经尿道等离子体双极电切治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤160例

目的探讨经尿道等离子体双极电切术治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤(PKRBt)的安全性与有效性。方法用英国Gyrus公司的经尿道等离子体双极电切系统行浅表膀胱肿瘤切除术160例。肿瘤分级G1为121例,G2为39例。患者男性118例,女性42例,年龄31~89岁,平均59.7岁。多发肿瘤41例,单发119例,膀胱侧壁有肿瘤分布者53例。结果经尿道膀胱肿瘤等离子体双极电切术手术时间5~48min,平均(16±14)min,无经尿道电切综合征;53例侧壁肿瘤切除时,28例发生闭孔神经反射,2例导致各1处膀胱穿孔。随访1~12个月,17例复发,8例再行PKRBt,9例改行根治术。结论PKRBt是一种安全、有效的手术方式。闭孔神经反射是PKRBt的常见并发症之一。     

经尿道双极电切术治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤

目的　探讨经尿道双极电切术治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤 (双极TURBt)的安全性与有效性。方法　用英国Gyrus公司的经尿道双极电切系统行浅表膀胱肿瘤切除术 2 6例。多发肿瘤 8例 ,单发肿瘤 18例 ,膀胱侧壁有肿瘤分布者 13例。结果　经尿道膀胱肿瘤双极电切术手术时间 (19±10 )min(8～ 3 5min) ,无TUR综合征 ,无一例膀胱穿孔 ;13例侧壁肿瘤切除均无明显闭孔神经反射 ,随访 1～ 6个月无复发。结论　用双极电切进行TURBt是一种安全、有效的手术方式     

高频能量发生器经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(附43例报道)

目的 探讨应用高频能量发生器(HFG)经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的安全性和有效性.方法 采用HFG的能量助推双极等离子电切单元行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌43例,能量助推混切电极切除肿瘤直达深肌层,同时扩大到电切距肿瘤基底边缘1cm范围的正常组织,术后个体化定期膀胱内灌注羟基喜树碱.结果 手术时间15 ～ 55min,平均30min.全组无膀胱穿孔病例,31例侧壁或伴发侧壁肿瘤者有15例发生不同程度的闭孔神经反射.全组随访6 ～18个月,复发4例,均行再次电切.结论 HFG经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌安全有效.     

经尿道双极等离子电切系统治疗膀胱癌85例报告

目的探讨应用经尿道双极等离子电切系统治疗膀胱癌的安全性和疗效。方法采用英国Gyrus公司的经尿道双极等离子电切系统行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(transurethral resection of the bladder tumor,TURBT)治疗膀胱癌85例,切割电极切除肿瘤直达深肌层,同时扩大到电切距肿瘤基底1 cm范围的正常组织,术后定期膀胱内灌注吡柔比星。结果手术时间10~52 min,平均23 min。术中发生闭孔神经反射19例,其中腹膜外穿孔2例。64例随访3~72个月,平均21个月,复发17例(术后6~12个月3例复发,1~2年9例复发,2~5年5例复发),行1~4次电切8例,膀胱部分切除5例,全膀胱切除4例;死亡2例,其中1例死于心机梗死,另1例死于肿瘤广泛转移。结论双极等离子电切系统行TURBT治疗浅表性膀胱癌是一种安全有效的方法,但仍要防止闭孔神经反射的发生。     

经尿道超脉冲等离子体双极电切治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤60例

目的：探讨经尿道超脉冲等离子体双极电切治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤的临床效果。方法选取我院2012年1月～2013年12月收治的60例浅表性膀胱肿瘤患者作为研究对象,所有患者均行经尿道超脉冲等离子体双极电切治疗,就所有患者临床诊治资料进行了回顾性分析,着重总结经尿道超脉冲等离子体双极电切治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤的临床效果。结果60例患者经尿道超脉冲等离子体双极电切术均一次性实施成功,手术实施用时为15～60min,平均用时为（30.0±5.0）min。术中6例（10.0%）患者发生闭孔神经反射,其中2例患者并发膀胱腹膜外穿孔损伤,处理后愈合。60例患者术后并未发生大出血、电切综合征及尿道狭窄等并发症,无肿瘤残余。随访2年6例患者肿瘤复发,复发率为10.0%。结论经尿道超脉冲等离子体双极电切治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤具有极为显著的临床疗效,治疗后并发症较少,安全性较高,可推广应用。     

硬膜外麻醉联合膀胱穿刺局部麻醉在膀胱侧壁肿瘤电切术中的应用

目的探讨硬膜外麻醉联合膀胱穿刺局部麻醉在膀胱侧壁肿瘤电切术中预防闭孔神经反射的可行性。方法收集74例硬膜外麻醉联合膀胱穿刺局部麻醉行膀胱侧壁肿瘤经尿道电切术的患者资料,常规经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)44例,经膀胱穿刺局部麻醉注射利多卡因后进行膀胱肿瘤电切术30例,分析其闭孔神经反射、膀胱穿孔的发生情况。结果常规经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术患者44例中20例发生闭孔神经反射,其中6例发生非控制性膀胱穿孔;30例膀胱穿刺局部麻醉注射利多卡因后进行TURBT的患者,仅2例出现轻微闭孔神经反射,无膀胱穿孔。两组间比较有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论硬膜外麻醉联合膀胱穿刺局部麻醉注射利多卡因后行TURBT术,能有效降低闭孔神经反射的发生率,增加手术安全性。     

超脉冲等离子二步法治疗侧壁浅表性膀胱肿瘤

目的：探讨经尿道超脉冲等离子电切加气化相结合二步法切除侧壁浅表性膀胱肿瘤的安全性和有效性。方法：采用英国Gyrus公司第三代超脉冲等离子电切气化系统行经尿道超脉冲等离子电切加气化相结合二步法切除侧壁浅表性膀胱肿瘤（PKRVBt）78例。男51例,女27例,平均年龄55．7（34～72）岁。膀胱肿瘤单发42例,多发36例,膀胱肿瘤侧壁有分布者78例。术前均予膀胱镜检查活检病理证实为移行细胞癌,G1期17例．G2期61例,CT检查均为浅表性膀胱肿瘤。结果：经尿道超脉冲等离子电切加汽化相结合切除侧壁浅表性膀胱肿瘤（PKRVBt）手术时间16～65min,平均（36±14）min,术中术后无明显出血。78例侧壁膀胱肿瘤切除时,早期2例发生闭孔神经反射后伴腹膜外型的膀胱壁穿孔,无电切综合症,无严重出血发生。随访12个月,9例复发并再行PKRVBt。结论：经尿道超脉冲等离子电切加气化相结合二步法切除侧壁浅表性膀胱肿瘤的方法。可有效避免闭孔神经反射、膀胱穿孔、严重出血等并发症的发生,是一种安全、有效的手术方式。     

经闭孔行闭孔神经阻滞对预防膀胱侧壁肿瘤电切时闭孔神经反射的作用

目的探讨经闭孔行闭孔神经阻滞对预防膀胱侧壁肿瘤电切时闭孔神经反射的作用。方法回顾性分析67例膀胱侧壁浅表性肿瘤行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术的患者资料,根据术中是否行闭孔神经阻滞分为闭孔神经阻滞组（35例）和对照组（32例）,其中闭孔神经阻滞组术中辅以经闭孔法闭孔神经阻滞,而对照组未行闭孔神经阻滞。比较两组术中闭孔神经反射发生率、膀胱穿孔率、手术时间、及出血量,并术后随访观察肿瘤的复发情况。结果两组术中电切时间、出血量、术后1年肿瘤复发率均无统计学差异,但闭孔神经阻滞组闭孔神经反射率及膀胱穿孔率较对照组明显降低。结论经闭孔行闭孔神经阻滞能有效预防膀胱侧壁肿瘤电切时闭孔神经反射,可降低膀胱穿孔率,其操作要点是选择准确的穿刺点、掌握好穿刺方向和深度。     

B超定位闭孔神经阻滞在TURBT中的应用

目的:探讨B超定位闭孔神经阻滞在经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)中消除闭孔反射的效果。方法:对29例膀胱侧壁浅表性肿瘤行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术,根据麻醉方式的不同分为腰麻+B超定位闭孔神经阻滞组14例,全麻组15例。结果:腰麻+B超定位闭孔神经阻滞组14例中,13例闭孔反射完全消除,1例仍有闭孔反射,改全麻后行TURBT;15例全麻组均未出现明显闭孔神经反射。结论:该方法可有效地消除TURBT的闭孔神经反射,效果与全麻相同,对呼吸功能减退、心功能不全者影响较小。     

耻骨上经膀胱闭孔神经阻滞法在经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中的应用

目的:探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)中耻骨上经膀胱闭孔神经阻滞的安全性与有效性。方法:从2011年7月始,我院收治的有TURBT指征的膀胱侧壁肿瘤患者21例,术中在硬膜外麻醉下行耻骨上经膀胱闭孔神经阻滞预防闭孔神经反射,与往期在硬膜外麻醉下行经会阴闭孔神经阻滞的21例患者,进行闭孔反射发生率、膀胱穿孔发生率、手术时间、出血量方面的比较,术后随访观察肿瘤复发情况。结果:两组手术时间、出血量及术后1年复发率的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),但硬膜外麻醉联合耻骨上经膀胱闭孔神经阻滞组的闭孔反射发生率及膀胱穿孔率明显降低(P0.05)。结论:耻骨上经膀胱闭孔神经阻滞能有效预防闭孔神经反射,可降低TURBT膀胱穿孔率。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.