Immune and enzyme disorders in patients with acute pancreatitis

Analysis of immune and enzyme disorders in 85 patients with acute pancreatitis shows that persistent imbalance of immunoregulatory T-lymphocytes with suppression predominance; reduction of all immunoglobulines number, imbalance in phagocytic immunity with height of absorbing activity of neutropils and stimultaneous decrease of their digestive capacity are prognostically unfavourable for high risk of pyonecrotic complications and lethal outcome. It is necessary to include immunocorrectors in combined therapy. Direct assessment of leukocytic elastase activity and alpha-IP level in blood plasma permits to evaluate spreading of inflammatory process and it severity, efficacy and prognosis of treatment.     

Functional state of the liver in patients with an acute destructive pancreatitis in the early postoperative period

The efficacy of conventional complex treatment and such, including pentoxyphylline, lipoic acid and the aminoacids mixture, was studied in early postoperative period in 64 patients with an acute destructive pancreatitis. The highest levels of general and direct bilirubins, the aminotransferases activity were established initially in those patients, in whom the polyorgan insufficiency syndrome (PIS) occurred subsequently. More significant normalization of the indexes under the influence of treatment was observed in patients without PIS, in patients with PIS the pharmacological resistance was registered. More favourable course of postoperative period was observed in patients, in whom pentoxyphylline, lipoic acid and the aminoacids mixture were included in complex of treatment.     

Characteristics of immunologic disorders in patients with acute destructive pancreatitis

Examination of immunological status in patients with acute destructive pancreatitis with uncomplicated (14 patients) and complicated (infectious-inflammatory processes--18 patients) postoperative period illustrated depression of T- and B-links of immunity, reduction of absolute and relative number of TFU- and TFC-lymphocytes. All the patients demonstrated reliable elevation of phagocytic rate, phagocytic index and number of circulating immune complexes. These changes were more significant in patients with complicated postoperative period. Level of lactoferrin in patients with complicated period was by 10% higher than in patients without complications. Significant elevation of tumor necrosis factor Ia in blood was registered in patients of both groups. During all the periods of examination the level of interleukin-8 was higher in patients with complicated postoperative period than in the patients with favorable postoperative period. This interleukin-8 is a reliable marker of postoperative complications in acute destructive pancreatitis.     

重症急性胰腺炎术后胃肠道瘘的治疗

目的　探讨重症急性胰腺炎术后胃肠道瘘的治疗方法。方法　对 1996～ 1999年间收治的 2 8例急性胰腺炎术后胃肠道瘘患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　给予生长抑素、生长激素治疗 ,经瘘流出液量显著减少 (P <0 .0 1)。全部患者均治愈 ,瘘愈合的平均时间为 (5 2± 16)d(2 4～2 2 7d)。 85 .7%的胃肠道瘘经非手术治疗痊愈。结论　绝大部分胰腺炎术后胃肠道瘘经非手术治疗可获痊愈 ,生长抑素、生长激素序贯治疗可显著加速瘘的愈合。     

Fistulography in destructive pancreatitis in postoperative period

Results of different x-ray methods applied in 151 patients early after operations for destructive pancreatitis were analyzed. The technique of fistulography is described. Plain roentgenography of the chest demonstrated changes in 77.4% cases, most often occurred disk-shaped atelectases and pleural effusion. Examination of the abdominal cavity revealed functional disorders in 69.8% cases, direct symptoms of purulent process -- in 52.9%, radiographic signs of aseptic sequestration -- in 47.1% patients. X-ray signs of purulent process in the retroperitoneal fat and aseptic sequestration of the infiltrate or fat are outlined. The value of fistulography for localization and determination of the shape of drained cavities, position of the drainage tubes in the cavity, condition of the adjacent tissue, progression of purulent process, adequacy of drain of the purulent cavities is shown. Based on the results of complex x-ray examination with ultrasound investigation and CT data, the indications to repeated procedure (surgery or additional drainage) were formulated in 82 (54.3%) of 151 patients.     

Immune disorders during postoperative peritonitis

Despite major diagnostic and therapeutic advances, postoperative peritonitis appeared to be still associated with a severe prognosis. The failure to react to delayed hypersensitivity skin tests was recently shown to identify patients at increased risk for sepsis. In an attempt to clarify the mechanisms of this anergy, cellular and humoral immunity was studied with in vitro tests in 12 patients treated for postoperative peritonitis. Complement was decreased in 33.3% of cases and normal in the others. No significant change was found in IgG and IgM titres, but IgA concentrations were increased in 80% of cases. A decrease in the total number of lymphocytes was observed in 41.7% of patients, related to the reduction in the total T lymphocyte count. Mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation was studied with phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed-mitogen, and tuberculin purified protein derivative. Six patients had decreased or negative response to at least three mitogens; 91,7% had no response to tuberculin. The leukocyte migration inhibition test was negative in all cases. These abnormalities in cell mediated immunity may have been related to underlying diseases (severe nutrition depletion in 7 cases), to sepsis (septic shock in 10 cases), to repeated anaesthesias and surgical procedures, and even to drugs (e.g. antibiotics). The presence of serum inhibitors may have been the cause of the anergy and further studies are required.     

Correction of asthenovegetative disorders in the postoperative period in pulmonary tuberculosis patients

58 patients with asthenia were observed during postoperative period after surgery treatment of tuberculosis. All of the patients were divided into two groups: 34 patients taking anti tuberculosis drugs and Stimol, and 24 patients taking only anti tuberculosis drugs. Following method where used to appreciate states of the patients: scales of Symptoms Check List--90, acid-base and gas state of blood, EKG, ECHOKG, KIG, Contactles Spirometry. RESULTS: Treatment with using of Stimol leads to quicker regress of asthenia to improvement in both cardiovascular and respiratory systems and normalization of gas state of blood. Effect of this medicine can be connected with positive influence on cardiac and respiratory functions of the body due to normalization vegetative prevision and improvement of metabolism in cells of drain and cardiomyocyties.     

Prevention of acute postoperative pancreatitis

Results of an analysis of 4287 operations on organs of the abdomen have shown the frequency of acute pancreatitis after different surgical interventions to be 0,9%. This complication was more frequent after operations on the stomach (4,24%), less frequent after operations on biliary ducts (1,3%). Decompression of the biliary ducts and the gastro-intestinal tract reduced the frequency of acute pancreatitis after operations on the abdominal organs from 1,13% to 0,6%.     

重症急性胰腺炎术后并发十二指肠瘘

目的　探讨重症急性胰腺炎 (SAP)术后并发十二指肠瘘的原因及防治方法。方法　对 2 2例SAP术后并发十二指肠瘘患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　 184例手术治疗的SAP发生十二指肠瘘 2 2例 ,15例出现在术后 2周。 18例非手术治疗自行愈合 ,4例再次手术治愈。结论　SAP早期手术、胰周感染、手术时引流管放置不当或时间过长与十二肠瘘发生有关。保持瘘口周围引流通畅 ,积极控制胰周感染 ,抑制胃肠道分泌 ,加强营养支持 ,多数十二指肠瘘可自行愈合     

Hemodynamic disorders in acute intestinal obstruction in the early postoperative period and their correction

Eight indices of hemodynamics and microcirculation in 50 patients with acute ileus (AI) at the early postoperative period were studied. The significant deviation of all (except arterial pressure) indices, especially those characterising the disorders in microcirculation were revealed. They were the most pronounced in patients with AI of tumour nature. By 5-7 day after the operation, none of the indices has normalized. It is recommended not to restrict the performance of corrigative therapy to the early postoperative period, and to continue it under laboratory control up to normalization of the indices of hemodynamics and microcirculation.     

重症急性胰腺炎术后腹腔大出血的临床分析

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)术后腹腔出血的特点及其诊断、治疗。方法 对1991～2001年间SAP及其胰周并发症手术治疗、术后发生腹腔大出血的13例SAP病人进行回顾性分析。结果 SAP术后腹腔出血主要以胰床及其周围的渗血及小血管破裂为多,时间多在手术后5～20天内发生。出血部位的局部压迫止血是早期抢救的有效措施之一,介入放射学对诊断和治疗都有积极意义。结论 SAP术后腹腔出血的死亡率高,一旦发生应及时、准确地判断并予以处理,以期改善病人的预后。     

重症急性胰腺炎术后胰腺感染病原菌及药物敏感性分析

目的分析因重症急性胰腺炎行引流手术且术后合并胰腺感染患者的细菌学及药敏报告,为重症急性胰腺炎术后感染的抗生素应用提供临床参考。方法收集2003年1月—2006年4月间86例重症急性胰腺炎术后患者腹腔引流物标本,对标本进行细菌培养,检测菌株对抗生素的耐药情况。结果86例患者中共分离出276株细菌,检出率分别为阴沟肠杆菌（12．3％）、铜绿假单胞菌（10．9％）、金黄色葡萄球菌（9．4％）、其他葡萄球菌（9．4％）、D群链球菌（9．4％）、粪肠球菌（8．7％）、大肠埃希菌（8．7％）、表皮葡萄球菌（6．5％）、肺炎克雷伯菌（4．3％）、屎肠球菌（4．3％）。药敏分析及耐药试验表明重症急性胰腺炎术后胰腺感染耐药严重,对于革兰阳性球菌,万古霉素和替考拉宁尚保持了较好的抗菌活性,对于革兰阴性杆菌仅碳青酶烯类抗生素对其存在较好的抗菌活性。结论对重症急性胰腺炎术后胰腺感染患者,大部分菌株广泛耐药,临床上应依据细菌药物敏感性结果,不断调整抗生素。     

早期肠内营养改善急性重症胰腺炎患者术后免疫功能的研究

目的　探讨早期肠内营养在改善急性重症胰腺炎患者术后免疫功能中的作用。方法　 60例急性重症胰腺炎手术患者随机分为早期肠内营养组 (研究组 )和常规治疗组 (对照组 )。分别检测研究组与对照组术后第 1天、营养支持后 1周、2周的免疫指标、营养指标和一般指标 ,并观察营养支持的效果。结果　研究组吞噬细胞功能、CD4 T细胞、CD8 T细胞均明显高于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,而IL -6、TNF -a水平则明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,前白蛋白、白蛋白、转铁蛋白两组间差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,并发症发生率、治愈率、死亡率、平均住院时间两组间存在显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　早期肠内营养治疗可明显改善急性重症胰腺炎患者的免疫功能 ,减轻术后创伤的应激和炎症反应程度 ,提高临床治疗效果。