Ketamine–propofol versus ketamine fentanyl for anesthesia in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac catheterization: A prospective randomized study

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to assess, compare the safety and efficacy of continuous IV administration of a combination of ketamine–propofol versus ketamine fentanyl for anesthesia in children undergoing cardiac catheterization procedures with RT to Lt Shunt.MethodsThirty-six children aged from 1 to 8 years, with RT to Lt Shunt scheduled for Cardiac catheterization in Mansoura Children Hospital were included in this study. Patients in group KP (n = 18) received ketamine (1 mg/kg) and propofol (2 mg/kg) as induction agents followed by combination of ketamine (25 μg/kg/min) and propofol (25 μg/kg/min) for maintenance of anesthesia. On other hand, patients in group KF (n = 18) received ketamine (1 mg/kg) and fentanyl (1 μg/kg) as induction agents followed by combination of ketamine (25 μg/kg/min) and fentanyl (0.75 μg/kg/min) for maintenance of anesthesia. Hemodynamic, oxygenation, recovery variables and side effects were recorded.ResultsThere were no statistical significant differences with age, sex, duration of anesthesia. There were statistical significant decreases in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), pulmonary to systemic vascular resistance ratio in KP group. Additionally, Sao₂ and Pao₂ after anesthesia in KF group were statistically significant higher than the other group. Also there was significant prolongation of time to full recovery in KF group compared with KP group.ConclusionWe concluded that a combination of ketamine–fentanyl is safer and more efficacious than ketamine–propofol for pediatric cardiac catheterization although it was associated with prolonged recovery time.     

Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol vs. propofol/N2O anesthesia

The authors have compared two groups of 31 patients each, undergone an anaesthesia with propofol-O2/N2O (group I) and propofol-O2/air (group II). The average anaesthetic dosage and the neuromuscular recovery time have been valued, keeping constant the dose of analgesic. The average consumption of propofol (except the inductive dose of 2 mg/kg) was 7.41 +/- 1.71 mg/kg/h in group I, and 7.47 +/- 1.76 in group II (p = 0.88; not significant) and the neuromuscular recovery time 56.12 +/- 34.55 m' and 49.48 +/- 40.50 m' respectively (p = 0.53; not significant). The cardiocirculatory parameters have been compared at the time of induction, surgical incision and for all the operation time, reporting every undesired effect. The awakening has been monitored until 15 m' from the interruption of propofol infusion. The data obtained don't permit to observe significant differences with regard to analgesia, neuromuscular block and awakening time. Therefore the authors put the question of the real necessity to use nitrous oxide, when it has utilized an efficient intravenous anaesthetic as the propofol has proved to be.     

三种麻醉方法在维持期间血流动力学的变化

目的：观察异丙酚／阿芬太尼、七氟醚／笑气以及安氟醚／笑气等三种麻醉维持期间血流动力学指标的变化。方法：４５例病人随机分为三组，每组１５例，麻醉快速诱导后经气管插入特殊的ＴＴＤ导管，麻醉维持分别采用０．１ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｍｉｎ－１异丙酚和１μｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｍｉｎ－１阿芬太尼静脉泵入（Ｐ／Ａ组），１％七氟醚－６６％笑气（Ｓ／Ｎ组）或１％安氟醚－６６％笑气吸入（Ｅ／Ｎ组）。于麻醉诱导后３０分钟、手术开始后３０分钟、４５分钟、６０分钟以及术毕测定ＭＡＰ、ＣＶＰ、ＣＯ、ＣＩ和ＳＶＲ等血流动力学指标的变化。结果：在ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级的病人，临床麻醉剂量的异丙酚／阿芬太尼、七氟醚／笑气和安氟醚／笑气麻醉对血流动力学指标的影响轻微。结论：三种麻醉方法对心血管功能的影响程度相似。     

Intraoperative awareness in balanced anesthesia. A literature review based on a randomized double blind study using fentanyl, pentazocine and ketamine]

Since the first case report by Winter-bottom [106], the problem of intraoperative awareness or recall has received increasing attention from patients, anaesthesiologists and, more recently, even law courts [4, 20, 21, 78]. Our own interest in awareness derives from a study with the opiate agonist tramadol as a supplement to balanced anaesthesia, which revealed an unexpectedly high incidence of about 65% of patients who could recall intraoperative music [55]. It was the aim of the present randomized double-blind study to evaluate, under identical experimental conditions, what the incidence would be with other analgesic supplements to balanced anaesthesia (fentanyl, pentazocine and ketamine). Because few reports on this subject are available in the German literature, it was felt that the result should be discussed within a comprehensive review. PATIENTS AND METHODS. A total of 60 patients (ASA I-II, age 27-66 years, weight 48-93 kg) undergoing elective gynaecological surgery of at least 90 min duration were each randomly assigned to one of three study groups (F, fentanyl; P, pentazocine; K, ketamine). Premedication was performed with diazepam 10 mg p.o. the evening before surgery and pethidine 1 mg/kg i.m.+promethazine 1.5 mg/kg i.m.+atropine 0.5 mg i.m. 60 min before anaesthesia. Induction was performed with alcuronium (2 + 8 mg), methohexital (1.5 mg/kg) and a bolus dose of the analgesic supplement (F, 5 micrograms/kg; P or K, 2 mg/kg), followed by continuous infusion (F, 2 micrograms kg-1 h-1, P or K 0.8 mg kg-1 h-1). Endotracheal intubation was performed with succinylcholine (1 mg/kg). Patients were ventilated to normocarbia using a Takaoka respirator (4 breaths/min, tidal volume 1600 ml, N2O/O2 75:25). If insufficient anaesthesia was suggested by increases in blood pressure or heart rate to more than 20% of preinduction values, excessive sweating or lacrimation, enflurane (0.5-2 vol.%) was added for short periods of time. At the end of surgery, patients were ventilated with 100% O2, and the neuromuscular block antagonized using atropine 0.5 mg and neostigmine 1 mg. Without prior announcement, tape-recorded music (Mantovani, 3 min followed by 3 min silence) was played to all patients via earphones throughout the time period between intubation and the end of nitrous oxide administration. Vegetative parameters, cumulative and relative enflurane application times and retrospective judgement of quality of anaesthesia by the anaesthesiologist were documented. Post-operative recovery and pain were monitored using verbal rating scales. Patients were interviewed immediately after extubation and on the day after surgery to determine the incidence of dreams and recollection of music. Patients were classified as amnestic if they could not recall the music, even with prompting, and partially amnestic if they remembered the music but were unable to define the time when they had heard it. No amnesia was assumed if patients recalled the intraoperative music spontaneously. Groups were statistically compared by means of analysis of variance, Mann-Wilcoxon rank sum test and chi-square test. RESULTS. Mean duration of anaesthesia was 129-134 min in the subgroups. The total analgesic supplement dose was F 614 +/- 129 micrograms, P 238 +/- 38 mg, and K 230 +/- 50 mg (mean +/- SD). Enflurane substitution was necessary in 45 patients, regardless of the type of analgesic supplement. Mean cumulative enflurane application time was 26-28% in the treatment groups, corresponding to about 20% of anaesthesia duration. The most important reasons for enflurane substitution were increases in blood pressure (mostly in groups F and P) or heart rate (K). Recovery was fastest with F, followed by P, and slowest with K. Retrospective judgement of the quality of anaesthesia by the anaesthesiologist did not differ significantly between the treatment groups. Most (93%) of the patients were satisfied with their anaesthesia; 2 patients each who received P and K were dis     

Pain and nausea after bariatric surgery with total intravenous anesthesia versus desflurane anesthesia: a double blind,randomized, controlled trial

BackgroundThere is limited evidence-based knowledge regarding optimal anesthesia in obese patients.ObjectiveTo evaluate optimal anesthetic approach for patients undergoing bariatric surgery by determining and comparing peri- and postoperative outcomes in patients receiving intravenous anesthesia with propofol versus desflurane anesthesia.SettingNonacademic primary referral center.MethodsPatients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass between 2016 and 2017 were randomized into 1 of the following 2 types of anesthesia: intravenous anesthesia with propofol, or desflurane. Perioperative outcomes were registered by the operation staff. A form based on visual analog scale estimating the patient’s intensity of pain and nausea was completed postoperatively at the postoperative unit, surgical ward, and 24 to 48 hours postsurgery. The primary outcome was postoperative nausea and vomiting or postoperative pain between treatment groups. The secondary outcome was to evaluate the “time of awakening,” peritoneal stretch, and use of perioperative muscle relaxants.ResultsOne hundred eighty-three patients were randomized to receive intravenous anesthesia (n = 90) or desflurane anesthesia (n = 93). Mean time ± standard deviation of surgery for both procedures was 41 ± 17 minutes, whereas mean time of awakening was 2 ± 2 minutes for both the intravenous anesthesia and desflurane group. There was no significant difference in visual analog scale for pain or for nausea and vomiting postoperatively, nor in the number of patients receiving muscle relaxants for peritoneal stretch between the 2 groups.ConclusionsWe found no significant differences between the 2 anesthetic regimens regarding postoperative nausea and pain, awakening time, peritoneal stretch, or the use of perioperative muscle relaxants.     

Spinal versus epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery in severe preeclampsia: a prospective randomized, multicenter study

In this randomized, multicenter study we compared the hemodynamic effects of spinal and epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery in severely preeclamptic patients. The epidural group (n = 47) received 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:400,000, 18-23 mL, followed by 3 mg of morphine after delivery. The spinal group (n = 53) received 2.2 mL of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine plus 0.2 mg morphine. We hypothesized that the lowest MAP (mean arterial blood pressure, the primary outcome) during the delivery period would have to be at least 10 mm Hg less in the spinal group to be of clinical importance. We found that there was a statistically significant difference in MAP, with more patients in the spinal group exhibiting hypotension (P < 0.001). Although the incidence of hypotension (systolic arterial blood pressure, SAP < or =100 mm Hg) was more frequent in the spinal group than in the epidural group (51% versus 23%), the duration of significant hypotension (SAP < or =100 mm Hg) was short (< or =1 min) in both groups. There was more use of ephedrine in the spinal group than in the epidural group (median, 6 versus 0 mg) but hypotension was easily treated in all patients. Neonatal outcomes assessed by Apgar scores and the umbilical arterial blood gas analysis were similar in both groups. Adverse neonatal outcomes (5-min Apgar score < 7 and umbilical arterial blood pH < 7.20) were found in only 2 premature newborns (weight < 1500 g) who were born without maternal hypotension after regional anesthesia. We conclude that the results of this large prospective study support the use of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery in severely preeclamptic patients.     

腔镜手术不同麻醉方法费效的比较:前瞻性、多中心、随机、双盲临床研究

目的 比较腔镜手术患者七氟醚全程吸入麻醉、丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉和静脉注射丙泊酚诱导-吸入七氟醚维持麻醉的费效.方法 本研究为前瞻性、多中心、随机、双盲临床研究.选择全国4个中心的择期行腔镜手术的患者336例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,性别不限,年龄18～64岁,体重指数16～30 kg/m2,采用随机数字表法,将其分为3组(n=112):七氟醚全程吸入麻醉组(S组)、丙白酚靶控输注麻醉组(P组)及静脉注射丙泊酚诱导-吸入七氟醚维持麻醉组(PS组).麻醉诱导:S组吸入8％七氟醚,氧流量8 L/min;P组靶控输注丙泊酚,血浆靶浓度4 μg/ml; PS组静脉注射丙泊酚1.5 mg/kg,待患者意识消失后,3组均静脉注射芬太尼和维库溴铵,气管插管后行机械通气,氧流量1 L/min,维持PETCO2 30～ 40 mm Hg.麻醉维持:S组和PS组吸入七氟醚,维持呼气末浓度0.8 MAC ～ 1.5 MAC;P组靶控输注丙白酚,血浆靶浓度3～6 μg/ml;3组根据需要间断静脉注射芬太尼和维库溴铵.记录意识消失时间、气管插管时间、自主呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、气管拔管时间、定向力恢复时间、改良Aldrete评分≥9分时间和PACU停留时间.记录术中不良反应的发生情况.计算麻醉药物费用.结果 与P组比较,S组意识消失时间、气管插管时间、定向力恢复时间和PACU停留时间缩短,PS组意识消失时间和气管插管时间缩短,S组和PS组七氟醚和/或丙泊酚费用、所有麻醉药物费用、每小时七氟醚和/或丙泊酚费用及每小时所有麻醉药物费用降低(P＜0.05);与S组比较,PS组意识消失时间延长,七氟醚和/或丙泊酚费用、所有麻醉药物费用、每小时七氟醚和/或丙泊酚费用及每小时所有麻醉药物费用降低(P＜0.05).3组间心动过缓、高血压、低血压、呛咳和体动的发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 静脉注射丙泊酚诱导,吸入低流量七氟醚维持麻醉,是腔镜手术患者最经济有效的麻醉方法.     

Breast augmentation under general anesthesia versus monitored anesthesia care: a retrospective comparative study

Breast augmentation is one of the leading esthetic surgeries, enjoying high satisfaction rates. Pain, nausea, and vomiting are frequent shortcomings of the immediate postoperative period. The aim of this study was to compare breast augmentation from the anesthetic point of view: general anesthesia (GA) versus monitored anesthesia care (MAC). The charts of 115 patients were reviewed in this retrospective study performed over a period of 2 years. Sixty-nine women chose to have the surgery done under MAC, and 46 under GA. Statistically significant differences were noted in both postoperative hospital stay (16.1 +/- 6.78 hours vs. 11.7 +/- 6.10 hours) and frequency of vomiting (mean, 0.5 vs. 0.22 times per patient) after GA and MAC, respectively (Mann-Whitney, P < 0.01). Postoperative pain, assessed using the visual analog scale, was significantly higher (mean visual analog scale, 5 vs. 3.27) when the prosthesis was placed in the submuscular plane compared with the subglandular plane (Mann-Whitney, P = 0.043). When offered a choice, more women preferred MAC over GA for their breast augmentation procedure. Less vomiting and shorter postoperative hospitalization were prominent in the MAC group.     

Remifentanil versus morphine analgesia and sedation for mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a randomized double blind study

BACKGROUND: The rapid onset and offset of action of remifentanil could make it quickly adjustable to the required level of sedation in critically ill patients. The authors hypothesized that the efficacy of a remifentanil-based regimen was greater than that of a morphine-based regimen. METHODS: Forty intent-to-treat patients were randomly allocated to receive a blinded infusion of either remifentanil 0.15 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) or morphine 0.75 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1). The opioid infusion was titrated, in the first intent, to achieve optimal sedation defined as Sedation Agitation scale of 4. A midazolam open-label infusion was started if additional sedation was required. RESULTS: The mean percentage hours of optimal sedation was significantly longer in the remifentanil group (78.3 +/- 6.2) than in the morphine group (66.5 +/- 8.5). This was achieved with less frequent infusion rate adjustments (0.34 +/- 0.25 changes/h) than in the morphine group (0.42 +/- 0.22 changes/h). The mean duration of mechanical ventilation and extubation time were significantly longer in the morphine group (18.1 +/- 3.4 h, 73 +/- 7 min) than in the remifentanil group (14.1 +/- 2.8 h, 17 +/- 6 min), respectively. Remifentanil mean infusion rate was 0.13 +/- 0.03 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1), whereas morphine mean infusion rate was 0.68 +/- 0.28 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1). More subjects in the morphine group (9 of 20) than in the remifentanil group (6 of 20) required midazolam. The incidence of adverse events was low and comparable across the two treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: A remifentanil-based regimen was more effective in the provision of optimal analgesia-sedation than a standard morphine-based regimen. The remifentanil-based regimen allowed a more rapid emergence from sedation and facilitated earlier extubation.     

Remifentanil versus fentanyl compared in a target-controlled infusion of propofol anesthesia: quality of anesthesia and recovery profile

Purpose  

The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical properties of fentanyl versus remifentanil in a target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol anesthesia regimen with bispectral index (BIS) monitoring.     

Laryngoscope plastic blades in scheduled general anesthesia patients: a comparative randomized study

Study Objective

To compare two brands of disposable plastic laryngoscope blades, Vital View plastic blades and Heine XP plastic blades, with the reusable Heine Classic+ Macintosh metal blades.

Design

Prospective randomized, controlled, single-blinded study.

Setting

Operating room of a university-affiliated hospital.

Patients

519 patients without criteria for predicted difficult intubation, undergoing scheduled surgery during general anesthesia.

Interventions

Patients were randomized to three groups according to laryngoscope blade brand.

Measurements

Difficult tracheal intubation was evaluated by the Intubation Difficulty Scale (IDS) (IDS > 5 = procedure involving moderate to major difficulty).

Main Results

The percentage of intubations with an IDS > 5 was 3.1% in Group M (metal blade group), 5.1% in Group V (Vital View plastic blade group), and 10.0% in Group H (Heine plastic blade group). A significant difference was noted between Groups M and H (P = 0.02) but not between Groups M and V.

Conclusions

Intubation may be more challenging when using Heine XP plastic blades but no significant difference exists between Vital-View plastic blades and Heine Classic+ metal blades.     

Prophylactic antibiotics in appendicectomy: a prospective double blind randomized study

Our double blind prospective randomized trial comparing intravenous cefoxitin with rectal metronidazole in appendicectomy reveals both groups to be similar regarding basic data, with no significant difference in the results between the two drugs. Nearly all the wound infections occurred after the patient went home. Most were minor infections and the overall infection rate was 6%. The intravenous route was the more certain but the more expensive. Bacteriology suggests that the same flora were present in the appendiceal wall of normal and acute non-perforated appendices. This would suggest bacteriologically that the same risks exist with non-inflamed appendicectomy as occurs with inflamed non-perforated appendices. These findings support the use of short course prophylaxis in appendicectomy.     

Comparison of propofol/alfentanil anaesthesia with isoflurane/N2O/fentanyl anaesthesia for renal transplantation

Total intavenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with propofol and alfentanil was compared with balanced anaesthesia (BA) in 30 uraemic patients undergoing renal transplantation. TIVA (n=15) was induced with propofol and alfentanil and maintained with propofol and alfentanil infusions, which were started immediately after induction. Thereafter the infusion rates were adjusted as needed. Ventilation was with oxygen in air. BA (n= 15) was induced with thiopentone and fentanyl and maintained with isoflurane/N20/fentanyl. Vecuronium was used for muscle relaxation in both groups. Mean infusion rates for propofol and alfentanil were 10 1.8 mg kg^-1 h^-1 and 70 9 μg kg^-1 h^-1, respectively. To control hypertension during TIVA, larger amounts of propofol and alfentanil were needed and slower recovery was observed than in previous studies in ASA 1–2 patients. Also, significantly more vecuronium was needed during TIVA than during BA ( P < 0.05). The recovery parameters were similar in both groups, except for the occurrence of nausea, which was less after TIVA. In conclusion, TIVA had no clinical advantages over BA.     

Intravesical glucidic capsaicin versus glucidic solvent in neurogenic detrusor overactivity: a double blind controlled randomized study

AIMS: Many studies report the use of alcoholic capsaicin instillation to treat neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) in spinal cord injured (SCI) and multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. However, poor tolerability due to the irritative effect of the ethanol solvent limits its use. Our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a new formulation of capsaicin in a glucidic solution in a multicenter clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients (26MS/7SCI) suffering from urinary incontinence due to refractory NDO were prospectively enrolled in a double-blind placebo controlled study and randomized to capsaicin group (CG, N = 17) or solvent group (SG, N = 16). They respectively received an intravesical instillation of 100 ml capsaicin diluted in glucidic solvent (CG) or glucidic solvent alone (SG). Efficacy (voiding chart, maximum cystometric capacity (MCC)) and tolerability were evaluated on days 0 (D0), 30 and 90. RESULTS: On D0, groups were homogeneous. On D30, significant improvement of overactive bladder syndrome and an increase in MCC were shown in CG, whereas there were no improvement in SG. No significant improvement was shown on D90 in both groups. There were no significant differences between groups regarding prevalence, duration, or intensity of side effects, except for short duration pubic pain during instillation more often reported in CG (58.8%) than in SG (12.5%) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This placebo controlled study using glucidic capsaicin confirms its short-term efficacy in NDO patients. Global tolerance of glucidic capsaicin appeared satisfactory. Long-term efficacy and tolerance of repeated glucidic capsaicin instillations need to be evaluated.     

Bispectral index and regional cerebral oxygen saturation during propofol/N2O anesthesia

PURPOSE: A study was undertaken to compare the influence of midazolam, isoflurane, and aminophylline (which may antagonize anesthetic action) on bispectral index (BIS) and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO(2)) during propofol/N(2)O anesthesia, and to test the hypothesis that the drug-induced changes in BIS values are accompanied by a change in rSO(2). METHODS: General anesthesia was administered to 36 patients with a continuous infusion of propofol to maintain a BIS value of 40 +/- 5. After baseline recordings, patients were randomly assigned to receive either midazolam, isoflurane, or aminophylline. Bispectral index values, rSO(2) using near-infrared spectroscopy, and hemodynamic parameters were recorded for 60 min. RESULTS: Midazolam (0.05 mg x kg(-1)) significantly decreased the BIS from 47.8 +/- 5.4 to 35.0 +/- 4.5 at five minutes after injection (P < 0.001 vs control) during propofol anesthesia, whereas the rSO(2) was unchanged. Similarly, isoflurane (1.1% end-tidal) decreased the BIS from 42.5 +/- 7.5 to 27.8 +/- 6.9 (P < 0.001) without affecting rSO(2). In contrast, aminophylline (3 mg.kg(-1)) was associated with an increase in BIS from 41.6 +/- 2.1 to 48.3 +/- 9.2 at five minutes after injection (P < 0.05) without affecting rSO(2). CONCLUSIONS: Midazolam or isoflurane-induced decreases in the BIS during propofol anesthesia were not accompanied by a decrease in rSO(2). Aminophylline significantly increased the BIS score during propofol anesthesia, suggesting that aminophylline can antagonize, at least in part, the sedative actions of propofol.     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a 0.1 mg/kg dose of cisatracurium besylate in children during N2O/O2/propofol anesthesia

We studied the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cisatracurium in 9 children (mean weight, 17.1 kg) aged 1-6 yr (mean, 3.75 yr) during propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia. Neuromuscular monitoring was performed. Venous samples were taken before injection of a 0.1 mg/kg dose of cisatracurium and then at 2, 5, 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. Cisatracurium plasma concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Onset time was 2.5 +/- 0.8 min, recovery to 25% of baseline twitch height was 37.6 +/- 10.2 min, and the 25%-75% recovery index was 10.9 +/- 3.7 min. Distribution and elimination half-lives were 3.5 +/- 0.9 min and 22.9 +/- 4.5 min, respectively. Steady-state volume of distribution (0.207 +/- 0.031 L/kg) and total body clearance (6.8 +/- 0.7 mL/min/kg) were significantly larger than those published for adults. Pharmacodynamic results were comparable to those obtained in pediatric studies during halothane or opioid anesthesia with the exception of a longer recovery to 25% baseline. Although the plasma-effect compartment equilibration rate constant was twofold faster (0.115 +/- 0.025 min(-1)) than that published for cisatracurium in adults, the effect compartment concentration corresponding to 50% block was similar (129 +/- 27 ng/mL).