Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the appropriate management for acute gangrenous cholecystitis

Treatment of severe acute cholecystitis by laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains controversial because of technical difficulties and high rates of complications. We determined whether early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is appropriate for acute gangrenous cholecystitis. The medical records of 116 patients with acute gangrenous cholecystitis admitted to the Korea University Guro Hospital between January 2005 and December 2009 were reviewed. The early operation group, those patients who had cholecystectomies within 4 days of the diagnosis, was compared with the delayed operation group, who had cholecystectomies 4 days after the diagnosis. Of the 116 patients, 57 were in the early operation group and 59 were in the delayed operation group. There were no statistical differences between the groups with respect to gender, age, body mass index, operative methods, major complications, duration of symptoms, mean operative time (98 vs 107 minutes), or postoperative hospital stay. However, the total hospital stay was significantly longer in the delayed operation group. More patients underwent preoperative percutaneous cholecystostomy in the delayed operation group (3.5 vs 15.3%). Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute gangrenous cholecystitis is safe and feasible. There is no advantage to postponing an urgent operation in patients with acute gangrenous cholecystitis.     

Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

Background: The timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis remains controversial. Methods: One hundred ninety-four patients with acute cholecystitis were reviewed. The conversion rates for the various number of days of symptoms before surgery were analyzed. The conversion rate dramatically increased from 3.6% for those patients with 4 days of symptoms to 26% for those patients with 5 days of symptoms. The mean number of days of symptoms prior to surgery in those patients who underwent successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy was 4.1 as compared to 8.0 in those patients who required open cholecystectomy (p < 0.0001). Based on this data the patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 109 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 4 days of onset of symptoms and group 2 consisted of 85 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy after more than 4 days following onset of symptoms. Results: The conversion rate from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy was 15%. The conversion rate for group 1 was 1.8% as compared to 31.7% for group 2 (p < 0.0001). Indications for conversion were inability to identify the anatomy secondary to inflammatory adhesions (68%), cholecystoduodenal fistula (18%), and bleeding (14%). The major complication rate for group 1 was 2.7% as compared to 13% for group 2 (p= 0.007). The mortality rate for all patients with attempted laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis was 1.5%. The average procedure time for group 1 was 100 ± 37 min vs 120 ± 55 min in group 2. The average number of postoperative hospital days in group 1 was 5.5 ± 2.7 days as compared to 10.8 ± 2.7 days in group 2. Conclusions: We advocate early laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 4 days of onset of symptoms to decrease major complications and conversion rates. This decreased conversion rate results in decreased length of procedure and hospital stay. Received: 28 March 1996/Accepted: 12 September 1996     

急性坏疽性胆囊炎的“冷分离”腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的探讨急性坏疽性胆囊炎时"冷分离"腹腔镜胆囊切除术的可行性以及手术技巧。方法回顾性分析河南科技大学第一附属医院普外科41例急性坏疽性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料。术中采用分离钳剥离、配合吸引器刮吸的"冷分离"技术切除胆囊。结果 39例完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术,2例中转开腹手术,手术中转率为4.9%。手术时间为(70.37±13.35)min,术中无肝胆管损伤,术后无胆囊床渗血或胆漏发生。术后并发切口感染2例,切口血清肿1例,下肢浅静脉血栓形成1例,右下肺感染1例,均治愈出院。本组前12例平均手术时间为(86.67±11.69)min;后29例平均手术时间为(63.55±6.23)min,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论急性坏疽性胆囊炎行"冷分离"腹腔镜胆囊切除术安全可行,分离钳和吸引器相结合的"冷分离"技术是手术成功的有效方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗坏疽性胆囊炎的体会

目的 :探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除 (LC)治疗坏疽性胆囊炎的手术技巧。方法 :随机将 5 0例坏疽性胆囊炎分为 2组 ,由同一组手术医师分别行LC及开放胆囊切除 (OC)。结果 :手术时间、术后腹腔引流量两组相似。LC组术后患者下床活动时间早 ,肠功能恢复快 ,住院时间短。两组均未发生肝外胆管损伤、胃肠道损伤、胆漏等严重并发症。LC组中转OC率为 12 % ,并发症为 4 % ;OC组并发症为 16 %。结论 :在具有丰富LC经验的医师操作下 ,用LC治疗坏疽性胆囊炎安全可行。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性坏疽性胆囊炎的应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)治疗急性坏疽性胆囊炎的应用。方法:回顾总结2005年1月至2007年12月我院应用腹腔镜治疗急性坏疽性胆囊炎46例患者的临床经验,及术中使用单极电凝冲洗器和纤维蛋白封闭剂的方法。结果:43例取得成功,成功率93.5%,中转开腹3例(6.5%),无死亡病例。术后随访0.5~3.5年,疗效满意。结论:随着LC手术水平的提高、手术方法的不断改进、手术经验的积累、新的手术器械和手术材料的应用,曾被认为是LC禁忌证的急性坏疽性胆囊炎现已成为LC的适应证。     

腹腔镜胆囊大部切除治疗急性坏疽性胆囊炎的临床分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊大部切除治疗急性坏疽性胆囊炎的临床疗效.方法 回顾120例急性坏疽性胆囊炎患者实施腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术后、观察其疗效及并发症的发生率.结果 120例急性坏疽性胆囊炎患者均成功施行腹腔镜胆囊大部切除、手术成功率为100%.平均手术时间(60.2±29.2) min、平均住院时间4～7 d、平均引流管留置时间2～5 d.术后无并发症发生.除择期手术组与急诊手术组手术时间(35.0±10.0) min vs.(55.0±12.0) min两组差异有统计学意义,P<0.05外,其他无统计学意义.结论 腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术治疗急性坏疽性胆囊炎是安全、有效的方法之一.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性坏疽性结石性胆囊炎

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性坏疽性结石性胆囊炎的手术适应证、手术技巧及并发症的防治。方法回顾分析2005年7月至2009年7月采取顺切、逆切或大部分切除等方法行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的500例急性坏疽性结石性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。结果合并胆囊胃瘘1例,同时行胃修补术;胆总管损伤4例,术中用5-0可吸收线行一期缝合,术后无胆漏、胆管狭窄发生。8例中转开腹。手术时间20～90min,平均35min;术中出血5～100ml,平均30ml。术中无肠管、血管损伤,术后无胆漏、出血发生,无其他严重并发症,全组无死亡病例。320例放置引流管,术后24～48h拔除。术后3～8d痊愈出院,平均住院时间5d。全组腹腔镜胆囊切除术成功率98.4%,中转开腹率1.6%。结论只要掌握恰当的适应证与手术时机,应用顺切、逆切或大部切除等方法,急性坏疽性结石性胆囊炎是可以安全成功施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的。     

Early versus delayed-interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

BACKGROUND: Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been advocated for the management of acute cholecystitis, but little evidence exists to support the superiority of this approach over delayed-interval operation. The current systematic review was undertaken to compare the outcomes and efficacy between early and delayed-interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis in an evidence-based approach using metaanalytical techniques. METHODS: A search of electronic databases, including MEDLINE and EMBASE, was conducted to identify relevant articles published between January 1988 and June 2004. Only randomized or quasi-randomized prospective clinical trials in the English language comparing the outcomes of early and delayed-interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis were recruited. Both qualitative and quantitative statistical analyses were performed. The effect size of outcome parameters was estimated by odds ratio or weighted mean difference where feasible and appropriate. RESULTS: A total of four clinical trials comprising 504 patients met the inclusion criteria. Failure of conservative treatment requiring emergency cholecystectomy occurred for 43 patients (23%) in the delayed group. Metaanalyses demonstrated a significantly shortened total length of hospital stay in the early group (weighted mean difference, -1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.42 to -0.99; p < 0.001). Pooled estimates did not show any significant differences between the two approaches in terms of operation time, conversion rate, overall complication rate, incidence of bile leakage, and intraabdominal collection. CONCLUSIONS: The safety and efficacy of early and delayed-interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis were comparable. Because evidence suggested that early laparoscopic cholecystectomy reduced the total length of hospital stay and the risk of readmissions attributable to recurrent acute cholecystitis, it is therefore a more cost-effective approach for the management of acute cholecystitis.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性坏疽性胆囊炎36例

目的探讨应用腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性坏疽性胆囊炎的手术技巧。方法回顾性分析2008年4月至2012年1月收治的36例急性坏疽性胆囊炎患者的临床资料,均行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）。结果 36例均成功完成手术,其中2例中转开腹,术后无出血、胆瘘、胆总管损伤等并发症发生,术后住院3～7d,1例术后第7天（已出院）发生下肢深静脉血栓,经溶栓治疗痊愈。结论急性坏疽性胆囊炎为LC的相对适应证,术中联合应用吸引器、纱布压迫等方法,可以减少出血,保持术野清晰,容易辨认组织结构,减少和避免术中误伤和术后并发症的发生。     

Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: A safe procedure

Acute cholecystitis is increasingly managed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Some reports have shown conversion and complication rates that are increased in comparison to elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This study reviews the combined experience of two hospitals where the intention was to perform early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. A total of 152 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis (evidence of acute inflammation clinically and pathologically) were identified. Conversion to open cholecystectomy was required in 14 cases (9%) in the total series. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed within 2 days of admission in 76% (115 of 152) of patients. Conversion was significantly less likely in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 2 days of admission (4 of 115) compared to those undergoing surgery beyond 2 days (10 of 37; P <0.0001). Eleven patients (7%) had postoperative complications; however, there were no cases of injury to the biliary system and no perioperative deaths. This series shows that laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed safely in patients with acute cholecystitis and suggests that early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is preferable to delaying surgery. Although the conversion rate to open surgery is higher than for elective cholecystectomy, the majority of patients (91 %) still derive the well-recognized benefits of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is an acceptable approach to acute cholecystitis for the experienced laparoscopic surgeon.     

急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除手术治疗急性胆囊炎

目的探讨急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除手术(LC)治疗急性胆囊炎(AC)的效果及并发症的预防。方法回顾性分析2004年7月—2009年7月1 278例急性胆囊炎行LC的临床资料。其中急性单纯性胆囊炎471例,急性化脓性胆囊炎720例,坏疽性胆囊炎87例。合并胆囊颈部结石嵌顿823例,胆囊管结石嵌顿157例。发病至手术时间48 h内96例,48～72 h 799例,72 h 383例。结果手术时间20～90 min,平均40 min;术中出血20～300 mL,平均80 mL。术后早期出现发热(38.0～39.5℃)375例;一过性黄疸108例;胆瘘17例。无中转手术、胆管损伤和手术死亡者。结论急性胆囊炎行LC手术难度大,出现并发症的几率高,但熟练的操作技术、丰富的手术经验完全可避免严重并发症的发生。急性胆囊炎不是LC的禁忌证。     

Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of acute cholecystitis

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to demonstrate the importance of early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. METHODS: From 1998 to 2000, 66 patients were submitted to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. All patients were submitted to US scans preoperatively and operated on by surgeon skilled in emergency laparoscopic operative technique. RESULTS: Only one patient (1.5%) had conversion to open cholecystectomy. There was no mortality and no bile duct or major vascular injuries. The overall operative morbidity rate was 3%. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.1 days. CONCLUSIONS: Author's experience and results support the validity of early laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of acute cholecystitis, since it reduces the postoperative length of hospital stay and hospital costs. Early treatment is always helpful for inflamed and oedematous tissue which favours dissection.     

Role of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the management of gangrenous cholecystitis

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is increasingly being employed as the initial surgical approach in patients with acute cholecystitis. Gangrenous cholecystitis will be unexpectedly encountered in a proportion of these patients. The applicability of laparoscopic techniques and its outcome in this group of patients remain poorly defined. This paper presents our experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of patients with gangrenous cholecystitis. METHODS: From January 1994 to March 1999, 281 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Operative and histopathologic data were obtained and the subgroup with gangrenous cholecystitis identified (53 of 281, 18.8%). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was the initial surgical approach in 44 (83%) and was successfully completed in 30 of 44 (68%) patients. Conversion to an open cholecystectomy became necessary in 14 of 44 (32%). A retrospective review comparing these two groups of patients was performed. RESULTS: Of the 44 patients, there were 25 males and 19 females, with a mean age of 64.6 years. Mean duration of symptoms prior to presentation was 2.3 and 2.9 days in the laparoscopic and conversion groups, respectively. Clinical presentation included the presence of right upper quadrant pain (98%), leukocytosis (91%), fever (16.3%), and jaundice (9%). Liver function test abnormalities included elevations of alkaline phosphatase (25%), aspartate aminotransferase (20.4%), alanine aminotransferase (22.7%), and total bilirubin (18.1%). Ultrasonography revealed the presence of gallstones (88.6%), gallbladder wall thickening (52.3%), and pericholecystic fluid (20.5%). Air in the gallbladder wall and intraluminal membranes were present in 2 patients and 1 patient, respectively. Nuclear scans performed in 29 patients revealed cystic duct obstruction in all 29. The rim sign was present in 1 patient. A laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted in 44 of 53 patients and was successfully completed in 30 (68%). Conversion to an open procedure became necessary in 14 of 44 (32%). No difference in preoperative factors was noted among the two groups. The mean duration of surgery in patients undergoing a successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy was 107 minutes versus 110 minutes when conversion was necessary. There were no deaths in the study population. Morbidity occurred in 40% of the laparoscopic group and 71% of the conversion group. No patient in the laparoscopic group required admission to the intensive care unit. In contrast, 4 of 14 patients in the conversion group required a mean of 2.6 days in the intensive care unit. Postoperative hospital stay was 3.3 versus 5.5 days in the two groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative factors did not predict conversion in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for presumed acute cholecystitis who are found to have gangrenous cholecystitis. Duration of surgery is not significantly prolonged and outcome in terms of morbidity, admission to the intensive care unit, and hospital stay are significantly better in patients in whom laparoscopic cholecystectomy is successful.