膀胱平滑肌肉瘤3例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨膀胱平滑肌肉瘤的临床病理和诊治方法.方法 患者3例,肉眼血尿,膀胱镜检见肿瘤分别发生于膀胱左侧壁、左前壁和右后壁,直径2.0～3.5 cm,以菜花样和乳头样为主,基底较宽,瘤体表面光滑.结果 3例均行全膀胱切除术,病理表现为上皮下间质富于黏液,黏液中可见散在或束状分布的细长梭形瘤细胞,其胞质淡染,核呈长梭形,有轻度异型,核分裂象易见.免疫组化SMA(+)3例、MSA(+)3例、Des(+)2例、S-100(-)2例、CD34(-)3例,均诊断为膀胱低级别平滑肌肉瘤.随访6个月～8年,1例术后2.5年死亡,2例存活.结论 膀胱平滑肌肉瘤临床罕见,确诊依赖病理及免疫组化检查,应与平滑肌瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、癌肉瘤、炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤等鉴别,治疗以手术为主,需根据肿瘤分级、分期决定手术方案及术后是否需行辅助治疗.     

误诊为尿路上皮癌的膀胱平滑肌肉瘤1例并文献分析

目的探讨膀胱平滑肌肉瘤的临床表现、病理学特征、治疗及预后,提高对该病的认知和诊疗水平。方法回顾分析1例膀胱平滑肌肉瘤患者的临床资料及诊疗过程并复习相关国内外文献。结果患者经术前各项检查明确手术指征,充分完善术前准备后行腹腔镜下根治性膀胱全切+乙状结肠代膀胱术。术后病理结果示:(膀胱)间叶性恶性肿瘤,倾向平滑肌肉瘤,免疫组化SMA(+)、Vimentin(+)、Galdesmon(-)、Bcl2(-)、Ki67(约15%)、Desmin(-)、CD34(血管+)、P53(灶+)、EMA(-)、S-100(-)、CDK4(-)、CK(-)。术后辅以AI方案化疗:异磷酰胺(130 mg/m^2)、多柔比星(20 mg/m^2)。随访10个月未见肿瘤转移及复发,治疗效果明显。结论膀胱平滑肌肉瘤系一种极其少见的侵袭性间质瘤,临床和影像学表现均不典型,临床上很容易误诊,其治疗方法可考虑以手术联合化疗为主。     

成人前列腺肉瘤6例临床分析

目的:探讨前列腺肉瘤的诊断、治疗及预后因素。方法:本组6例患者,年龄18~44岁,中位年龄31岁。病程3~12个月,中位病程7个月。Ⅱ期2例,Ⅲ期3例,Ⅳ期1例。6例中,5例行手术治疗+放疗和(或)化疗,1例行单纯膀胱造瘘术。结果:病理诊断:平滑肌肉瘤3例,横纹肌肉瘤2例,恶性神经鞘瘤1例。免疫组化结果显示6例vim entin均为阳性,PSA和PAP均为阴性。平滑肌肉瘤和横纹肌肉瘤肌动蛋白(HHF35)为阳性,恶性神经鞘瘤S-100和溶解酶为阳性。1例失访,5例于术后2~11个月死亡。结论:前列腺肉瘤首发症状为进行性排尿困难,直肠指检可以提示前列腺肉瘤,依靠前列腺穿刺病理学检查获得确诊,早期诊断和完整的外科切除有重要意义,预后较差。     

膀胱憩室癌肉瘤2例报告

目的:研究膀胱憩室癌肉瘤的临床及病理特点.方法:回顾性分析2例膀胱憩室癌肉瘤的病例资料,年龄分别为61和68岁,经影像学检查诊断为膀胱憩室肿瘤.1例行经尿道膀胱憩室肿物电切术,1例行膀胱部分切除术.术后病理和免疫组织化学检查证实为癌肉瘤.2例术后均未行放化疗.结果:2例分别于术后16个月和6个月死于肿瘤转移.结论:此病临床罕见,好发于老年男性.其诊断主要依靠病理检查和免疫组织化学检查.手术是治疗膀胱憩室癌肉瘤的最佳方法.     

膀胱炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 提高膀胱炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤的诊治水平.方法 膀胱炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤患者7例.男3例,女4例.平均年龄38(10～54)岁.临床主要表现为尿痛20～60 d(平均33 d)、血尿3～20 d(平均9 d),肿瘤位于膀胱左侧壁3例,顶底部4例.B超检查均提示低回声实质性团块,大小1.4 cm×1.2 cm～4.7 cm×4.5 cm.CT检查表现为不规则或类圆形软组织低密度影.膀胱镜检查提示1.5 cm×1.5 cm～5.0 cm×5.0 cm大小菜花状肿物,基底部较宽,表面有坏死组织及血块附着2例.膀胱镜下取活检3例,2例报告移行细胞癌Ⅰ级,1例报告膀胱移行细胞乳头状增生,小灶性区域呈恶性潜能未定,乳头状肿瘤改变.术中行冰冻病理切片2例,1例报告膀胱肉瘤,中低度恶性;1例报告膀胱间叶组织肿瘤,低度恶性.结果 7例均行膀胱部分切除术.病理诊断膀胱炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤.肿瘤1.5 cm×1.5 cm～5.0 cm×5.0 cm大小,多为灰褐色,质软,有光泽,水肿明显.镜下可见明显黏液变区和富于细胞区,梭形、短梭形及星芒状肌纤维母细胞散在于黏液样基质中,以梭形最常见,胞质嗜伊红,并伴大量浆细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞及淋巴细胞浸润.免疫组织化学染色7例平滑肌肌动蛋白、波形蛋白、AE1/AE3阳性,间变性淋巴瘤激酶阳性6例,钙结合蛋白阳性4例,结蛋白阳性6例,CD_(34)、CD_(117)及S-100蛋白均阴性.6例平均随访35(1～60)个月,均存活,无复发.结论 膀胱炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤是一种中间型并具恶性潜能的肿瘤.临床表现、影像学检查、膀胱镜检查无特异性,病理检查及免疫组化染色可确诊,治疗以手术切除为主.     

成人膀胱胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤1例

患者,女,18岁。因肉眼无痛性血尿12天,加重2天,晕厥20min入院。患者入院时已进入失血性休克状态。检查血常规:血红蛋白28g/L。B超示膀胱内有细密点状回声漂浮,膀胱右上方呈囊状稍强回声光团,性质待定。入院后积极抗休克治疗。休克纠正后行膀胱镜检查:双侧输尿管口喷尿正常,膀胱右侧壁有6cm×4cm不规则肿物,基底宽,活动性出血。患者于2004年7月24日在硬膜外麻醉下行膀胱部分切除术。术后病理检查报告为膀胱胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤(葡萄状肉瘤)。免疫组织化学染色:Actin偶阳性,CD34、S100均阴性。讨论据资料统计,膀胱横纹肌肉瘤临床少见〔1〕。该…     

膀胱平滑肌瘤2例报告并文献复习21例

目的:探讨膀胱平滑肌瘤的临床表现、诊治方法和预后.方法;结合21例膀胱平滑肌瘸患者文献资料,其中男性4例,女性17例,年龄20-65岁,平均40岁,21例B起检查发现膀脆占位病变,CT检查发现肿物有不同程度强化.21例分别采取肿次捌除术、经尿道肿物切除术、膀胱部分切除术,术后病理均田报为膀胱平滑肌瘤.结果,21例患者排尿刺激症状缓解、血尿消失.未发生手术并发症.术后随访6月-5年,未见肿瘤复发或转移.结论:影像学结合膀胱镜是诊断膀胱平滑肌瘤的主要手段,外科手术治疗预后良好.     

膀胱炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤2例报告并文献复习

目的：探讨膀胱炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤的临床、病理、组织生化特性和诊治方法及预后。方法：报告2例肉眼血尿伴重度贫血的膀胱炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤患者的诊治资料,并结合文献进行探讨。结果：膀胱炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤以肉眼血尿和尿痛为最常见症状,肿瘤好发于膀胱底部、顶壁、侧壁;组织学由具有平滑肌细胞和纤维母细胞特征的梭形细胞、大量慢性炎性细胞及血管样黏液构成。1例随访3年,1例随访6个月,均无瘤存活。结论：膀胱炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤为低度恶性肿瘤,罕见。确诊依据病理学检查,应与平滑肌肉瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、梭形细胞癌等鉴别;治疗原则以切除肿瘤、保留膀胱功能为主,TUPKBT、TURBT或膀胱部分切除术,术后辅以化疗药物膀胱灌注,效果佳。     

膀胱癌肉瘤4例临床病理分析

目的:探讨膀胱癌肉瘤的临床表现、病理特征、治疗方法等。方法:报告1995～2010年天津医科大学第二医院的4例膀胱癌肉瘤疾病的情况,并结合文献对之诊断、病理、治疗等行进一步分析。结果:4例患者中,男2例,女2例,年龄63～80岁。均因间歇性无痛全程肉眼血尿入院,膀胱镜检查均提示菜花样肿物,呈浸润性生长。2例行膀胱部分切除术,2例行膀胱全切加双侧输尿管皮肤造瘘术。术中所见与膀胱癌基本相同。术后病理检查均有癌和肉瘤两种成分,免疫组化有膀胱癌肉瘤较特异性表现。术后予以不同的化疗等。结论:膀胱癌肉瘤在膀胱恶性肿瘤中罕见,没有特征性的临床表现,确诊主要依靠病理和免疫组化检查;治疗方法采用根治性膀胱切除术较佳,但其恶性程度高,预后不良,诊断和治疗需要进一步探索。     

成人前列腺肉瘤7例临床分析

目的 :探讨前列腺肉瘤的诊断、治疗及预后因素。　方法 :回顾性分析我院诊治的 7例成人前列腺肉瘤临床表现、实验室检查、治疗方案、病理类型及预后。　结果 :平滑肌肉瘤 3例 ,横纹肌肉瘤 3例 ,恶性神经鞘瘤 1例。前列腺肉瘤有膀胱颈梗阻为主的复合表现 ,确诊依靠病理诊断 ,病理分型与疾病的进展相关联。 2例行根治性膀胱前列腺切除术者于术后 13个月和 2 1个月死亡 ;2例行全盆腔脏器切除术辅以放疗和 (或 )化疗者 ,随访 15个月仍存活 ;3例仅行放疗和 (或 )化疗 ,平均于初诊后 7个月死亡。　结论 :前列腺肉瘤预后较差 ,早期诊断和完整的外科切除有重要意义 ,密切随访可以早期发现复发。     

A case of epithelial membrane antigen-positive leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder

A 41-year-old woman was admitted with gross hematuria and pain on urination. Cystoscopy showed a huge and lobulated submucosal non-papillary bladder tumor. Pelvic computed tomography demonstrated a heterogeneous and enhanced lobulated mass, 8 cm in diameter, with extravesical invasion but there appeared to be no metastatic lesions. Transurethral biopsy revealed leiomyosarcoma pathologically. Total cystectomy and construction of an ileal conduit were performed. The tumor was histologically diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the tumor to be positive for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and muscle actin but negative for desmin, and S-100. We reviewed 102 cases of vesical leiomyosarcoma reported in Japan. Among these 102 cases, there were no EMA-positive cases. Immunohistochemical and electromicroscopic evaluation should be performed to evaluate this disease.     

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the urinary bladder and sigmoid colon.

We report an unusual case of an inflammatory pseudotumor of the bladder. A biopsy specimen prior to surgical treatment suggested leiomyosarcoma, and computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging strongly suggested bladder tumor with sigmoid colon invasion. Accordingly, radical surgical treatment consisting of total cystectomy, anterior resection of the sigmoid colon, and ileal conduit was performed. After operation, however, histological examination revealed an inflammatory pseudotumor of bladder and sigmoid colon. These findings were confirmed by immunohistochemical staining for smooth muscle specific actin, desmin, S-100, and vimentin. Histological examination revealed a diverticulum of the sigmoid colon in the middle of the pseudotumor, and this diverticulum may have ruptured to cause the inflammatory pseudotumor of bladder and sigmoid colon.     

膀胱副神经节瘤二例报告并文献复习

目的 总结膀胱副神经节瘤的临床病理学特征及诊疗方法.方法膀胱副神经节瘤2例.例1,女,35岁.临床表现排尿后心慌、头痛,B超及CT检查示膀胱左侧壁肿块2.6 cm×1.5cm,尿3-甲氧-4-羟苦杏仁酸(VMA)35.3～43.3 μmol/24 h(正常值10～35 μmol/24 h).例2,男,22岁.临床表现无痛性全程血尿,B超及CT检查示膀胱右前壁肿块2.5 cm× 2.0 cm,尿VMA 17.9～31.3 μmol/24 h.结果行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术1例,行膀胱部分切除术1例.病理诊断为膀胱副神经节瘤.免疫组化CgA、Syn、S-100蛋白和NSE(+).患者术后症状消失,行膀胱镜及B超分别随访3个月、3年肿瘤无复发.结论膀胱副神经节瘤为潜在恶性肿瘤,诊断需结合临床、病理及免疫组化结果判断,膀胱部分切除为主要治疗手段.

Abstract：

Objective To study the clinical,histopathological,immunohistochemical features and the diagnosis and treatment of paraganglioma of urinary bladder. Methods Two cases of paraganglioma of urinary bladder were treated. The first case was a male with painless haematuria. The abdominal ultrasonography and CT scan showed a 2.5 cm× 2.0 cm mass in the right anterior wall of the bladder, and urine vanillylmandelic acid elevated to 17. 9- 31. 3 μmol/24 h (normal range 10- 35 μmol/24 h). The second case was a female who presented with 8 years history of headache and palpitation after voiding. Abdominal ultrasonography and CT scan showed a 2. 6 cm× 1.5 cm mass in the left wall of the bladder, and her urine vanillylmandelic acid was 35.3-43.3 μmol/24 h. Results One patient underwent transurethral resection (TURBT) and the other underwent partial cystectomy.The two cases were diagnosed as bladder paraganglioma by pathological examination. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for CgA, Syn, NSE and S-100. No evidence of recurrence was detected during follow-up at 3 months and 3 years. Conclusions Paraganglioma of urinary bladder should be considered as a low grade malignancy. Partial cystectomy should be recommended. The diagnosis depends on clinical symptoms, pathological and immunohistochemical results.     

膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的诊治

目的 总结膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的诊治经验。方法 对1953～2002年收治的28例膀胱非上皮性肿瘤患者的诊治情况进行总结、分析。结果 膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的主要临床表现为血尿、盆腔肿块、尿频、排尿困难等症状。主要辅助检查为B超、CT、膀胱镜检查及镜下活检。本组28例中,经术后病理检查,恶性肿瘤17例(占61．7％),有7种病理类型,分别为膀胱横纹肌肉瘤、膀胱小细胞癌、膀胱平滑肌肉瘤、膀胱恶性淋巴瘤、膀胱恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、膀胱脂肪肉瘤、膀胱黑色素瘤;良性11例(占39．3％),有4种病理类型,分别为膀胱海绵状血管瘤、膀胱壁纤维瘤、膀胱平滑肌瘤、膀胱嗜铬细胞瘤。11例良性肿瘤均完整切除或电灼、电切。17例恶性肿瘤中,膀胱部分切除术7例、膀胱全切除术9例、无法切除1例,有7例恶性肿瘤因复发多次行手术切除。17例恶性肿瘤患者均获随访,3年存活率47．0％(8／17)。结论 膀胱非上皮性肿瘤临床少见,病理类型复杂,恶性居多且预后较差,良性肿瘤预后较好。术前诊断率低,膀胱镜下深部活检可提高诊断率。手术是该病的主要治疗方法。良性肿瘤应完整切除,恶性肿瘤应争取广泛切除,结合其病理特点辅助放化疗可能提高疗效。     

Bladder leiomyosarcoma: a review of 10 cases with 5-year followup

Of 10 patients with leiomyosarcoma of the bladder followed for a minimum of 5 years 4 remain free of disease at 5, 6, 6 and 9 years, respectively, following partial cystectomy. An additional patient who was treated sequentially by radiation, radical cystectomy and chemoimmunotherapy survived for 10 years before death of metastatic disease. Wide surgical extirpation (partial or radical cystectomy) remains the curative treatment of choice.     

前列腺肉瘤诊治分析(附4例报告)

目的:探讨前列腺肉瘤的诊断、治疗方法及其预后。方法:回顾性分析1999年10月～2011年10月收治的4例前列腺肉瘤患者临床资料,并对所有患者进行随访,就其诊治及预后进行研讨。结果:4例患者中,1例为横纹肌肉瘤,3例为平滑肌肉瘤。1例行根治性前列腺膀胱切除术及回肠膀胱术,术后1年未见复发转移;2例行耻骨上膀胱穿刺造瘘及放疗,分别于确诊后6、11个月死于远处转移;1例误诊为尿道狭窄,行尿道会师术,转入上级医院,3个月后死于脑转移。结论:前列腺肉瘤发展快,恶性程度高,预后差。长期存活取决于早期诊断和根治性手术为主的综合治疗。     

原发性膀胱腺癌的诊断与治疗(附13例报告)

目的:提高原发性膀胱腺癌的诊治水平。方法:回顾性分析2000~2006年收治的13例原发性膀胱腺癌患者诊治资料,并复习相关文献。结果:9例患者接受了膀胱全切加尿流改道,3例行部分膀胱切除术,1例行TURBT术。接受保留膀胱手术的患者均于术后6个月~1年复发,其中2例再行膀胱全切加尿流改道,随访未见肿瘤复发,另外2例因肿瘤转移至肺脏死亡;9例接受膀胱全切加尿流改道的患者,2例死于全身转移,失访1例,余6例随访至今未见肿瘤复发。结论:膀胱腺癌恶性程度高、转移早,因此,应采取更积极的手术态度,早期行膀胱癌根治性切除,术后辅助放疗有助于减少肿瘤复发。     

Leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder in a patient with bilateral retinoblastoma

Abstract:   We report a case of bladder leiomyosarcoma in a 27-year-old woman who had previously been treated with surgery and radiation for bilateral retinoblastoma. The patient was admitted to hospital with discomfort on micturition. Cystoscopy revealed a bladder tumor covered by normal urothelium. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor was performed, and the histopathological diagnosis was leiomyosarcoma. Partial cystectomy was performed. The leiomyosarcoma of the bladder did not invade the muscle layer. However, bladder tumors recurred at new intravesical locations repeatedly. After transurethral resection of the bladder tumor had been performed twice, total cystectomy and creation of an ileal conduit were performed.     

膀胱小细胞癌的病理组织学特点及其诊治

目的:探讨膀胱小细胞癌病理组织学特点及其诊断与治疗。方法:回顾分析6例膀胱小细胞癌患者的临床和病理资料,6例患者行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术2例,膀胱部分切除术1例,行膀胱全切术2例,单纯化疗1例。5例患者接受2～6疗程化疗。结果:6例随访3个月～3年,1例患者术后生存2年至今,5例均因肿瘤转移死亡,平均生存时间14.8个月。结论:膀胱小细胞癌分化程度低、恶性程度高、易早期转移、预后差,主要依靠病理组织学检查确诊,现有治疗方法不足以将其治愈,手术联合化疗是目前主要的治疗方法,分子靶向治疗是未来治疗的主要手段。     

Intestinal strictures complicating preoperative radiation therapy followed by radical cystectomy

Between January 1975 and January 1981, 100 patients with invasive bladder cancer were evaluated for therapy. Of these patients 51 were selected for treatment with preoperative radiation therapy followed by radical cystectomy. Of 36 patients who actually completed the integrated therapy 4 (11 per cent) had clinical intestinal strictures. Three strictures occurred more than 24 months and 1 less than 6 months postoperatively. Strictures involved the colon in 3 cases and the ileum in 1. An operation was required in 2 cases. We present these 4 cases, and discuss the pathophysiology and treatment of the radiation-injured intestine. Our experience suggests that preoperative radiation therapy in conjunction with radical cystectomy may be associated with the development of clinically significant bowel injury. This factor should be considered in the decision to combine preoperative radiation therapy with radical cystectomy in the treatment of bladder cancer.