药物治疗方可恢复,无一例血管栓塞并发症发生。结论血小板计数应作为脾切除术后常规监测指标之一。     

联合应用治疗性白细胞及血小板单采术治疗慢性粒细胞白血病的临床研究

目的 探讨对白细胞、血小板两系均异常增高的慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)患者联合应用治疗性白细胞、血小板单采术的可行性及方法 .方法使用CS 3000 plus血细胞分离机对10例CML患者用单套耗材进行白细胞及血小板单采,先进行一系细胞的单采,中途腾空产品袋,更换程序及更换相应的分离夹.治疗后查血常规,观察治疗前后白细胞、血小板变化情况及临床症状缓解情况.结果 用此法单次治疗,白细胞计数下降(55.2±21.2)%;血小板计数下降(47.8±10.2)%;临床症状、体征改善.结论 利用单套耗材联合应用治疗性白细胞及血小板单采术可同时安全、有效地清除白细胞及血小板,是治疗白细胞、血小板同时异常增高CML患者有效的综合治疗方法之一.     

122例特发性血小板减少性紫癜血小板输注疗效观察

目的:探讨特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)患者临床血小板输注的指征.方法:比较122例ITP患者输注血小板和未输注血小板的临床转归;比较血小板输注前及输注24 h后血小板计数.参照PAIg,分析抗体与血小板输注疗效的相关性.结果:67例未输注血小板的患者中,有2例PLT＜10×109/L的患者发生严重出血危及生命,55例输注血小板的惠者,有17例(31%)PLT较输注前降低,其中7例输注后PLT＜10×109/L,未发生严重出血;ITP患者血小板输注无效率86%,PAIg升高患者血小板输注无效率升高,有统计学差异.结论:如无明显的出血症状,ITP血小板输注指征建议PLT＜10×109/L,应输注少白细胞同型单采血小板制荆.     

部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗脾功能亢进症临床观察

目的探讨部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗门脉高压合并脾功能亢进症患者的临床疗效。方法对21例门脉高压合并脾功能亢进症患者行部分脾动脉栓塞术,观察术前和术后血象变化情况。结果 21例行部分脾动脉栓塞术患者术前、术后7d、15d和3个月,白细胞计数分别为3.46±1.55×109/L、8.02±4.09×109/L、5.64±2.16×109/L和6.95±2.62×109/L,血小板计数分别为42.3±21.91×109/L、102.33±34.97×109/L、137.37±17.27×109/L和179.8±45.73×109/L,术后外周血白细胞和血小板计数与术前比较有明显升高（P〈0.05）,差异均有统计学意义;所有患者红细胞计数术后与术前比较,不具有统计学意义。结论对门脉高压症患者行部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗,血细胞计数有不同程度的升高,疗效满意。     

应用单套耗材同时施行治疗性白细胞及血小板单采术的临床研究

目的探讨应用单套耗材对白细胞、血小板两系均异常增高的慢性粒细胞白血病患者同时施行治疗性白细胞、血小板单采术的可行性。方法1997年12月至2006年11月在中山大学附属第一医院使用CS3000plus血细胞分离机对10例白细胞、血小板两系均异常增高的慢性粒细胞白血病患者用单套耗材同时进行治疗性白细胞及血小板单采,先进行一系细胞的单采,中途腾空产品袋,更换程序及相应的分离夹,再进行另一系细胞的单采。治疗后观察白细胞、血小板、红细胞、血红蛋白变化情况及临床症状与体征的改善情况。结果用此法单次治疗,白细胞下降(55.2±21.2)%,血小板下降(47.8±10.2)%,临床症状与体征均获缓解或改善,与单一的白细胞单采术及血小板单采术的单采效果比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论利用单套耗材同时施行治疗性白细胞及血小板单采术是安全、有效、可行的,可大幅度降低医疗费用,是治疗白细胞、血小板两系均异常增高的慢性粒细胞白血病患者经济、快速、有效的综合治疗方法之一。     

重组人血小板生成素治疗慢性难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜的多中心临床试验

目的 评价国产重组人血小板生成素(rhTPO)对慢性难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)的疗效和安全性。方法 慢性难治性ITP患者皮下注射rhTPO 1.0μg/kg,1次/d,疗程14 d。结果 82例患者用药前血小板计数中位数为15.5(6.0-24.0)×109/L,给药起(5、7、15)d时分别升至27.5(16.0～47.0)×109/L、35.0(20.5-78.0)×109/L和77.0(41.8-119.5)×109/L,与用药前相比(P值均<0.01)。停药后血小板计数逐渐回落,至给药起第28天,血小板计数中位数降至76.5(35～120.3)×109/L,但仍明显高于治疗前(P<0.01)。近期有效率85.3％,其中显效58.5％(血小板≥100×109/L,无出血症状),良效26.8％(血小板升至50×109/L或较原水平上升30×109/L以上,无或基本无出血症状)。仅3例出现轻微临床不良反应。16例中1例在给药起21 d和28 d的血清中检测出低滴度抗TPO抗体,但不具有中和活性。结论 rhTPO可一过性升高慢性难治性ITP患者的血小板计数,不良反应轻微。     

41例白血病患者预防性输注血小板临床观察

目的观察白血病患者预防性输注机采血小板的效果。方法 41例白血病患者,采用ABO同型输注机采血小板,且均在30 min内输注完毕。按照输血小板前血小板计数分为A组(血小板计数<10×109/L)、B组[血小板计数为(10~20)×109/L],对两组患者输注机采血小板的效果进行观察分析。结果 41例白血病患者共预防性输注机采血小板126例次,输注后有效率均达到80%。A、B组分别预防性输注66、60例次,输注前血小板计数分别为(6.29±2.02)×109/L、(13.07±2.95)×109/L,输注后血小板计数分别为(21.71±11.37)×109/L、(28.12±11.72)×109/L,输注后24 h血小板增加校正指数(CCI)分别为(12.54±8.94)×109/L、(13.38±10.16)×109/L,有效率分别为80.3%、80.0%,两组输注后24 h CCI及有效率比较差异无统计学意义。结论白血病患者预防性输注机采血小板可提高其血液中的血小板数量,能够有效预防出血;以10×109/L作为白血病患者预防性输注阈值安全有效。     

重组人白介素-11治疗化疗后血小板减少症的临床研究

目的 观察重组人白介素-11(rhIL-11)治疗恶性肿瘤化疗后血小板减少症的临床疗效及毒副反应.方法 62例第1个周期化疗后血小板≤50×109/L的患者,非随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组第2个周期化疗结束后24 h皮下注射rhIL-11,1.5 mg/次,1次/d,连续用药7～14 d,或血小板从最低点恢复至≥100×109/L停药;对照组第2个周期化疗结束后不接受rhIL-11.结果 治疗组化疗后血小板上升幅度明显高于对照组,分别为(72.73±0.34)×109/L和(13.69±6.52)×109/L,有显著性差异(P<0.05);治疗组需要输注单采血小板平均数为(0.29±0.58)单位,对照组需要输注单采血小板平均数为(0.81±1.37)单位,有显著性差异(P<0.01).主要不良反应:乏力、注射部位疼痛、恶心呕吐、肌肉关节疼痛、结膜充血、皮疹.结论 rhIL-11能治疗化疗引起的血小板降低,是一种有效、安全的治疗血小板减少的药物.     

血小板计数变化预示重型肝炎临床转归的意义

目的 探讨重型肝炎血小板计数变化对临床转归的意义.方法 回顾125例住院治疗的重型肝炎患者资料,分为好转存活和恶化死亡两组,分析比较两组病例在住院初期和末期的血小板计数变化情况.结果 住院初期和末期血小板计数低于100×109/L的患者比例,好转存活组分别为25.00％,恶化死亡组分别为52.38％和60.32％,两组同期相比均为P＜0.01;住院初期和末期的血小板计数均值,好转存活组分别为(156.25±90.04)×109/L和(184.63±112.05)×109/L,呈上升趋向,恶化死亡组分别为(108.40±58.76)×109/L和(86.22±48.57)× 109/L,呈下降趋向,两组同期相比均为P＜0.01.结论 重型肝炎临床转归与血小板计数变化关系密切,血小板计数下降预示病情恶化,而血小板计数上升则预示病情好转.     

羟基脲联合血小板去除术治疗老年原发性血小板增多症的临床疗效分析

目的观察羟基脲联合血小板去除术治疗老年原发性血小板增多症（ET）的临床疗效。方法根据有无临床症状,将28例老年ET患者分为有临床症状组及无临床症状组。所有患者均采用口服羟基脲（Hu）治疗,剂量为O．5～3g／d。对血小板计数〉1000×10^9／L者,确诊后即采用血小板去除术1～3次,并且于血小板去除术后开始接受羟基脲治疗。结果有临床症状组的患者发病时外周血血小板计数（1469．00±521．40）×10^9／L明显高于无临床症状组（892．00±302．10）×10^9／L（P〈0．01）。所有患者治疗前后血小板计数为（1023．00±606．30）VS（468．00±236．20）×10^9／L（P〈0．01）。所有患者接受治疗后CR16例（57．1％）,PR11例（39．3％）,NR1例（3．6％）。结论羟基脲联合血小板去除术治疗老年ET疗效明确,不良反应较少,耐受性良好。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.