2012-2015年中国熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量

目的了解中国熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐的含量。方法 2012-2015年采集中国流通环节和餐饮环节的熟肉制品,采用国标GB 5009.33-2010方法对样品中的亚硝酸盐含量进行检测,采用GB 2760-2014《食品安全国家标准食品添加剂使用标准》进行判定。结果 2012-2015年共检测熟肉制品19 360份,亚硝酸盐的平均值为9.7 mg/kg,含量范围为未检出~85.3 mg/kg,超标率为4.8%(922/19360),各类熟肉制品中,内脏的亚硝酸盐平均含量最高为16.6 mg/kg,农贸市场的超标率显著高于其他采样环节,散装样品的超标率为定型包装的5.8倍。四年间超标率呈逐年下降趋势,主要问题是农贸市场的散装酱卤肉制品,超标率为9.5%(327/3461)。结论目前中国市场上熟肉制品中的亚硝酸盐总体使用情况较好,散装样品是超标的主要问题,熟肉制品中来源于亚硝酸盐的风险较低。     

Meat and meat products consumption in Italy: contribution to trace elements, heme iron and selected B vitamins supply

This study was undertaken to estimate the contribution of meat and meat products consumption to the daily intakes of trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Se), heme iron, and selected B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin) in Italy. Meat and meat products were selected on the basis of their consumption frequency reported by the most recent nationwide dietary individual survey carried out in Italy (INN-CA study). The daily intakes of total iron and heme iron were 1.65 and 1.13 mg/person/day. Zinc intake was 3.65 mg/person/day. Beef made the main contribution to iron, heme iron, and zinc daily intakes. Copper daily intake was 107.3 microg/person/day, with meat products provided the highest contribution (40 microg/person/day). Daily intake of selenium (7.14 microg/person/day) was provided mainly by poultry consumption. Thiamine intake was 228 microg/person/day, and meat products were the main source (110 microg/person/day). Riboflavin intake was 136 microg/person/day, with both beef and meat products as the main contributors (40 microg/person/day). Niacin intake was 7.53 mg/person/day, and poultry was the main source (2.28 mg/person/day). Meat and meat products were a valuable source of micronutrients, supplying 47, 48, and 24% of zinc, niacin, and thiamin daily requirements, respectively, and over 10% of iron, copper, selenium, and riboflavin daily average requirement values of the italian RDAs calculated for the population involved in the survey (INN-CA study).     

包头市售生鲜肉及熟肉制品中磷酸盐含量的调查分析

目的:调查包头市市售生鲜肉及肉制品中磷酸盐的本底及食品添加剂磷酸盐使用的实际情况,为制定肉制品中磷酸盐的合理限量提供科学依据。方法:选择包头市有代表性的市场及超市,对猪肉、鸡肉、牛肉生鲜肉和熟肉制品进行采样,按照食品中磷酸盐的测定方法进行磷酸盐含量分析。结果:以磷酸盐(PO34-)计,生鲜猪肉、鸡肉、牛肉中磷酸盐含量平均值分别为5.12 g/kg、5.60 g/kg和5.08 g/kg,熟肉制品中酱肉类和灌肠类分别是6.31 g/kg和5.19 g/kg。结论:本次所检包头市市售生鲜肉及熟肉制品中磷酸盐平均含量均超过《熟肉制品卫生标准》中磷酸盐5 g/kg的限值。建议改善熟肉制品的生产工艺,尽快制定原料肉中总磷含量的国家标准。     

Vitamin E supplementation, cereal feed type and consumer sensory perceptions of poultry meat quality

Lipid oxidation leads to meat spoilage and has been reported to cause adverse changes in the flavour and texture of poultry meat. Vitamin E has been found to be effective in delaying lipid oxidation. The aim of this study was to determine whether the vitamin E supplementation of chicken feed influences the consumers' perception of the quality of chicken meat under normal display and storage conditions. Untrained consumers (n 32) evaluated cooked breast meat from chickens (both corn fed and wheat fed) supplemented with 75,250 or 500 mg/kg vitamin E and after storage at 4 degrees C for 4 and 7 d. Factorial analysis found an interaction between vitamin E treatment and storage day upon the perceived juiciness (P=0.023) and tenderness (P=0.041) of the chicken meat. Perceptions of quality relative to vitamin E level were more evident on day 4 than day 7. When the two cereal types were compared, the time-related sub-group effects were observed only in meat from corn-fed chickens supplemented with either 75 or 250 mg/kg, which was perceived to be juicier (P=0.018) and more tender (P=0.020) than that supplemented at the 500 mg/kg level. These results imply that the two lower concentrations of vitamin E have some advantages over 500 mg/kg, but for optimal consumer acceptance of corn-fed chicken meat, we suggest that 250 mg/kg vitamin E should be added to corn-fed poultry feed. There was no evidence to suggest any advantages in changing the current amount of vitamin E (75 mg/kg) used to rear wheat-fed birds.     

泰州市居民主要膳食铝暴露评估

摘要:目的　了解泰州市居民主要食品中铝的污染水平,对泰州市居民通过膳食途径暴露铝的健康风险进行初步评估。方法　对2011-2014年泰州市乳制品、鲜蛋、畜禽肉、水产品及面制品中的铝残留量进行监测,以“2010年中国居民营养与健康状况调查”泰州点的居民食物平均消费量数据和JECFA2011年制定的食品中铝的暂定每周耐受摄入量（PTWI）2 mg/kgBW为健康指导值,按点评估方法进行评估。结果　318份样品中茶叶、凉皮凉粉、馒头糕点及油条中铝残留量较高,其中检出值超过100 mg/kg样品91份,占总数的28.62%;12份茶叶、14份凉皮凉粉、10份鸡肝猪肝共36份无限量值的样品检出值＞100 mg/kg,分别占所采同类别样品的100.00%、56.00%、27.78%;有限量值的样品中,膨化食品、面皮饺皮全部合格;水产品、馒头糕点、油条超标率分别为27.03%、32.76%、50.00%;乳粉、鲜蛋中铝检出值较低。居民5类主要膳食食品中铝平均每周摄入量为3.167 mg/kgBW,是PTWI的1.58倍,其中面制品铝的暴露量最高,其次为畜禽肉类,铝每周平均摄入量分别为1.633和1.328 mg/kg BW,单一食物品种未超出PTWI值。结论　油条、馒头糕点、凉皮凉粉等超标严重,主要食品对居民膳食铝暴露总量超过PTWI值,居民膳食铝暴露风险高。应切实落实标准的限量要求,降低居民铝膳食暴露量。     

家庭砖瓦窑造成环境氟污染的调查

本文对地氟病区家庭砖瓦窑造成环境氟污染进行了调查。砖瓦泥含氟量为668.54mg/kg和12365.67mg/kg,烧成砖、瓦后含氟量为410.41mg/kg和702,65mg/kg,砖瓦泥在烧成砖瓦的过程中每公斤释放出258.13mg和11663.02mg氟化物,严重地污染了环境,造成空气、植物、蔬菜和土壤含氟量成倍或几十倍的增长。     

陕南煤矿煤炭氟砷含量调查

目的 了解陕南煤炭产区各主要煤矿煤炭的氟砷含量,为制订防治策略提供科学依据.方法 于2006-2007年选择安康、汉中两市下辖的6个主要煤炭矿区县62个煤矿进行现场采样,以高温燃烧水解电极法测定煤氟;以原子荧光光度法测定煤砷.结果 62个被调查煤矿的煤氟含量最高值3 053.04 mg/kg,最小值6.58 mg/kg,算术均值为1 034.30mg/kg,几何均值为656.85 mg/kg;煤砷含量最高值484.71 mg/kg,最小值29.64 mg/kg,算术均值为197.64 mg/kg,几何均值为174.29 mg/kg.结论 本次调查的62个煤矿煤炭氟砷含量超标严重,尤以石煤矿为甚.

Abstract：

Objective Identify the arsenic and fluorin contents in coal from major producing coal mines in south of Shaanxi,providing a scientific foundation for the formulation of the prevention strategy.Methods In the 6 major coal mine areas governed by Ankang and Hanzhong city,the 62 mines with comparatively large production scales and sales locally,which may have some effective forces on the causing of the local arsenic and fluorin poisoning,were inveatigated,on-the-spot sampling are carried out,the fluorine in coal was determined by the combustion-hydrolysis/fluoride-ion selective electrode method and the arsenic in coal was determined by the atomic fluorescence.Results The maximum of the fluoride content in coal from the 62 investigated coal mines was 3 053.04 mg/kg,and the minimum was 6.58 mg/kg;the arithmetic mean was 1 034.30 mg/kg;the geometric mean was 656.85mg/kg;The maximum of arsenic content in coal was 484.71mg/kg.and the minimum was 29.64 mg/kg;the arithmetic mean was197.64 mg/kg,the geometric mean was 174.29 mg/kg.Conclusion The contents of fluoride and arsenic are seriously exceeded the standard limits in the 62 investigated coal mines.especially in stone coal mines.     

常熟市氟化工业园氟污染现状分析

目的了解氟化工企业对常熟市大气、食物氟污染状况。方法选择该市氟化工业园所在镇及1个无化工企业的镇作为对照,用滤膜法进行空气采样,用离子选择电极法对空气和食物中氟含量进行检测。结果氟化工业园区空气氟含量为0．46μg／m3,蔬菜及水产品中氟含量分别为1．54,2．24mg／kg,超过标准。河水和蔬菜中氟浓度[（1．64±1．64）mg／L和（1．54±1．27）mg／kg]均高于对照区[（0．65±0．30）mg／L和（0．62±0．25）mg／kg]结论空气中氟浓度两地均未超过标准,且差异无统计学意义,但蔬菜及河水中的氟浓度两地差异有统计学意义,有必要进一步调查研究。     

娄底市地方性氟中毒流行因素调查

目的调查地方性氟中毒的病区变迁、目标人群氟斑牙患病率的变化、分析致病因素,为开展改灶降氟和长期的综合防治提供科学依据。方法检查学生氟斑牙、尿氟,比较不同年代不同病区学生患病率和尿氟水平;测定煤、制作藕煤的壤土、饮用水、大米、茶叶、改灶前后室内空气氟含量;测定人群防治知识知晓率。结果病区村从349个增加到1192个;学生氟斑牙患病率从47.64%下降至40.42%;重病区只限于海拔800m以上山区。检测煤氟含量为32.4～513.6mg/kg;壤土氟为139.0～1312.0mg/kg;干蔬菜、茶叶、大米含氟量均超过卫生标准。实施健康教育后居民和学生的地氟病防治知识知晓率从49.6%、44.8%提高到88.6%、92.4%。改灶后室内空气氟含量下降到0.019mg/m3以内。结论烧煤是导致地方性氟中毒病区扩大和患病人数不断增多的根本原因。制作藕煤的壤土氟含量高,是致氟中毒的重要氟源;村民冬春季节燃煤取暖,房屋无向外排气装置致室内空气氟含量高;主食大米、干菜、饮用水均含氟导致人体摄入过量而中毒。实施健康教育可显著提高居民和学生的地氟病防治知识。使用降氟炉灶可以有效降低室内空气氟浓度。     

The nutritional value of some processed meat products in Malaysia

Per capita consumption of meat and meat products in Malaysia more than doubled from 15.70 kg in 1970 to 35.71 kg in 1990. This increase in meat consumption is mainly due to the rapid development and wide acceptance of value added meat and poultry products amongst Malaysian consumers. Meat products such as burgers, sausages, hotdogs and nuggets are widely accepted and consumed by all ethnic groups at home as well as in the fast food restaurants. The significant expansion of the fast food industry and the increase consumption of processed meat products makes it necessary for a re-evaluation of the nutritional quality of popular meat products currently available in the market. This review paper described the quality of some processed meat products, their proximate composition, meat quality, use of non meat proteins and binders, and the use of additives in the formulation of burgers, frankfurters, nuggets, bologna, chicken and beef balls. Preliminary results on the protein efficiency ratio of local meat products seemed favourable but this study is limited to only one laboratory. In vivo and in vitro protein digestibility studies indicated high values on the digestibility of locally manufactured meat products. Proximate analysis of the raw materials used in the formulation of such products showed many with high fat and low protein contents being utilized. The meat content was lower than the minimum amount stated by the food regulation. This paper concludes that due to lack of information and studies on the nutritional composition of processed meat products, concerned bodies should take positive steps to generate reliable data to elucidate the actual nutritional composition of such products. It is also observed that many by-products from the animal industry from non-conventional sources are increasingly being utilized in the manufacture of processed meat product.     

安徽淮北芦岭镇地方性氟中毒氟源调查及分析

为了探讨燃煤污染是否是安徽淮北地区氟中毒的主要氟源 ,选择芦岭镇作为调查点 ,测定了该地区饮水、粮食、蔬菜、室内外空气等样品中氟含量。经计算 ,总摄氟量为4.77mg/人·日 ,其中饮水占 82 .18% ,食物占 17.4% ,由呼吸道摄入的氟量仅占 0 .42 %。由呼吸道摄入的氟量不到大气卫生标准允许限量的四分之一 ,即燃煤氟污染对氟中毒影响很小 ,饮水摄入的氟量是氟中毒的主要原因。提示安徽淮北地区不存在燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒。     

Fluorine content in total diets samples of small children in Poland

The aim of this study was investigation of the fluorine content in diets of children aged 1 - 4 years, living in 16 cities in different regions of Poland. Whole-day meals were collected for 10 subsequent days in spring and autumn seasons in orphanages. Fluorine contents was determined by potentiometric method. 457 whole day meals were tested. The fluorine contents in the daily diets ranged from 0.04 to 0.42 mg/kg, mean 0.15 +/- 0.07 mg kg, regardless of season collection. It was observed that diets with the highest level of fluorine include tea, fish, lettuce and cauliflower more than diets with the lowest levels of this element. There was a directly proportional dependence between fluoride in drinking water and children's meals, despite of the small difference between the maximum (0.32 mg/dm3) and minimum (0.09 mg/dm3) level of fluorine in water used for cooking in places covered by this survey. The average daily intake of fluorine was 0.28 mg (range 0.10-0.76 mg), median 0.25 mg, 90 percentile 0.47 mg. The average intake fluorine by children was 0.05 mg/kg b.w./day and not exceed the values specified in the standards of nutrition for the Polish population.     

南通市2008年-2011年市售熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量的调查分析

目的:了解南通市市场上熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量情况,为政府相关部门提供卫生监管的依据。方法:对市场上抽检的423份样品中亚硝酸盐的监测结果进行统计与分析。结果:亚硝酸盐含量的检出率57.45%,合格率为96.93%,超标率为3.07%,定型包装的合格率高于非定型包装,定型包装的合格率100%,调查中最高含量达3200 mg/kg,超过国家限量标准100倍。结论:南通市市售熟肉制品中存在普遍使用亚硝酸盐的情况,部分样品还存在超标使用和滥用亚硝酸盐的状况,提示应引起相关部门的重视,加大监督力度,以提高熟肉制品的食用安全性。     

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from meat and meat products in Algiers (Algeria)

This study was conducted in order to estimate the proportion of raw meat and processed meat products contaminated by Salmonella in the region of Algiers, Algeria, to identify serovars and to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolates. Out of the total 314 samples (144 of raw red meat and meat products, 128 of raw poultry meat and poultry products, and 42 of processed meat products) collected from various retail outlets, 61 (19.43%) were tested positive for Salmonella. The most significant occurrences were recorded for the categories of red meat (23.61%, n=34) and poultry (17.97%, n=23). Among the 64 isolates recovered, 21 different serovars were identified and two strains were nontypable. The most prevalent serovars were Salmonella Anatum (14.6%, n=9), Salmonella Altona (12.50%, n=8), Salmonella Corvallis (7.81%, n=5), Salmonella Enteritidis (7.81%, n=5), and Salmonella Typhimurium (7.81%, n=5). Sixty-two Salmonella isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 32 selected antimicrobial agents. Fifty-six (90.32%) isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, of which 20 (32.26%) showed multidrug resistance. Resistance to sulphonamides (87.10%, n=54) was the most common. Resistance rates were lower to nalidixic acid (16.13%, n=10), streptomycin (16.13%, n=10), and tetracycline (12.90%, n=8), while resistance to pefloxacin was estimated at 4.84% (n=3). Fourteen different resistance patterns were observed. The "ACSSuT" pentaresistance pattern was observed in three of the Salmonella Typhimurium strains. The obtained results show that these foodstuffs are a potential source of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella for human infections.     

陕西生鲜肉类中重金属污染状况调查及健康风险评估研究

目的 了解陕西省肉类食品中重金属的污染状况及评价其健康风险。方法 根据陕西省食品污染物和有害因素风险监测方案进行样品采集和检测,以食品安全国家标准(GB2762-2012)规定的限量为标准对其重金属含量进行评价,并评估居民经食用肉类所致重金属暴露量,应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对其引起的健康风险进行评估。结果 对770份样品的重金属含量进行测定,其中有6份Cd含量超标、1份Cr含量超标、15份Pb含量超标、1份As含量超标、3份Hg含量超标(镍没有国家限量标准,不做判断);比较5种肉类食品中6种重金属含量,畜禽肾脏中的镉含量较高,为0.148 mg/kg,肝脏中铅含量偏高,为0.079 6mg/kg,水产品中的砷、汞含量明显高于其他类别,甲壳类中铬和镍含量明显较其他类偏高;居民经食用肉类所致重金属的摄入量镉最高,亦在安全级别;铬的平均和偏高健康危害年风险值均大于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值5.0×10-5/年。结论 陕西省少数肉类样品存在超标情况,其余均可安全食用,但对于含重金属较高的甲壳类应避免长期大量食用。铬的个人年风险值高于ICRP推荐的最大可接受值,有必要开展食品中铬形态监测工作。     

Dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: contribution of meat sources

OBJECTIVE: We examined the relative contributions of meat and fish to the dietary intakes of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn3PUFAs). METHODS: A database detailing 4550 foods and 4298 recipes recorded in the 1995 Australian National Nutrition Survey (NNS95) was updated with new fatty acid compositional data then used to determine intakes from 24-h dietary recalls of 13858 individuals. This approach was validated with food frequency questionnaires from 8321 of these individuals. RESULTS: Fatty acid intakes were comparable to our previous estimates from NNS95 except for LCn3PUFAs, which were considerably higher. Mean intakes in adults estimated from the 24-h recalls were 75, 71, and 100 mg/d for eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid, respectively, giving a total of 246 mg/d. This is 30% greater than our previously published estimate of LCn3PUFA intake, the difference being attributable to inaccuracies in pre-existing data on the fatty acid composition of certain foods, particularly the DPA content of meats. We estimate that 43% of the LCn3PUFAs consumed by adults in the NNS95 survey originated from meat, poultry, and game compared with 48% from fish and seafood. Steak and kidney pies and other meat-containing cereal-based products accounted for an additional 4%. Beef and lamb contributed 28% of the total LCn3PUFA intake, whereas pork and poultry contributed 4% and 10%, respectively. Food frequency questionnaires produced similar results. CONCLUSION: Meat is a major source of LCn3PUFA, particularly DPA, for most Australians. When DPA is included in the definition of LCn3PUFAs, almost half the average adult intake of LCn3PUFA appears to originate from meat sources.     

Iron availability from meat

1. The distribution of radioactive iron in 59Fe-labelled rat muscle extract was determined using gel filtration. This showed that most (approximately 70%) of the radioactivity was associated with the heamatin compounds; myoglobin and haemoglobin. 2. Raw beef and freeze-dried rat muscle were digested in vitro, under simulated physiological conditions, and after centrifugation the supernatants fractionated by gel filtration. The soluble products were haematin Fe complexes of molecular weight above 10,000 and non-haematin Fe compounds of molecular weight below 6000, the major products being the non-haematin Fe complexes. The soluble compounds were also separated by dialysis and, in rat muscle, it was found that the low-molecular-weight non-haematin compounds accounted for more than 80% of the total soluble iron. 3. In vivo absorption studies with rats showed the Fe in a digested muscle dialysate to be more readily absorbed than that from an aqueous muscle extract which itself was more readily absorbed than the Fe from whole blood. 4. It may not, therefore, be the haemoproteins per se which are responsible for the high availability of Fe in meat, but rather the nature of their degradation products, formed by digestion within the meat environment.     

2011—2012年大连市熟肉制品亚硝酸盐含量监测结果分析

目的了解大连市熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量。方法按照《大连市食品安全风险监测实施方案》要求,对2011—2012年采集的160份熟肉制品进行亚硝酸盐含量检测。结果亚硝酸盐检出率为59．4％,超标率为6．2％,最大值121．7me,／kg;10份超标样品为6份酱卤肉制品与4份熏烤肉制品;散装样品检出率为70．5％,定型包装检出率为38．2％,两者检出率差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论亚硝酸盐在熟肉制品加工中使用较为普遍,在农贸市场上销售的散装熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量超标风险较高。     

成都市69件熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量的调查分析

为了加强食品卫生管理工作，作者在1995－1996年对成都市七个商场销售的69件熟肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量进行了调查，结果全部样品均检出亚硝酸盐，含量合格率95.6％，含量范围在0．1mg／kg－20．0mg／kg；有3件样品超标，它们分别是本市个体户生产的袋装黑牛肉、散装卤牛肉和外埠的听装午餐肉，其亚硝酸盐检出量分别是875．0、35.0和93.8mg/kg，为国际标准（30mg／kg）的29、1.2和3倍。作者认为今后应加大宣传贯彻（食品卫生法）和执法力度，尤其要加强对个体户食品生产的管理。     

Silicon forms and its role in infant food

This paper presents an attempt to assess the total content of silicon and its potentially bioavailable forms to the baby body in milk nutrient and baby foods. The measurements of the total and bioavailable silicon were conducted with the use of two analytical methods. The method of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used for the determination of total silicon content. Bioavailable silicon was determined by means of visible light spectroscopy (VIS) with ammonium molybdate. In the group milk products the largest amount of total silicon was found in Mlekovita milk -0.54 mg/l, and Humana 2 milk formula contained the largest amount of ionised silicon-0.24 mg/l. In baby foods manufactured by Gerber the total amount of silicon was high and the average content stood at 27 mg/kg in dry matter. The largest amount of total silicon was found in Vegetables and Ham-48.19 mg/kg in dry matter, as well as bioavailable silicon--4.13 mg/kg in dry matter. Compare level of silicon in milk nutrient and baby foods to silicon content in human milk 0.05 mg/l, it was found that large excess of silicon in this foodstuffs.