经蝶窦切除垂体腺瘤术中前交通动脉瘤破裂

颅内动脉瘤和垂体腺瘤共存的情况不常见.经蝶窦切除垂体腺瘤前,有人推荐行双侧颈动脉造影以了解颈内动脉和垂体腺瘤间相互关系并确定是否存在血管异常和动脉瘤.已有一些报告术中颈内动脉瘤破裂和海绵窦大量出血以及随之发生颈内动脉——海绵窦瘘.本文报告1例垂体腺瘤和前交通动脉瘤共存,经蝶窦切除垂体瘤术中动脉瘤破裂.作者讨论了经蝶窦术中特别是当肿瘤向鞍上发展的情     

海绵窦内侧壁的显微解剖与扩大经蝶窦入路治疗侵袭海绵窦的垂体腺瘤（附103例分析）

目的研究海绵窦内侧壁结构的解剖特点，并探讨采用扩大经蝶窦入路治疗侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤的方法。方法在10具成人新鲜尸头上模拟扩大经蝶窦手术入路，观察海绵窦内侧壁结构的解剖特点。根据解剖学研究结果，指导临床采用扩大经蝶窦手术入路治疗侵袭海绵窦的垂体腺瘤103例。结果垂体侧方的海绵窦内侧壁薄弱，仅有一层疏松的纤维组织结构。颈内动脉是扩大经蝶窦入路海绵窦内所见的主要结构，可分为5段，有3个主要分支。颈内动脉海绵窦段主要的分支有脑膜垂体干、海绵窦下动脉和被囊动脉。向内侧走行的脑膜垂体干和被囊动脉是经蝶窦入路中较易损伤的血管。手术显微镜下全切除肿瘤62例（60．2％），次全切除38例（36．9％），大部切除3例（2．9％）；无手术死亡；手术并发症包括短暂性脑脊液鼻漏5例，暂时性脑神经功能损伤4例，垂体功能低下3例，颈内动脉损伤2例，永久性尿崩症1例。术后行放射治疗17例，γ刀治疗15例，药物治疗13例。随访3个月～8年，2例出现肿瘤复发而予以γ刀治疗。无再手术病例。结论扩大经蝶窦入路是切除侵袭海绵窦垂体腺瘤理想的入路；了解颈内动脉海绵窦段及其分支在解剖形态上的变化，对于减少术中出血，确保术中安全，具有重要意义。     

经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术并发颈内动脉损伤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术中和术后并发颈内动脉损伤的预防、诊断及治疗原则.方法 4例施行经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术的患者均并发颈内动脉损伤,其中颈内动脉破裂出血2例,颈内动脉假性动脉瘤1例,颈内动脉海绵窦瘘1例.结果 2例颈内动脉破裂出血患者,分别经颈内动脉球囊栓塞术和颈内动脉腔内覆膜支架植入术完全闭塞破裂口,手术后均未再出现新的神经功能障碍.其余2例患者也分别经颈内动脉腔内覆膜支架植入术和海绵窦瘘球囊栓塞术治愈.结论 经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术中并发的颈内动脉损伤是一严重的手术并发症,可通过手术前影像学检查、手术中准确定位加以预防;脑血管造影检查可及时显示颈内动脉损伤的类型和部位,并通过颈内动脉球囊栓塞术和腔内覆膜支架植入术进行治疗.     

经蝶入路垂体瘤切除术中的严重蛛网膜下腔出血

经蝶垂体瘤切除术的并发症已有许多报导。有关脑血管的并发症,多为颈内动脉,海绵窦的直接损伤而造成的颈内动脉海绵窦瘘和颈内动脉假性动脉瘤。作者报告一例经蝶入路垂体瘤切除术中造成的严重蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH),并对其原因进行了探讨。 患者男性,42岁,因头痛2年入院,仅有轻度的左眼轻度颞侧偏盲,余无其它的神经系统和内分泌检查异常。头颅X线片示蝶鞍扩大,蝶鞍断层示鞍     

头颈部少见类型动-静脉瘘的血管内栓塞治疗

目的探讨头颈部少见类型动-静脉瘘血管内栓塞治疗的方法及临床价值。方法创伤性伴有基底动脉动脉瘤的基底动脉-基底静脉丛瘘、原始三叉动脉动脉瘤破裂臻致三叉动脉-海绵窦瘘、自发性和创伤性颈外动脉-海绵窦瘘、创伤性颈内动脉-海绵窦瘘伴有椎动-静脉瘘及创伤性颈内动脉-海绵间窦瘘各1例，对此6例少见类型动-静脉瘘患分别采用机械解脱弹簧圈、电解脱弹簧圈以及可脱性球囊技术进行血管内栓塞治疗。结果创伤性伴有基底动脉动脉瘤的基底动脉-基底静脉丛瘘和创伤性颈内动脉-海绵窦瘘伴有椎动-静脉瘘患分两次伶塞，而原始三叉动脉动脉瘤破裂致三叉动脉-海绵窦瘘、自发性和刨伤性颈外动脉-海绵窦瘘、刨伤性颈内动脉-海绵间窦瘘患均一次完成栓塞治疗。手术后临床症状和体征完全消失。无并发症发生。结论血管内栓塞是治疗头颈部少见类型动-静脉瘘的最佳方法，其操作简单．安全可靠，疗效好，并发症发生率低。应作为首选。     

STA-MCA 吻合术与孤立术用于颅内动脉瘤及颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的治疗

报道 STA-MCA 吻合术与孤立术治疗3例颅内动脉瘤、1例颈内动脉海绵窦瘘取得一定疗效。此手术适用于无法夹闭或夹闭失败的大脑中动脉瘤、颈内动脉瘤及颈内动脉海绵窦瘘,但术后的近期内还不能完全免除脑缺血并发症的发生。     

海绵窦解剖学新概念

目的探讨海绵窦区解剖学新概念,为海绵窦区手术提供详实的解剖学依据。方法利用手术显微镜对经福尔马林固定、彩色乳胶灌注的国人成年尸颅21例进行手术观察、测量海绵窦区的硬膜关系、神经与血管走行及相邻结构的关系;利用组织化学技术对硬膜、神经及血管之间的关系进行组织学观察。结果中颅窝鞍旁两层硬膜形成一个腔,即鞍旁硬膜间腔;在鞍旁硬膜间腔内,硬脑膜结缔组织包裹动眼神经、滑车神经、外展神经、Meckel腔、三叉神经节及其三个分支组成一纵行板层样结构,我们称之为神经隔。颈内动脉及颅内、外静脉亦穿行于鞍旁硬膜间腔内;神经隔将海绵窦区分隔成硬膜间隙区、血液间隙区及床突间隙区。结论通过对海绵窦区显微外科解剖学研究,提出了该区构筑学新概念,为颅底手术经硬膜间隙侧壁入路提供了外科解剖学依据。     

垂体腺瘤经蝶术后并发蛛网膜下腔出血的临床分析 （附6例报道）

目的 探讨垂体腺瘤经蝶术后并发蛛网膜下腔出血的原因、防治方法及预后。方法 回顾性分析6例垂体腺瘤经蝶术后并发蛛网膜下腔出血的临床资料。结果 6例术后CT均发现蛛网膜下腔出血,其中5例DSA排除颅内血管性疾病,经保守治疗后均好转出院;1例经DSA证实颈内动脉海绵窦段破裂并予以球囊栓塞。结论 脑脊液漏后瘤腔血液渗入及肿瘤快速减压后颈内动脉分支的撕裂是导致垂体腺瘤经蝶术后蛛网膜下腔出血的可能原因;术中精确定位,轻柔操作,肿瘤缓慢减压,避免漏斗部蛛网膜的损伤可起到一定的预防作用。     

垂体窝的显微解剖

本文在手术显微镜下观察和测量20例成人尸体垂体窝的标本。鞍隔厚度平均为0.2mm。垂体腺平均长度10.8mm,宽度14.5mm,高度5.1mm。两侧海绵窦间距平均为12.6mm。其中18例存在前海绵间窦,9例存在下海绵间窦。垂体硬膜囊的动脉呈放射状,走向鞍底中心;静脉不与动脉伴行。19例鞍底骨质厚度不足1mm。本文对经蝶窦入路和解剖变异进行了联系和讨论。     

颅内外搭桥治疗海绵窦段动脉瘤

目的 结合文献对海绵窦段颈内动脉瘤的手术方式、手术指证及影响疗效的因素进行分析.方法 13例海绵窦段动脉瘤患者,其中大型、巨型动脉瘤12例,中型1例.13例均行颅内外高流量搭桥及动脉瘤孤立术.结果 术后检查搭桥血管12例通畅,1例闭塞.8例术后无神经功能障碍加重.5例术后出现严重并发症,其中2例恢复到GOS评分4分,3例3分.动脉瘤均不显影,CT上可见血栓形成.结论 颅内外搭桥辅助下颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤孤立术是治疗颅内巨大动脉瘤的较好方法.     

颈内动脉颅内段创伤性假性动脉瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨颈内动脉颅内段创伤性假性动脉瘤的诊断与治疗。方法17例鼻腔大出血患者，男11例，女6例；平均年龄39岁。其中10例为颅脑创伤后6d-3个月突发鼻腔大出血；余7例均为经鼻-蝶窦入路手术后鼻腔大出血，6例发生于经鼻-蝶窦入路垂体瘤切除手术后1周左右，1例出现于脑脊液鼻漏修补手术后3d。17例均经股动脉穿刺置管行双侧选择性颈内和颈外动脉血管造影诊断为颈内动脉颅内段创伤性假性动脉瘤。其中14例经8F导引管置入Magic-BD导管，采用可脱式球囊闭塞颈内动脉破口及颈内动脉，或经5F造影导管送入金属弹簧圈闭塞同侧颈内动脉。1例脑脊液鼻漏患者，应用可脱性弹簧圈直接栓塞动脉瘤。余2例全脑血管造影检查显示健侧颈内动脉完全闭塞，大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉供血区由患侧颈内动脉供血代偿，而椎-基底动脉系供血不能代偿。全身麻醉经翼点入路于显微镜下行颈内动脉假性动脉瘤切除及颈内动脉破口修补手术。结果15例行血管内栓塞治疗者，均一次性闭塞颈内动脉破口及颈内动脉，全脑血管造影显示动脉瘤消失，双侧大脑半球供血代偿良好。2例经显微外科手术切除动脉瘤并修补颈内动脉者，手术后1周全脑血管造影可见颈内动脉假性动脉瘤消失，患侧颈内动脉通畅良好。6个月随访期间，均未再发生鼻腔大出血，无一例出现永久性并发症。结论全脑血管造影检查是诊断颈内动脉颅内段创伤性假性动脉瘤出血的首选方法。血管内治疗技术可直接栓塞动脉瘤或闭塞载瘤动脉，达到止血目的，是一种较为理想的治疗方法。对于对侧颈内动脉已经完全闭塞，椎-基底动脉代偿不完全者，应选择显微外科手术修补颈内动脉。     

经鼻蝶窦手术入路相关的血管显微解剖学研究

目的研究经鼻蝶窦手术入路相关血管的显微下解剖特点。方法10具动静脉灌注染料的成人新鲜尸头上,5具行正中矢状位切开,5具模拟经鼻蝶窦手术入路,分别在显微镜下观察手术路径上血管的走行特点,与垂体和周围重要组织结构的相互关系,测量相互之间的距离。结果鼻中隔后动脉上支至蝶窦开口下极的距离为（3.91±0.82）mm（2.85～5.15）mm,鼻中隔后动脉下支至蝶窦开口下极的距离为（6.16±1.23）mm（4.42～8.28）mm。颈内动脉海绵窦段分为5段,有3个动脉分支。颈内动脉前曲段的内侧缘距垂体中线的距离为（11.94±1.90）mm（9.02～14.86）mm,后曲段的内侧缘距垂体中线的距离为（7.96±2.07）mm（5.64～11.58）mm。结论蝶腭动脉、海绵间窦、颈内动脉海绵窦段的分支－垂体下动脉是经鼻蝶窦手术入路中容易引起出血的血管,尤其是颈内动脉海绵窦段是最重要的解剖结构。术前要有充分的准备,术中仔细的显微操作,以免发生大出血这一严重并发症。     

Carotid agenesis with intercavernous anastomosis

Agenesis of internal carotid artery (ICA) is rare. Association of agenesis with abnormal arterial communication between the cavernous segment of the carotid arteries is extremely rare. We present a case of a middle-aged woman who presented with sudden onset severe holocranial headache. She was investigated and diagnosed to have sub-arachnoid hemorrhage on CT scan. Digital Subtraction Angiogram revealed absent right internal carotid artery. The right middle cerebral artery received blood supply from an incidentally detected intercavernous anastomosis from the left internal carotid artery. No aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation or any other vascular abnormality was detected. The patient was managed conservatively. She has been asymptomatic for five years on follow up.     

Sphenoid and optic nerve sheath meningioma revealed by recurrent brain infarctions

Meningioma, though benign, may invade adjacent structures such as bone, soft tissues, dural sinuses and arteries. However brain infarctions secondary to meningioma involving the cavernous sinus and encasing and narrowing the intracranial carotid artery are rare. We report the case of a young man with recurrent left carotid artery infarctions due to a left sphenoid meningioma infiltrating the posterior optic nerve sheath through the optic canal and circumscribing the intracranial carotid artery. The patient had a gradually progressive occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, the distal internal carotid artery and finally the anterior cerebral artery ipsilateral to the sphenoid meningioma.     

Endoscopic ultrasound imaging with high flow mode for endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery

Intraoperative ultrasound during transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) for pituitary tumors has been reported. In reports of endonasal ultrasound (US), Doppler US vessel images were informative and effective in endoscopic TSS. We performed endoscopic US imaging with high flow mode, which is a novel technology, to visualize small vessels during endonasal endoscopic TSS.Six patients (five with pituitary adenomas and one with Rathoke’s cleft cyst) underwent endoscopic US-assisted TSS. A small endoscopic US probe (Olympus, BF-UC260FW; diameter, 6.9 mm) was inserted transsphenoidally to the sellar floor and into the sella turcica, and endoscopic US monitoring was performed.By rotating the endoscopic US probe, the internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, various small vessels, optic nerve, and residual tumor were clearly visualized on the endoscopic US images. Real-time animated vessel images around the tumor could be generated when needed during TSS. The tumors were removed without leakage of cerebrospinal fluid in the six patients, and their visual acuity was restored.Endoscopic US with high flow mode can visualize not only main cerebral arteries but also intracranial small vessels on B-mode US images. Pituitary tumors were clearly recognized and removed safely and precisely by monitoring the cerebral artery and its small branches as landmarks.     

Transcranial Doppler in cerebrovascular disease

Doppler analysis of flow in intracranial arteries is now possible using a 2 MHz probe allowing sufficient penetration of bone to obtain signals noninvasively. Thirty-two normal subjects, and 11 patients with cerebrovascular diseases including vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage, middle cerebral artery stenosis, and extracranial internal carotid artery stenosis were studied by transcranial Doppler. Increased peak velocity and spectral broadening of the reflected signal corresponded to clinical and angiographic evidence of middle cerebral artery vasospasm or stenosis. Decreased peak velocity and blunted waveforms occurred in the middle cerebral artery ipsilateral to severe extracranial internal carotid stenosis with poor crossfilling from the contralateral carotid artery. Abnormalities resolved following carotid endarterectomy. Transcranial Doppler identifies vasospasm or stenosis of the middle cerebral artery and may allow noninvasive evaluation of collateral flow across the anterior circle of Willis in patients with extracranial carotid artery stenosis.     

Bony Protuberances on the Anterior and Posterior Clinoid Processes Lead to Traumatic Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm Following Craniofacial Injury

Traumatic intracranial aneurysms are rare, comprising 1% or less of all cerebral aneurysms. The majority of these aneurysms arise at the skull base or in the distal anterior and middle cerebral arteries or their branches following direct mural injury or acceleration-induced shearing force. We present a 50-year-old patient in whom subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was developed as a result of traumatic aneurysm rupture after a closed craniofacial injury. Through careful evaluation of the three-dimensional computed tomography and conventional angiographies, the possible mechanism of the traumatic internal carotid artery trunk aneurysm is correlated with a hit injury by the bony protuberances on the anterior and posterior clinoid processes. This traumatic aneurysm was successfully obliterated with clipping and wrapping technique. The possibility of a traumatic intracranial aneurysm should be considered when patient with SAH demonstrates bony protuberances on the clinoid process as a traumatic aneurysm may result from mechanical injury by the sharp bony edges.     

Beh?et's diseases with multiple intracranial arterial aneurysms

A case of multiple intracranial arterial aneurysms occurring in a 43 year-old patient with an 8-year history of Behcet's disease is reported. The diagnosis was based upon the past occurrence of polyarthritis, oral and scrotal aphthous ulcers and cutaneous hypersensitivity. There was a three year remission after a brief treatment with corticosteroids. At the end of this period, a left hemiplegia occurred. CT scan showed an infarction in the right middle cerebral artery territory. Angiography showed fusiform aneurysms of the intracranial right internal carotid, right anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The draining veins and sinuses were normal. Careful angiographic examination of visceral and peripheral arteries showed only bilateral retinal artery aneurysms. Large artery involvement is a rare complication of Behcet's disease, and a thorough review of the literature showed only one reported case of an intracranial aneurysm.     

Fenestration of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery

A twenty-eight year old woman presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage was found at angiography to have a left anterior cerebral-anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Also identified was a fenestration of the right supraclinoid internal carotid artery with an associated accessory middle cerebral artery. This appears to be the second reported case of fenestration of the intracranial internal carotid artery. Fenestrations of cerebral vessels and their possible embryologic origins are briefly reviewed.