脑卒中后咽期吞咽障碍患者舌骨和颏舌骨肌的超声评价研究

目的：通过B/M型超声测量脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者的舌骨和颏舌骨肌运动参数,探讨其在咽期吞咽困难程度评估中的价值。方法：选取脑卒中患者40例为研究对象,均经吞咽造影检查证实存在咽期吞咽障碍。选用视频吞咽障碍分级量表（VDS）中的7项咽期指标进行评定,满分为60分。根据评分将患者分为<30分（轻度组）和≥30分（重度组）2组。使用超声测量2组空吞咽时的舌骨位移、颏舌骨肌运动距离和运动时间。并记录2组的管饲喂食情况。结果：轻度组舌骨位移、颏舌骨肌运动距离大于重度组（P<0.05）。2组颏舌骨肌运动时间比较无明显差异。2组管饲情况比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：超声可以对舌骨和颏舌骨肌的位移等运动规律进行定量检测,有助于对脑卒中后咽期吞咽障碍患者吞咽困难程度的分析,为临床康复治疗提供量化指标。     

脑卒中吞咽障碍患者表面肌电信号与咽期活动的量化关系研究

目的：通过观察吞咽过程中的表面肌电（sEMG）信号和吞咽造影（VFSS）时吞咽器官的结构性位移,探讨脑卒中吞咽障碍患者吞咽器官形态学变化与电生理指标的相关性。方法：选取经床旁筛查证实存在吞咽障碍的脑卒中恢复期患者21例,设为病例组,另选取健康受试者9例设为正常对照组。对所有患者进行VFSS检查,同时在同一次吞咽动作中采集颏下肌群、舌骨下肌群的sEMG信号。使用吞咽功能影像数字化采集与分析系统记录吞咽过程,对吞咽时吞咽器官活动进行量化分析。对两组受试者的肌电活动持续时间、平均振幅、激活顺序、肌电活动潜伏期以及舌骨运动潜伏期进行比较,并对病例组患者sEMG信号与舌骨喉复合体位移、食管上括约肌（UES）开放幅度进行相关性分析。结果：病例组颏下肌群及舌骨下肌群的吞咽时程大于对照组,平均振幅小于对照组（P<0.05）;病例组患者sEMG颏下肌群平均振幅与舌骨位移以及UES开放幅度均未见明显相关。病例组患者中有14例表现为反向激活序列模式,有7例表现为正向激活序列模式。反向激活序列模式的患者与正向激活序列模式的患者相比,舌骨位移以及UES开放幅度均显著下降（P<0.05）。病例组患者肌...     

脑卒中急性期吞咽障碍的临床影像评价

目的:探讨脑卒中急性期吞咽障碍的临床及影像学检查的表现,分析脑卒中部位与吞咽障碍发生类型的关系。方法:首次发病的急性脑卒中患者62例,根据不同病变部位分为单侧大脑半球组、双侧大脑半球组、脑干与小脑组及多发性卒中组。入院后3d内完成临床吞咽功能评估;入院7d进行吞咽X线荧光透视检查(VFSS);记录分析吞咽障碍的类型和脑卒中的病变部位。结果:入院3d内临床吞咽评定4组患者中有29例(46.8%)存在吞咽困难,其中脑干及小脑组发生吞咽困难的百分率明显高于其他组(P0.05);于7d时VFSS检测11例能完成,其中单侧大脑半球组3例、双侧大脑半球组2例,多出现口腔期困难;脑干及小脑组2例,多出现咽期困难;多发卒中组4例,口腔期和咽期均受影响。吞咽异常表现类型为唇闭合无力、舌运动减弱、误吸及环咽肌功能不全、吞咽反射延迟、喉上抬差、会厌谷和/或梨状窝滞留、喉渗透等。结论:脑卒中后吞咽障碍的临床评定可明确吞咽口阶段的生理状态,VFSS可明确咽阶段及有无误吸。为避免吞咽困难所致的并发症及预防或治疗吞咽困难,需尽早完成吞咽评定,且可以节省患者总体费用及加快改善预后。     

脑卒中吞咽障碍患者舌压和舌骨运动与咽期活动的量化关系

目的 通过观察舌压和吞咽造影时吞咽器官的形态学动态变化,探讨脑卒中吞咽障碍患者的舌肌及舌骨运动与咽期咽腔活动的相互影响。 方法 纳入符合入组条件的13例脑卒中吞咽障碍患者作为研究对象,先对所有患者进行舌压测定（日本JMS舌压测定器）,重复测量3次取平均值;舌压测定后即刻行吞咽造影检查,使用吞咽功能影像数字化采集与分析系统以30帧/秒的速率记录吞咽过程,截取目标图像。使用吞咽造影分析软件进行吞咽时吞咽器官活动的量化分析,并对舌压、舌骨运动位移、咽腔收缩率（PCR）、食管上括约肌（UES）持续开放时间等参数进行相关性分析。 结果 舌压［（17.06±9.68）kPa］与UES持续开放时间［（1052.3±639.08）ms］存在正相关（r=0.59,P<0.05）。舌骨向上位移［（10.65±5.88）mm］与PCR［（55.38±32.20）％］存在负相关（r=-0.53,P<0.05）。 结论 舌肌及舌骨活动可影响咽期吞咽器官的功能活动。     

脑卒中吞咽困难异常表现与影像学表现的相关性分析

目的 探讨脑卒中患者吞咽困难临床表现与其影像学异常表现的相关性。方法 对56例住院治疗的脑卒中吞咽困难患者进行临床评估及电视透视检查（VF检查），并对上述2种方法的检查结果进行相关性分析。结果 经Logistic回归分析后发现，食物或水从口角漏出（P=0．037）可预测唇闭合异常，仰头动作（P=0．010）及构音障碍（P=0．025）可预测舌运动障碍，喉上抬差（P=0．024）、咽反射减弱或消失（P=0．005）可预测会厌返折不全，用力吞咽（P=0．016）可预测喉上提异常，进食呛咳可预测声门关闭不全（P=0．011）及误吸（P=0．042）；未发现有临床表现可准确预测软腭运动障碍、咽蠕动减弱、环咽肌打开不全等影像学异常改变。结论 脑卒中吞咽困难患者的某些临床表现可以有效预测影像学检查下的部分器官功能异常改变，增强了临床评估的准确性及客观性，有利于指导那些不能接受VF检查的患者进行吞咽障碍治疗。     

强化神经肌肉电刺激对脑卒中吞咽障碍患者吞咽功能及舌骨喉复合体运动速度的影响

目的 观察不同强度的神经肌肉电刺激（NMES）对脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者吞咽功能及舌骨喉复合体运动速度的影响。 方法 将30例咽期吞咽功能障碍患者按随机数字表法分为对照组、NMES组和强化NMES组。3组患者均给予常规吞咽功能训练，NMES组和强化NMES组在此基础上辅以NMES，NMES组每日1次，强化NMES组每日2次。治疗前、治疗2周及4周后进行视频透视吞咽检查(VFSS)，测量吞咽半流质食物时舌骨、甲状软骨向前、向上的运动幅度、时间，计算相应的速度，同时采用洼田饮水试验、才藤分级、Rosenbek渗透-误吸量表（PAS）进行疗效评定。 结果 治疗后，3组患者洼田饮水试验、才藤分级、PAS分级均较治疗前明显改善(P<0.05)；治疗2周后，强化NMES组洼田饮水试验显效率高于对照组（P<0.05）；治疗2周、4周后，强化NMES组才藤分级有效率高于对照组；治疗2周、4周后，强化NMES组PAS分级较NMES组、对照组均明显提高，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。舌骨前移速度中，强化NMES组在治疗2周后［（20.52±8.39）mm/s］、4周后［（33.00±19.83）mm/s］较NMES组及对照组增快；PAS分级与舌骨前移速度Pearson相关性分析呈中度相关（P<0.05）。 结论 强化NMES在改善吞咽障碍患者吞咽功能方面优于NMES，舌骨喉复合体运动速度增快可明显改善吞咽障碍的治疗效果。     

康复训练改善脑卒中患者的吞咽困难

目的：观察康复训练对脑卒中患者吞咽困难的改善作用。方法：对30例2002-07／2003-07在中国医科大学附属第一医院神经内科住院的急性脑卒中不同程度吞咽困难患者(实验组)实施直接和间接康复训练，治疗前后应用电视X射线透视吞钡评价吞咽功能，并与30例未进行康复训练的患者(对照组)进行比较。结果：治疗后实验组患者的吞咽功能比治疗前有明显改善，差异有非常显著性意义(u=10．05，P&;lt;0．01)；对照组治疗前后比较，吞咽困难差异无显著性意义(u=0．75，P&;gt;0．05)。实验组无一例发生误吸。结论：通过对脑卒中吞咽困难患者实施康复训练，可以提高患者的吞咽功能。     

延髓背外侧综合征所致吞咽障碍的特点及相关机制

目的观察延髓背外侧综合征造成机体吞咽障碍的特点，并探讨其相关机制。方法采取横断面方式研究，对12例延髓背外侧综合征患者的吞咽功能进行临床评估及电视透视检查，观察其临床表现及电视透视下吞咽生理改变特点；同时记录患者出院及随访3个月时的吞咽功能恢复情况。结果12例患者临床吞咽障碍包括饮水、进食咽下困难、咳嗽及清嗓动作，急性期不能经口进食，需要鼻饲摄入营养；口期吞咽损伤者7例，仅表现为软腭上抬减弱，剩余患者未见明显口期损伤；12例患者咽期均有明显异常，10例患者喉上提幅度降低及无效吞咽，8例患者吞咽启动延迟。电视透视检查显示，患者口期吞咽均未见明显损伤，9例患者喉结构上抬幅度明显减弱，10例患者环咽肌打开不能，2例患者打开不全，12例患者喉穿透等。经系统吞咽康复治疗后，共有11例患者经平均治疗36d（13～50d）后拔除鼻饲导管恢复经口进食；3个月后饮食习惯与发病前一致。本研究中，病史为3年的患者经治疗后未能恢复经口进食。结论延髓背外侧综合征造成的吞咽困难多数（9／12）以喉上提明显减弱为主要特征，致使环咽肌打开不全／不能；少数患者（3／12）以环咽肌顺应性降低为主要特征，喉上提幅度尚充分。延髓背外侧综合征患者经早期康复治疗可获得良好预后，如延误治疗时机则疗效欠佳。     

肌电生物反馈强化训练对脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者吞咽功能的影响

目的 观察不同时间肌电生物反馈治疗（EMGBF）对脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者吞咽功能及舌骨喉复合体运动速率的影响。 方法 选取我院42例脑卒中后咽期吞咽功能障碍患者，按照随机数字表法将患者分为常规组（15例）、EMGBF组（14例）和强化EMGBF组（13例）。3组患者均给予神经科常规药物治疗及运动功能康复训练，在此基础上常规组给予常规吞咽功能训练，每日30 min，每周5 d；EMGBF组在常规吞咽功能训练基础上增加1次肌电生物反馈治疗，每日1次，每周5次；强化EMGBF组在常规吞咽功能训练基础上增加2次肌电生物反馈治疗，每日2次，每周10次。所有患者均治疗4周。分别于治疗前、治疗4周后（治疗后），进行吞咽造影检查(VFSS)，测量舌骨在吞咽半流质食物时向前、向上的运动幅度、时间，计算运动速率，采用吞咽障碍程度评定、Rosenbek渗透-误吸量表（PAS）对3组患者进行评定。 结果 治疗前，3组患者吞咽障碍程度、PAS评分、舌骨前移运动速度、舌骨上移运动速度比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。与组内治疗前比较，3组患者治疗后吞咽障碍程度、PAS评分、舌骨前移运动速度、舌骨上移运动速度均有所改善（P<0.05）。治疗后，与常规组比较，EMGBF组和强化EMGBF组吞咽障碍程度评分均较高（P<0.05）、PAS评分较低（P<0.05），强化EMGBF组治疗后吞咽障碍程度评分虽然高于EMGBF组，但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），强化EMGBF组治疗后PAS评分［（2.38±1.19）分］低于EMGBF组［（3.57±1.45）分］，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与常规组治疗后比较，EMGBF组和强化EMGBF组舌骨前移、上移运动速度均较高（P<0.05）。与EMGBF组治疗后比较，强化EMGBF组舌骨前移［（34.10±12.67）mm/s］、上移运动速度［（34.30±9.16）mm/s］较高（P<0.05）。 结论 肌电生物反馈强化训练在改善吞咽障碍患者吞咽功能及提高舌骨喉复合体运动速率方面优于常规吞咽训练及肌电生物反馈训练。     

神经肌肉电刺激对脑卒后咽期吞咽障碍的康复疗效

目的:探讨神经肌肉电刺激治疗脑卒中后咽期吞咽障碍的疗效及对舌骨喉复合体动度的影响。方法:选取48例脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者,随机分为观察组和对照组各24例,对照组行常规治疗,观察组再加用神经肌肉电刺激治疗,对比2组患者治疗效果和舌骨喉复合体动度。结果:治疗后,2组患者舌骨复合体动度比较,2组治疗后甲状软骨前移和上移、舌骨前移和上移距离均大于治疗前(P0.05),且观察组更大于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后2组临床疗效比较,观察组总有效率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:应用神经肌肉电刺激治疗脑卒中后咽期吞咽障碍患者,疗效确切,能有效改善患者吞咽功能。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.