改良膀胱全切原位W形回肠膀胱术26例报告

目的评价改良膀胱全切原位W形回肠膀胱术的临床疗效。方法对26例膀胱癌患者行逆行和顺行相结合的全膀胱切除方法，截取40cm带蒂回肠，对肠系膜纵行剖开后W形折叠，缝制成新膀胱，输尿管以乳头法种植于膀胱“三角区”，将贮尿囊完全置于腹膜外；术后随访患者恢复和排尿情况，定期复查生化指标、B超和膀胱排尿造影。结果患者术后均康复，平均随访18个月，白天控尿良好20例，夜间控尿良好18例；5例有不同程度的肾积水和肾功能异常，其中1例出现双肾积水，均行膀胱排尿造影除外返流；无低钾血症和酸中毒。结论改良膀胱全切原位W形回肠膀胱术，具有手术简单、术后并发症少及代膀胱功能良好的特点，是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的理想方法。     

改良全膀胱切除-原位回肠新膀胱术治疗膀胱癌的临床疗效(附12例报告)

目的：评价改良全膀胱切除方法和原位回肠新膀胱术的临床疗效。方法：对12例膀胱癌患者行改良全膀胱切除术．顺行分离膀胱顶部、侧壁上半部、底部,切断输尿管后改逆行分离。示指紧贴前列腺包膜将前列腺与直肠分开后,向上向外将膀胱颈部侧韧带和精囊尾的纤维束钩于示指掌握之中,切断并结扎。女性患者保留内生殖器及尿道内口。尿流改道采用原位回肠新膀胱术,并就手术并发症、术后控尿排尿情况、新膀胱容量、影像学和生化检查进行随访,随访时间8～62个月,平均35个月。结果：切除膀胱时间平均80min,术中平均出血450ml。原位回肠新膀胱控尿、排尿良好,术后静脉尿路造影、B超检查未见上尿路扩张,膀胱造影未发现输尿管反流,血生化检查正常,未发现新膀胱或尿道肿瘤复发。结论：改良膀胱切除术-原位回肠新膀胱术是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的理想方法。     

保留前列腺尖部包膜的膀胱全切与原位回肠新膀胱术

目的探讨膀胱癌根治性全切术中保留前列腺尖部包膜与原位回肠新膀胱术的临床疗效。方法对34例膀胱癌患者行保留前列腺尖部包膜的膀胱全切与原位回肠新膀胱术。术中保留距前列腺尖部约1cm的前列腺包膜及血管神经束。术后对患者进行定期随访,了解患者术后控尿、性功能及瘤控效果。结果所有患者均顺利完成保留前列腺尖部包膜和勃起血管神经束的膀胱根治性切除与原位回肠新膀胱术。手术时间为240～370min,平均273min;术中出血200800ml,平均385ml。术后随访3～36个月,所有患者均可自主排尿,新膀胱容量250-350ml,残余尿量0～80ml,除1例患者白天控尿良好,夜间少量漏尿外,其余患者均控尿良好。术前阴茎勃起正常23例患者中,术后6个月有10例（43．4％）阴茎勃起正常。术后所有患者均未出现局部及尿道残端复发的现象。术后9个月1例出现肺部转移。结论保留前列腺尖部包膜的术式是以改善尿控为主要目的,在不降低瘤控效果的前提下的一种改良术式。     

膀胱全切原位W形回肠代膀胱术120例临床分析

目的 探讨膀胱全切原位W形回肠代膀胱术优缺点。方法120例男性膀胱癌患者,其中浸润性膀胱移行细胞癌99例,移行细胞癌伴部分鳞化8例,移行细胞癌伴腺癌及鳞癌3例,腺癌6例,鳞癌4例,均行膀胱全切原位W形回肠代膀胱术。膀胱全切采用顺行、逆行相结合的方法。截取末段回肠,排列成W形,褥式缝合制作储尿袋。输尿管以乳头法包埋术种植。结果手术时间,前50例为210-300mim,平均270min;后70例为110-205min,平均143min。术后9l例获得随访,随访2—88个月,平均30个月,85例白天可控制排尿,其中71例夜间可控制排尿。9例术后发生输尿管扩张,7例合并轻度肾积水,2例合并中度肾积水,2例肾功能轻度异常。45例行膀胱造影仅1例发生右侧输尿管返流。术后3个月复查出现低血钾者6例,余85例血电解质均在正常范围。20例患者行尿动力检查,尿流曲线呈持续型12例,间歇型8例;膀胱尿道造影显示尿流持续型代膀胱颈口呈漏斗形,排尿时开放良好,而尿流间歇形代膀胱颈口不呈漏斗形或排尿时颈口开放欠佳。结论膀胱全切原位W形回肠代膀胱术手术时间短,操作简单,出血少,并发症少,原位W形回肠代膀胱有较好的储尿和排尿功能,电解质紊乱发生率低。     

双U形回肠代膀胱术的初步研究(附20例报告)

目的　改良回肠代膀胱成形方法 ,更好地解决膀胱全切术后贮尿和排尿问题。　方法　 2 0例膀胱癌患者行膀胱全切后 ,采用双U形方法作原位回肠代膀胱。于对系膜缘剖开肠管 ,肠片左右U形排列 ,连续缝合内侧缘 ;上下U形对折缝合成球形膀胱 ,上下U形缝合前行输尿管新膀胱再植和新膀胱尿道吻合。　结果　成形手术时间 (90± 15 )min。无严重并发症 ,无围手术期或术后早期死亡。术后随访 6～ 4 8个月 ,平均 2 5个月。患者控尿、排尿满意 ,2 0例 (10 0 % )白天控尿 ,夜间轻度尿失禁或遗尿 6例 (30 % ) ;1例男性患者出现排尿困难 ,行TUR解除。贮尿囊容量 2 5 0～ 4 5 0ml,平均 340ml,剩余尿 0～ 4 0ml。　结论　双U形回肠代膀胱术操作简便 ,新膀胱容量大、压力低 ,术后并发症发生率低。     

改良原位回肠代膀胱术(附25例报告)

目的：探讨改良膀胱全切原位回肠代膀胱术的疗效。方法：对24例膀胱癌及1例腺性膀胱炎患者采用改良膀胱全切原位回肠代谢膀胱术。膀胱全切采用顺行逆行相结合的方法。截取末段回肠,排列成W形,褥式缝合制作贮尿袋。输尿管以乳头法种植。结果：25例手术时间平均4h,输血量平均550ml,术后24例随访2－84个月,平均24个月,23例白天可控排尿,14例夜间自控排尿。仅2例术后发生输尿管积水,1例术前左肾积水者术后无变化。2例肾功能异常。23例行膀胱排尿造影均未发现输尿管返流。术后出现低血钾者2例,余22例血电解质均在正常范围。无肠膀胱或尿道肿瘤复发者。结论：改良膀胱全切原位回肠代膀胱手术术时间短,操作简单,出血少,并发症少,术后无膀胱输尿管返流,电解质紊乱发生率低。     

改良膀胱全切、原位回肠代膀胱术的疗效观察

目的:探讨膀胱根治术后行尿流改道的方法。方法:对17例男性膀胱癌患者行膀胱全切、原位回肠代膀胱术,采用改良的手术方法。结果:手术时间平均230min;输血量平均480ml;全部病例可完全控尿,需夜间定时排尿;膀胱最大贮尿量平均330ml,剩余尿均小于80ml。17例全部随访,时间7～48个月,平均19个月。术后仅发生单侧输尿管反流1例,肾功能衰竭死亡1例,肿瘤转移死亡1例。无电解质紊乱发生,未发现尿道肿瘤复发。结论:改良膀胱全切、原位回肠代膀胱术是膀胱根治术后尿流改道的较为理想术式。     

改良VIP回肠代膀胱术（附12例报告）

为更好地解决膀胱癌患者膀胱全切除术后的贮尿和控尿问题，采用改良ＶＩＰ回肠代膀胱术治疗１２例膀胱癌患者。其方法为截取末段回肠４０ｃｍ进行除管和回肠双重折叠作为贮尿囊，输尿管与回肠行ＬｅＤｕｃＣａｍｅｙ吻合术，回肠与后尿道端端吻合建立尿流输出道。随访６～２８个月，平均１１个月。结果：１０例白天完全控尿，２例增加腹压时有尿失禁；９例晚间完全控尿，２例部分尿失禁，１例完全尿失禁。代膀胱内压低，容量大（平均４００ｍｌ）；无输尿管返流和剩余尿。     

肠代膀胱术中回肠反套入抗输尿管返流方法的临床研究

目的 评价肠代膀胱术中回肠反套入的抗输尿管返流作用。方法 患者5例，男4例，女1例。年龄48～67岁，平均61岁。均为浸润性移行细胞癌，行膀胱全切、回肠正位膀胱术。距回盲部屈氏韧带15cm处切取回肠30cm，近端回肠反套入4cm，回肠段远端肠管对系膜缘纵形剖开，U形缝合；套入肠管与对应肠片均切除1cm宽之黏膜，相应浆肌层可吸收线固定4针，对应黏膜缘缝合，防止套入肠管滑脱；双侧输尿管远端剖开6cm，侧侧吻合后经套入肠管引入，吻合口与套入肠管口间断缝合；U形肠管对折成储尿囊，与尿道吻合。术后定期行血生化、双肾B超、排泄性膀胱造影和尿动力学检查。结果 5例患者随访10～33个月。排尿次数白天3～5次，夜间0～3次；日间控尿100％，夜间控尿80％；尿动力学检查：最大尿流率9．5～31．5ml／s，膀胱容量350～710ml，平均433ml；剩余尿50～305ml；最大膀胱排尿压23～52cmH2O；膀胱出口无梗阻。B超检查双肾无积水。膀胱造影未见输尿管返流。结论 回肠正位膀胱术中回肠反套入方法有良好的抗输尿管返流作用。     

改良膀胱全切新回肠膀胱术治疗男性浸润性膀胱癌

目的 探讨根治性全膀胱切除术中保留远端的前列腺包膜及精囊对原位新膀胱功能及勃起功能的影响。方法 对24例男性浸润性膀胱癌患者施行改良根治性全膀胱切除及原位回肠膀胱术：保留远端的前列腺外科包膜及精囊，新回肠膀胱与残留前列腺包膜连续缝合；对术后新膀胱的储尿、排尿、控尿功能及患者的勃起功能进行随访和比较。结果 术后病理分期：T2aN0M0 5例，T2bN0M0 9例，T3aN0M0 7例，T3bN1M0 3例。术后随访3—24个月，平均12．7月。无瘤生存22例；带瘤生存2例。新膀胱容量（385±68）mL，最大充盈压（24±16）cmH2O。排尿良好，最大尿流率（18±5）mL／s，剩余尿（35±16）mL；完全控尿22例，夜间尿失禁2例；21例术前勃起功能正常者术后2例发生勃起功能障碍。结论 在改良根治性膀胱全切术中保留远端的前列腺外科包膜及精囊，可明显改善患者术后的储尿、排尿、控尿功能和勃起功能，同时可有效防止新膀胱一尿道吻合口狭窄的发生。     

Modified orthotopic spiral ileal bladder substitution: Surgical technique and long-term results

ObjectivesThe objectives of this study are to introduce the surgical technique of a modified spiral orthotopic ileal neobladder and to assess the long-term outcomes.Patients and methodsBetween January 1998 and January 2006, 44 male and 7 female patients with bladder cancer received radical cystectomy (RC) and pelvic lymphadenectomy. An ileal segment 40 cm to 45 cm long was isolated to create a spiral orthotopic ileal neobladder, and the ureters were implanted into the reservoir using a non-refluxing split-cuff nipple technique. Preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative data were collected. Complications were classified as early (less than 3 months after surgery) or late (more than 3 months after surgery). Continence incidence and urodynamic studies were evaluated 5 years after surgery. Duration of follow-up was an average of 95 months (range 60–156 months).ResultsThere were no perioperative deaths. The mean operative time was 315 ± 34 minutes. The mean blood loss was 783 ± 316 ml. There were 31 early complications in 21 patients (41%) and 42 late complications in 30 patients (59%). Urodynamic studies showed the maximum neobladder capacity to be 500 ± 71 ml, maximum flow rate to be 16 ± 5 ml/s and post-voiding residual (PVR) to be 50 ± 44 ml. Postoperative continence was excellent with a daytime continence rate of 90% and a nocturnal continence rate of 78% 5 years after surgery.ConclusionsThe modified spiral neobladder is easy to perform and allows for excellent long-term results with regard to complications and continence.     

Ileal neobladder for urinary bladder replacement following total pelvic exenteration for rectal carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of using the ileal neobladder as a substitute for the urinary bladder following total pelvic exenteration for rectal carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1992 and 1998, we performed total pelvic exenteration with ileal neobladder in 5 men with rectal carcinoma. Four patients had primary tumors, and one had recurrent disease after low anterior resection for rectal carcinoma. Histological types were adenocarcinoma in 4 and squamous cell carcinoma in 1. Invaded organs were: the urinary bladder in 1, the urinary bladder and prostate in 2, the prostate and seminal vesicle in 1, and the prostate in 1. RESULTS: There was no operative death. In 1 patient, an ileal conduit was needed because of partial necrosis of the neobladder. Minor leakage on the dorsal wall of the neobladder occurred in 2 patients, which was successfully stopped with simple closure and a gluteus maximus fasciocutaneous flap, respectively. All except one patient with the ileal conduit could void via the urethra. Complete daytime urinary continence was achieved, but nocturnal continence was maintained with voiding once or twice per night. As the urodynamic state, the mean maximum flow rate was 20.9 ml/s (range 9.0-34.1), the mean average flow rate was 7.7 ml/s (range 3.0-11.0), and the mean voided volume was 285.5 ml (range 160-432). The mean length of follow-up was 47.8 months. One patient died of local recurrence 38 months postoperatively, and 1 died of pneumonia 10 months postoperatively. Both patients could void via the urethra until death. The other three patients are currently alive without any evidence of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Although total pelvic exenteration is a laborious surgical procedure, an ileal neobladder could be a good alternative to the urinary bladder enabling the patients to void via the urethra with urinary continence.     

改良W形回肠代膀胱术的疗效观察(附36例报告)

目的 :探讨改良W形回肠代膀胱术的疗效。方法 :对 36例膀胱肿瘤患者行根治性膀胱切除、W形回肠代膀胱术 ,并对术式进行改进。结果 :36例手术时间平均 4 .2h。术后 31例随访 4～ 19个月 ,平均 10 .6个月 ,无严重并发症 ,均无瘤生存。患者一般于术后 3周自主可控性排尿 ,日间尿控率为 10 0 % ,术后 3、6、12个月夜间尿失禁发生率分别为 2 2 .5 %、11.1%及 6 .2 %。术后 6个月尿动力学检查膀胱容量 (36 0± 30 )ml,最大尿流率 (13.6± 2 .6 )ml/s,剩余尿量 (11.5± 5 .8)ml,充盈期膀胱压力明显低于尿道闭合压。新膀胱造影发现新膀胱呈球形 ,完全位于盆腔 ,未见输尿管反流。B超及IVU检查发现原上尿路积水 4例均明显减轻 ,其余未发现输尿管狭窄和上尿路积水征象。无高氯性酸中毒 ,肾功能正常。结论 :改良W形回肠代膀胱术手术时间短 ,操作简单 ,创伤轻 ,并发症少 ;新膀胱容量大 ,内压低 ,顺应性好 ,功能接近于正常膀胱 ,保持原位排尿 ,明显提高了患者术后生活质量 ,值得临床推广应用。     

改良原位螺旋构型回肠新膀胱术32例报告

目的 评价原位螺旋构型回肠新膀胱术的疗效.方法 1998-2008年对32例男性膀胱癌患者行原位螺旋构型回肠新膀胱术.采用40～45 cm回肠新建储尿囊,去管后用无水乙醇擦拭以清除、破坏黏液细胞,螺旋状构型缝合成低压储尿囊.两侧输尿管末端袖口状整形后分别行原位"插入式"置入新膀胱(Split-Cuff术式).新建储尿囊采用"四针法"低位与尿道缝合.结果 本组平均手术时间(281.2±48.7)min;平均失血量(545.4±181.9)ml,术中输血20例,平均输血(430.8±235.9)ml;平均住院时间(26.8±9.7)d.白天控尿良好30例(93.7%),夜间控尿良好26例(81.3%).23例于术后6个月复查尿动力学提示新膀胱初始尿意容量为270～420(315.0±33.4)ml,最大膀胱容量350～600(490.3±39.7)ml,充盈压(22.5±11.8)cm H2O,最大排尿压(78.3±14.7)cm H2O,最大尿流率(16.5±5.9)ml/s.术后随访22～132个月,平均58.4个月,术后2年内死于肿瘤转移4例.结论 原位螺旋形回肠新膀胱具有容量大、相对低压、顺应性好、肠管利用率高、消化道干扰小和术后排尿、控尿功能更接近正常生理等特点.新膀胱经无水乙醇处理后减少了分泌吸收功能,降低了尿路梗阻和代谢紊乱发生率.输尿管新膀胱Split-Cuff乳头"插入式"吻合可有效防止尿液反流,且方法简单,不易引起管口狭窄,有效地保护了肾功能.尿道以"四针法"吻合简单、实用,可减少吻合口狭窄的发生率.改良螺旋构型回肠新膀胱术是一种较为合理的原位膀胱替代方法.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the outcomes of modified spiral ileal orthotopic neobladder.Methods From January 1998 to January 2008, 32 patients (all male) underwent radical cystectomy and spiral ileal orthotopic substitution for muscle invasive bladder cancer. A segment of 40 to 45 cm ileal loop was isolated, detubularized, and reconfigured in spiral shape to form a pouch. Bilateral ureters were reimplanted by inserting the 1 cm distal segment into the pouch to form a Split-Cuff nipple.The bottom of the pouch was opened and anastomosed with the urethra (4 stitches). Results There were no perioperative deaths. The mean operative time was 281.2±48.7 min. Blood loss was 545.4±181.9 ml. Twenty cases required a blood transfusion, the mean volume of intraoprative blood transfusion was 430.8±235.9 ml. The average hospital stays were 26.8±9. 7 days. Rate of daytime continence was 93. 7% (30/32) while nighttime continence was 81.3% (26/32). Urodynamic studies were carried out in 23 cases 6 months after surgery. Neobladder capacity at first desire to urinate was 315.0± 33.4 ml(270-420 ml). The maximum neobladder capacity was 490. 3±39.7 ml(350-600 ml).The maximum flow rate (Qmax) was 16.5 ± 5.9 ml/s. Full resting pressure was 22. 5 ± 11.8 cm H2O. Peak voiding pressure was 78.3 ± 14.7 cm H2O. After mean 58. 4 months' follow up (range 22 to 132), 4 cases died of metastasis of bladder cancer. Conclusion Modified spiral ileal orthotopic neobladder is a reasonable option for treating invasive bladder cancer.     

改良腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术加Studer原位回肠新膀胱重建初步研究

目的:总结11例腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除、标准淋巴结清扫加Studer原位回肠新膀胱重建的经验,评价此术式肿瘤学结果与功能性结果。方法:2008年7月～2011年5月,选择11例肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤患者实施腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除加下腹壁小切口行Studer原位回肠新膀胱重建术,对手术时间、淋巴结数量、围手术期并发症、出血量、输血量、生存率、上尿路形态与功能、控尿情况进行分析。结果:平均手术时间为6.17(5.5～7.5)h,平均出血量为300(0～800)ml,仅1例输血400ml,平均清扫淋巴结数15(5～30)个,无围手术期死亡,围手术期并发症发生率为18.19%(2/11)。上尿路检查,提示18.19%(2/11)术后拔出双J管后出现双侧肾盂及输尿管的轻度暂时性扩张,其中1例血肌酐上升。随访15(1～67)个月,1例鳞癌死于广泛转移,91%(10/11)无复发生存。患者日间完全控尿率达到90%(9/10);夜间完全控尿率70%(7/10),小于1块尿垫20%(2/10)。结论:选择适当病例行改良的腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除、标准淋巴结清扫加下腹壁小切口行Studer原位回肠新膀胱重建术取得了满意肿瘤学与功能性结果;Studer原位回肠新膀胱顺向蠕动输入袢能够保护上尿路形态与功能。     

腹腔镜膀胱癌根治—原位回肠新膀胱术(附5例报告)

目的探讨腹腔镜膀胱癌根治—原位回肠新膀胱术的临床疗效。方法 2008年11月至2011年4月,采用5点穿刺经腹入路,先行腹腔镜下膀胱癌根治,继而体外构建回肠新膀胱,最后腹腔镜下行新膀胱尿道吻合,实施腹腔镜膀胱癌根治—原位回肠新膀胱术5例。皆为男性,平均年龄67岁。结果手术时间420～600min,平均480min,术中失血量350～800ml,平均400ml。术后淋巴结及手术切缘均阴性。随访3～24个月,除1例有轻度夜间尿失禁外,其余患者均昼夜控尿良好。代膀胱充盈良好,容量200～350ml,平均270ml。平均最大尿流率12ml/s。1例出现勃起功能障碍。结论腹腔镜膀胱癌根治—原位回肠新膀胱术创伤小、出血少、并发症少且疗效满意。     

腹腔镜下全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱重建术(附5例报告)

目的:介绍腹腔镜下全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱重建术的经验。方法:采用腹腔镜下全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱重建术治疗浸润性膀胱癌患者5例。方法是经腹壁小切口取出切除物,行回肠去管成形新膀胱,然后在腹腔镜下将新膀胱与尿道连续吻合。结果:5例患者手术成功,手术时间4.5~7.2h。腹腔镜手术中以超声刀及双极电凝行膀胱侧韧带、前列腺血管蒂及前列腺尖部切断止血,未使用钛夹、术中出血量180~550ml,平均输血400ml。术后4~5天恢复饮食,3周拔除输尿管支架管,4周拔除尿管。患者白天可完全控制排尿,2例夜间偶有尿失禁。1例术后尿漏,经引流治愈。结论:腹腔镜下全膀胱切除术具有创伤小、出血少、恢复快等优点;而回肠新膀胱和尿道连续吻合具有操作方便、省时、缝合紧密、可防止尿漏等优点。