2型糖尿病患者口服降糖药控制不佳时配伍相关药物的疗效与安全性

目的比较2型糖尿病患者口服降糖药控制不佳时加用甘精胰岛素或中效胰岛素（NPH）使HbAlc达到7％的疗效与安全性。方法在64例服用1种或2种口服降糖药但血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者（HbAlc〉8％）中随机加用一次甘精胰岛素或NPH,治疗12周后,使空腹血糖（FBG）达到≤5．6mmol／L,观察指标为FBG、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、低血糖发生率和达到HbAlc≤7％,并且没有发生有记录的夜间低血糖的患者百分数。结果试验结束时甘精胰岛素组和NPH组的空腹血糖和HbAlc无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。在HbAlc≤7％,且没有发生有记录的低血糖方面,甘精胰岛素组明显优于NPH组（P〈0．05）。甘精胰岛素组的夜间低血糖发生率显著低于NPH组（P〈0．05）。结论2型糖尿病口服降糖药控制不佳的患者加用甘精胰岛素,可使血糖达标并且低血糖发生率显著低于NPH。     

2型糖尿病患者血糖波动与血管并发症关系研究

目的：探讨2型糖尿病患者血糖波动对血管并发症发生情况的影响。方法：回顾性分析86例2型糖尿病患者的临床资料,以12周内平均血糖标准差（SDMG）和12周后血清糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）值作为分组依据,观察并对患者进行随访,对比各组间糖尿病慢性血管并发症发生率。结果：Al组（6．5％〈HbAlc≤9．0％;SDMG≥2mmol／L）慢性血管并发症发病率（24．1％）高于A2组（6．5％〈HbAlc≤9．O％;SDMG〈2mmol／L）（12．O％）,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。B1组（HbAlc〉9．0％;SDMG≥2mmol／L）慢性血管并发症发病率（36．8％）高于B2组（HbAlc〉9．0％;SDMG〈2mmol／L）（15．4％）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。A1组慢性血管并发症发病率（24．1％）高于B2组（15．4％）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05o结论：血糖变异性是独立于HbAlc的影响慢性血管并发症发生的因素,对糖尿病患者血糖波动性予以正确的监测和评估,对于改善血管并发症的发生及发展具有重要意义,然而具体的临床效果还需进一步进行大样本的临床试验性研究得以明确。     

超短效胰岛素类似物预混制剂与短效人胰岛素预混制剂在推动糖化血红蛋白达标方面的优势比较

目的评价超短效胰岛素类似物预混制剂（诺和锐30特充）与短效人胰岛素预混制剂（诺和锐30R胰岛素）对新诊断糖尿病治疗后糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）影响的差异。方法对27例被观察对象在饮食治疗的基础上应用两种胰岛素调整血糖，使HbAlc≤6．5％为达标治疗调整目标，记录血糖、HbAlc、体重指数、不良事件等。结果与诺和灵30R胰岛素相比较，诺和锐30特充降低餐后血糖更显著（P〈0.01）、在HbAlc达标及达标比例方面有明显优势（P〈0.05），低血糖等不良事件发生率低。结论超短效胰岛素类似物预混制剂诺和锐30较短效人胰岛素预混制剂诺和灵30R胰岛素在推动HbAlc达标方面更具优势。     

匹维溴铵联合谷维素治疗老年肠易激综合征临床疗效观察

目的探讨匹维溴铵联合谷维素治疗老年肠易激综合征的临床疗效。方法将73例老年肠易激综合征患者随机分为试验组（n=37例）和对照组（n：36例）。试验组给予匹维溴铵治疗,3次／d,每次50mg,另给予谷维素治疗,3次／d,每次30mg。对照组只给予匹维溴铵治疗,3次／d,每次50mg。两组均以30d为1个疗程,评估两组的I临床治疗效果。结果试验组和对照组的显效率分别62．3％和27．8％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=6．37,P〈0．05）。试验组和对照组的总有效率分别89．2％和61．1％,两组比较差异亦有统计学意义（χ2=7．45,P〈0．05）。两组均未出现明显不良反应,患者耐受性好。结论匹维溴铵联合谷维素治疗老年肠易激综合征疗效明显,不良反应轻微,值得临床推广。     

生长激素、C肽、血脂水平与2型糖尿病肾病的关系

目的探讨2型糖尿病肾病患者与生长激素、C肽、血脂、血糖及高血压的关系。方法测定82例2型糖尿病患者,其中无肾脏病变组40例,有肾脏病变组42例,正常对照组39例,进行血糖（BG）、生长激素（GH）、C肽（C—P）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—c）检测。结果糖尿病2t组各时相血糖及HbAlc均显著高于正常对照组,糖尿病肾病组HbAlc、FGH、TC、TG、EDL—C及收缩压、舒张压显著高于无肾脏病变组及正常对照组（P〈0．01）。糖尿病肾脏病变组C—P（0h）及C—P（2h）均显著低于无肾脏病变组及正常对照组（P〈0．01）。糖尿病肾脏病变组病程明显长于无肾脏病变组（P〈0．01）。Pearson相关分析显示,HbAlc与FGH呈正相关（r=0．912,P〈0．01）,与C．P（0h）呈负相关（r=-0．803,P〈0．01）,与C—P（2h）呈负相关（r=-0．771,P〈0．01）,FGH与TC呈正相关（r=0．413,P〈0．05）。结论糖尿病肾病患者存在长期高血糖和脂代谢紊乱。空腹生长激素水平升高、高血压及胰岛B细胞功能障碍为2型糖尿病肾病的主要危险因素。     

拜糖平联合社区健康干预对于糖尿病的治疗效果

目的：评价拜糖平联合社区健康干预对于糖尿病的治疗效果,探讨其临床适用性。方法在社区医院进行干预治疗的66例2型糖尿病患者随机分为试验组和对照组各33例,两组均用拜糖平降糖治疗,试验组治疗期间接受社区健康干预;观察两组患者治疗后的血糖控制情况及不良生活习惯调整率。结果两组患者治疗前FBG,2hFBG及HbAlc差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）,治疗后均降低且试验组更显著（P＜0．05）;治疗干预后,试验组规律饮食调整的比率、坚持运动的比率、戒烟及戒酒率和规律血糖监测的比率均较显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论拜糖平联合社区健康干预对于社区糖尿病患者的疗效更佳。     

甘精胰岛素对糖尿病腹部手术病人围手术期血糖控制的观察

目的观察甘精胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病腹部手术病人围手术期血糖控制的效果和安全性。方法36例2型糖尿病腹部手术病人随机分为A、B2组进行胰岛素治疗，A组为甘精胰岛素治疗组（n=20）；B组为胰岛素泵治疗组（n=16），2组治疗目标末梢血糖值为空腹≤7．0mmol／L和餐后2h血糖≤11．1mmol／L。结果2组患者都达到目标血糖值，血糖达标时间无差异，低血糖发生率差异无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。结论甘精胰岛素可以有效控制糖尿病手术患者围手术期血糖。保证了手术的实施和术后伤口的愈合。     

罗格列酮对2型糖尿病疗效的观察

目的观察罗格列酮对2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的疗效。方法将40例糖尿病患者,随机分为实验组和对照组,在原治疗基础上,治疗组加服罗格列酮,对照组加服二甲双胍,疗程均为16周。治疗前后监测血糖、糖化血红蛋白（HbAle）、血脂及血胰岛素水平的变化。结果（1）两组治疗前糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）及空腹血糖差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;各组治疗后均低于本组治疗前（P〈0．05）;治疗组治疗后两指标均低于对照组治疗后（P〈0．05）。（2）两组治疗前后空腹胰岛素均无明显变化（P〉0．05）;对照组治疗前后差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（3）两组治疗前血脂三项各指标差异无统计学意义P〉0．05）;治疗治疗后血脂三项均低于本组治疗前（P〈0．05）;对照组治疗后无显著变化（P〉0．05）。结论罗格列酮有很好的降糖作用,能改善胰岛素抵抗、调节血脂,对2型糖尿病患者安全有效。     

初诊重度2-型糖尿病（T2DM）应用门冬胰岛素30疗效观察

目的：观察胰岛素治疗初诊重度2-型糖尿病（T1DM）疗效。方法：初诊重度T．2DM50例,随机分为胰岛素治疗Sit（n=26）和口服磺脲类治疗组（n=24）两组,观察治疗前和治疗6个月后各组的FBG、P2hBG、HbAlc、空腹C肽、餐后2hC肽。结果：治疗6个月后胰岛素治疗组的FBG、P2hBG、HbA1c、空腹C肽、餐后2hC肽变化明显优于口服磺脲类治疗组（P〈0．05）,轻度低血糖发生率两组大体相当,重度低血糖发生率胰岛素治疗组明显低于口服磺脲类治疗组。结论：胰岛素是控制疗初诊重度2-型糖尿病血糖的有效方法。     

胰岛素泵强化降糖对手术病人治疗恢复的临床研究

目的：研究胰岛素泵强化降糖对手术病人治疗的恢复效果。方法：资料随机选自2012年12月-2013年12月我院耱尿病手术患者150例,按照治疗方法随机平分为研究组和对照组,对照组患者予以常规降糖,研究患者予以胰岛素泵强化降糖,观察对比两组患者治疗的恢复情况。结果：研究组患者治疗的血糖相关指标恢复情况明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）;且研究组患者治疗所用的胰岛素量明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）;同时研究组切口恢复时间、住院时间均比对照组少（P〈0．05）;研究组术后发生低血糖4（5．33％）例,比对照组低血糖、感染并发症23（30．67％）例少（P〈0.05）。结论：胰岛素泵强化降糖在糖尿病患者治疗中的应用,可有效的降低患者血糖相关指标和减少治疗胰岛素用量。     

甘精胰岛素联合口服药物治疗2型糖尿病的疗效及安全性分析

目的评价甘精胰岛素联合口服降糖药物（oral hypoglycemic drugs,OADs）治疗方案对使用预混胰岛素血糖控制欠佳的2型糖尿病患者的疗效及安全性。方法预混胰岛素30/70单独或联合使用OADs血糖控制不良的2型糖尿病患者50例,随机分为治疗组（停用预混胰岛素,改为皮下注射甘精胰岛素联合OADs）（n=30）和对照组（继续使用预混胰岛素早晚餐前皮下注射联合OADs）（n=20）,各组均依据血糖监测水平调整胰岛素及OADs用量。12周后对比两组患者空腹血糖（fasting blood glucose,FBG）、三餐后2 h血糖（2-hour postprandial blood glucose,2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白A1c（glycated hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c）、体重指数（body mass index,BMI）及试验期间低血糖发生次数。结果与治疗前相比,治疗组及对照组治疗后HbA1c、FBG、三餐2hPG均有所下降（P均〈0.01）;治疗组BMI无明显变化（P〉0.05）,对照组BMI较治疗前增加（P〈0.01）。与对照组相比,治疗组治疗后FBG、午餐2hPG及HbA1c均低于对照组（P均〈0.01）;治疗组治疗后BMI低于对照组（P〈0.01）;试验期间治疗组低血糖发生次数低于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论预混胰岛素血糖控制欠佳的2型糖尿病患者,改为甘精胰岛素联合OADs治疗,可使FBG和HbA1c显著改善,不增加体重,简便易行,且降低了低血糖风险。     

维格列汀联合甘精胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病的疗效及安全性分析

目的观察维格列汀联合甘精胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病的临床疗效及安全性。方法选取2016年1月~5月确诊2型糖尿病并需甘精胰岛素治疗的患者50例,随机分为甘精胰岛素+维格列汀组(甘精胰岛素10~25 U/d,维格列汀50 mg,2次/d)和甘精胰岛素+阿卡波糖组(甘精胰岛素10~25 U/d,阿卡波糖100 mg,3次/d),每组25例。治疗6个月,根据血糖情况调整剂量。比较两组治疗前及治疗6个月后胰岛素用量、血糖、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)等指标的变化。结果治疗6个月后,两组餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、Hb A1c较治疗前有所下降(P0.05),甘精胰岛素+维格列汀组空腹血糖(FPG)下降更明显、胰岛素用量减少(P0.05);体质量指数(BMI)及低血糖发生次数两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论维格列汀联合基础胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病更有利于患者空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白的控制,同时可减少胰岛素用量,降低低血糖发生率。     

Effectiveness and safety of a glucose data-filtering system with automatic response software to reduce the physician workload in managing type 2 diabetes

We conducted a randomized controlled trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of a system for online glucose monitoring of type 2 diabetes patients. The software automatically filtered the self-monitored blood glucose data to reduce physicians' time. In the control group, the physicians had to contact the patients manually. We measured the time spent by physicians for online management in a 24-week study. Seventy-nine patients were recruited. The frequency of physicians' online monitoring of the patients was decreased by 55% in patients with HbA(1c) ≤ 6.5% and by 29% when HbA(1c) > 6.5% (P < 0.01). Physicians' log-in time was reduced by 67% and 55% in patients with HbA(1c) ≤6.5% and >6.5%, respectively (P <0.05). HbA(1c) levels were maintained at <6.5% during the study period in both groups. The study showed the efficacy and safety of the software for online communication in diabetes management. The results suggest that it could improve the cost-effectiveness of online communication systems and form the basis of future clinical applications.     

顿服含缓释淀粉的肠内营养乳剂对颅脑损伤患者血糖水平的影响：120例随机对照临床研究

目的探讨含缓释淀粉的肠内营养（EN）乳剂对颅脑损伤患者血糖水平的影响。方法2010年1月至6月我院神经外科收治的120例重型颅脑损伤并发高血糖患者参加本研究,按随机表分别进入对照组（n=60）和研究组（n=60）。两组患者在受伤后48h内分别给予相同热量的EN,研究组用含缓释淀粉的EN乳剂,对照组用普通EN乳剂,每天入量分6次用注射器推注,共使用15d。分别于EN前、EN后第7天和第15天检测空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPG）和糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）水平。结果研究组营养支持前2hPG水平为（12．26±2．36）mmol／L,EN第7天、第15天的2hPG水平分别为（9．76±2．90）mmol／L和（9．78±1．86）mmol／L,明显低于营养支持前（P〈0．05）;研究组营养支持前后FBG和HbAlc差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。对照组EN第7天、第15天的2hPG水平分别为（11．70±2．80）mmol／L和（11．39±2．44）mmol／L,研究组与对照组相比,2hPG水平明显下降（P=0．033,P=0．020）。两组间FBG和HbAlc比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论含缓释淀粉的EN乳剂能促进颅脑损伤并发高血糖患者的血糖控制,改善患者的餐后血糖水平。     

地特胰岛素联合瑞格列奈对初发2型糖尿病疗效的观察

目的：评价地特胰岛素联合瑞格列奈对初发2型糖尿病患者血糖和体重的影响。方法：初发2型糖尿病患者60例,随机分为两组,分别于睡前皮下注射地特胰岛素（n=30）或甘精胰岛素（n=30）。两组均联合口服瑞格列奈（1mg,3次/d）治疗12周,比较两组治疗前后空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、体重、低血糖的变化。结果：与治疗前比较,两组FPG、2hPG、HbA1c均明显下降,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。两组低血糖发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,而地特胰岛素组体重增加明显低于甘精胰岛素组（P〈0.05）。结论：对初发2型糖尿病,与甘精胰岛素相比,地特胰岛素联合瑞格列奈可有效控制血糖,在减少体重增加方面更有优势。     

精蛋白重组人胰岛素注射液与门冬胰岛素30注射液治疗2型糖尿病的有效性和安全性比较

目的比较精蛋白重组人胰岛素注射液(诺和灵30R)与门冬胰岛素30注射液(诺和锐30)治疗2型糖尿病(T2DM)的有效性及安全性。方法入选72例血糖控制不达标的T2DM患者,随机分为诺和灵30R组(n=35)与诺和锐30组(n=37),治疗前和24周后测定糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2小时血糖(2hPG)水平、血脂、体重、体脂含量和BMI值变化,记录不良事件和低血糖事件发生率。结果治疗24周后,两组患者HbA1c、FPG和2hPG水平均明显降低(P<0.01),诺和锐30组2hPG水平明显低于诺和灵30R组。诺和灵30R治疗后体重和BMI值有显著增加,而诺和锐30组体重及BMI值治疗前后差异无统计学意义。结论在治疗T2DM有效性及安全性方面,诺和锐30要优于诺和灵30R。     

胰岛素诺合灵30R对老年2型糖尿病患者的疗效及安全性分析

目的探究胰岛素诺和灵30R在老年2型糖尿病患者治疗中的效果及安全性。方法选取某院内分泌科2010～2011年间治疗的140例老年糖尿病患者为研究对象,随即将他们分为两组,诺和灵组70例患者给予诺和灵30R治疗;对照组70例患者给予口服降糖药治疗。观察两组患者在空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)和低血糖事件发生的情况。结果治疗后诺和灵组患者的控制情况明显好于对照组(P﹤0.05);诺和灵组发生低血糖率1.43%,对照组发生率12.86%,提示使用诺和灵30R安全性明显高于对照组(P﹤0.01)。结论使用胰岛素诺和灵30R治疗老年2型糖尿病安全可靠,可以有效的控制患者的血糖并减少低血糖事件的发生,应广泛推举临床使用。     

A brief structured education programme enhances self-care practices and improves glycaemic control in Malaysians with poorly controlled diabetes

We assessed the effectiveness of a brief structured diabetes education programme based on the concept of self-efficacy on self-care and glycaemic control using single-blind study design. One hundred and sixty-four participants with poorly controlled diabetes from two settings were randomized using computer-generated list into control (n = 82) and intervention (n = 82) groups, of which 151 completed the study. Monthly interventions over 12 weeks addressed the self-care practices of diet, physical activity, medication adherence and self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). These self-care practices were assessed at Weeks 0 and 12 using pre- and post-questionnaires in both groups together with glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and diabetes knowledge. In the intention-to-treat analysis (n = 164), the intervention group improved their SMBG (P = <0.001), physical activity (P = 0.001), HbA1c (P = 0.03), diabetes knowledge (P = <0.001) and medication adherence. At Week 12, HbA1c difference adjusted for SMBG frequency, medication adherence and weight change remained significant (P = 0.03) compared with control group. For within group comparisons, diabetes knowledge (P = <0.001), HbA1c level (P = <0.001), SMBG (P = <0.001) and medication adherence (P = 0.008) improved from baseline in the intervention group. In the control group, only diabetes knowledge improved (P = <0.001). These findings can contribute to the development of self-management diabetes education in Malaysia.     

Starting insulin in type 2 diabetes: continue oral hypoglycemic agents? A randomized trial in primary care

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of insulin 30/70 twice daily or bedtime isophane (NPH) insulin plus continued sulfonylurea and metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care. STUDY DESIGN: Open-label, randomized trial. POPULATION: Persons younger than 76 years with type 2 diabetes whose disease had not been controlled with oral hypoglycemic agents alone. A total of 64 insulin-naive patients treated with maximal feasible dosages of sulfonylurea and metformin (baseline glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c]=8.5%) were randomly assigned to insulin monotherapy (IM group; n=31) or insulin in addition to unchanged oral hypoglycemic medication (IC group; n=33) for 12 months. Insulin doses were adjusted to obtain fasting glucose <7.0 mmol/L and postprandial glucose <10.0 mmol/L. OUTCOMES MEASURED: Outcome measures included HbA1c, treatment failure, weight, hypoglycemic events and symptoms, satisfaction with treatment, general well-being, and fear of injecting insulin and testing. RESULTS: HbA1c improved from 8.3% to 7.6% in the IC group, and from 8.8% to 7.6% in the IM group (P=NS). The IC group had 24% treatment failures, compared with 2% in the IM group (P=.09). Patients in the IC group had less weight gain than those in the IM group (1.3 vs 4.2 kg; P=.01), and they reported fewer hypoglycemic events (2.7 vs 4.3; P=.02). Increased satisfaction with treatment was equal in the 2 groups, and general well-being improved by 3.0 points more in the IC group (P=.05). Fear of self-injecting and self-testing did not differ. CONCLUSIONS: Bedtime NPH insulin added to maximal therapy with sulfonylurea and metformin is an effective, simple, well-tolerated approach for patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes.     

Confronting Disparities in Diabetes Care: The Clinical Effectiveness of Redesigning Care Management for Minority Patients in Rural Primary Care Practices

CONTEXT: Diabetes mellitus and its complications disproportionately affect minority citizens in rural communities, many of whom have limited access to comprehensive diabetes management services. PURPOSE: To explore the efficacy of combining care management and interdisciplinary group visits for rural African American patients with diabetes mellitus. METHODS: In the intervention practice, an advanced practice nurse visited the practice weekly for 12 months and facilitated diabetes education, patient flow, and management. Patients participated in a 4-session group visit education/support program led by a nurse, a physician, a pharmacist, and a nutritionist. The control patients in a separate practice received usual care. FINDINGS: Median hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was not significantly different at baseline in the intervention and control groups but was significantly different at the end of the 12-month follow-up period (P < .05). In the intervention group, median HbA1c at baseline was 8.2 +/- 2.6%, and median HbA1c at an average follow-up of 11.3 months was 7.1 +/- 2.3%, (P < .0001). In the control group, median HbA1c increased from 8.3 +/- 2.0% to 8.6 +/- 2.4% (P < .05) over the same time period. In the intervention group, 61% of patients had a reduction in HbA1c, and the percentage of patients with a HbA1c of less than 7% improved from 32% to 45% (P < 05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that a redesigned care management model that combines nurse-led case management with structured group education visits can be successfully incorporated into rural primary care practices and can significantly improve glycemic control.