血管内超声指导冠状动脉复杂病变的介入治疗进展

冠状动脉造影一直以来不仅是诊断冠心病的金标准,而且也用来指导冠状动脉介入治疗。但冠状动脉造影往往会因为一些客观因素,特别是在复杂的三维解剖学上的平面分辨率有限,术者凭借视觉评估病变的真实面积和长度的可靠性有限,以及在检测钙化方面的敏感性较低等,对术者术中的治疗决策会产生不可避免的误导。而血管内超声可通过提供冠状动脉的断层或横断面图像来指导冠状动脉治疗,目前已成为一种在复杂病变患者中获得更好的支架植入效果的重要方法,与单独的冠状动脉造影相比,具有更好的临床效果。     

血管内超声对冠状动脉分叉病变介入治疗的指导作用及预后的影响

目的：分析血管内超声（intravascular ultrasound,IVUS）指导冠状动脉分叉病变介入治疗效果。方法：随机入选漯河市第六人民医院2017年1月,至2020年1月,诊治的冠状动脉分叉病变患者90例。根据入院顺序不同（随机）分成造影指导组（n=44）和IVUS指导组（n=46）。造影指导组接受冠状动脉动脉造影确定病变血管,IVUS指导组接受IVUS检查。比较两组患者手术即刻成功率、术后1年主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)及支架内再狭窄(in-stent restenosi,ISR)的发生率。MACE事件包括：心绞痛、再次住院、靶病变再次血运重建及心源性死亡。结果：两组患者支架数、支架长度,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。IVUS指导组支架直径（3.5±0.23）mm大于造影指导组（P<0.05）。IVUS指导组患者术前的主支血管最大狭窄程度（84.9±3.1）%、边支血管开口狭窄程度（73.9±3.2）%大于造影指导组（P<0.05）。IVUS指导组患者主支血管介入治疗（即刻）成功...     

冠状动脉分叉病变支架术对相关分支的影响

目的　了解支架置入术对冠状动脉分叉处病变相关分支的影响。方法　 12 0例病人 ,132处分叉病变使用经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术 (PTCA)和支架术治疗 ,观察介入治疗对分叉病变相关分支的影响。结果　术中有 2 4根分支血管受压迫 ,分支受累发生率为 14 2 8%。以具有分支开口狭窄的Ⅰ型和Ⅳ型分叉病变的分支受累发生率为高。结论　冠状动脉分叉病变的介入治疗操作和分叉病变本身的解剖特征均是影响分支血流的重要因素。     

冠状动脉无保护左冠状动脉主干分叉病变的血管内超声特点及介入治疗

左冠状动脉主干（LM）分叉病变介入治疗策略的选择（尤其是是否处理回旋支开口）是LM分叉病变介入治疗的主要问题之一，而分叉处病变特征是影响介入治疗策略选择的主要因素。冠状动脉造影（CAG）对于血管开口和分叉处病变的反映存在诸多缺陷，尤其不能准确反映形态学特征，本研究目的旨在利用血管内超声（IVUS）观察冠状动脉LM分叉病变的斑块分布特征，并指导LM分叉病变的介入治疗。     

血管内超声在分叉病变介入中的价值

即使在药物支架时代和采用多种术式,如Crush技术、Culotte支架术和V支架术等,无论手术成功率还是长期主要心血管事件、靶病变重建、再狭窄和支架内血栓方面,分叉病变的介入治疗目前仍充满挑战,目前必要支架术策略为术者广泛接受,但是对于分支血管严重狭窄的患者,双支架术仍然必需。血管内超声可以精确提供血管和管腔的大小、粥样斑块空间定位和几何学特征,所以血管内超声在术前评估斑块负荷、指导经皮冠状动脉介入治疗和随访期间理解支架失败具有重要作用,现综述血管内超声在分叉病变介入治疗中的价值。     

经桡动脉途径介入治疗冠状动脉分叉病变的临床研究

目的:本研究通过对比桡、股动脉途径经皮冠状动脉(冠脉)介入治疗(PCI)冠脉分叉病变的成功率、手术即刻效果及患者的术后近、中期预后情况,探讨经桡动脉处理冠脉分叉病变的可行性和安全性.方法:研究共入选160例在我医院接受PCI的冠脉分叉病变患者,根据PCI的入路不同分为经桡动脉途径介入治疗组(桡动脉组)和经股动脉介入治疗组(股动脉组),对比两组患者接受PCI治疗的成功率、造影剂用量、手术时间以及并发症的发生率,并观察两组患者术后6个月时发生严重心脏不良事件(包括死亡、心肌梗死和靶病变血运重建等)和支架血栓的情况,同时在术后6个月时通过冠脉造影随访,比较两组患者支架再狭窄的发生率.结果:桡动脉组68例中仅1例患者因术中发生桡动脉痉挛而改为股动脉途径,最终有67例患者成功接受桡动脉治疗,桡动脉组的PCI成功率为98.5%.股动脉组中92例患者全部成功接受股动脉治疗.两组患者除性别、血脂方面,在其他临床特征上差异无统计学意义;在冠脉病变特征方面两组差异无统计学意义.PCI术中,桡动脉组83.6%患者选用的是6 F大腔导引导管(0.071英寸),股动脉组73.9%患者选用7 F导引导管,两组患者中单支架术处理的病变比例基本相近;在双支架处理的病变中,桡动脉组处理病变使用Balloon Crush技术多于股动脉组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而在股动脉组中选择标准Crush技术处理病变则多于桡动脉组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).两组患者完成最终球囊对吻扩张的成功率差异无统计学意义(83.6%vs.79.3%).桡动脉组术后1例患者出现血管并发症,股动脉组患者中有6例患者出现了血管并发症.两组患者在术后6个月严重心脏不良事件的发生率差异无统计学意义(13.4%vs.11.9%),两组患者中均有1例患者出现支架血栓事件.术后6个月时冠脉造影随访:两组患者的主、边支再狭窄率无统计学意义.结论:相比于股动脉途径,桡动脉途径PCI分叉病变具有相似的成功率和临床效果,桡动脉途径PCI分叉病变具有良好的可行性和安全性.     

应用血管内超声指导冠状动脉临界病变介入治疗

目的 探讨应用血管内超声(IVUS)检查与定量冠状动脉造影(QCA)方法在冠状动脉临界病变介入治疗中的应用价值。方法 选择经冠状动脉造影(CAG)检查显示冠状动脉狭窄程度在40％～70％的临界病变患者60例,根据检查方法不同将患者分为QCA组和IVUS组,分别应用QCA和IVUS测量两组病变血管的参考管腔直径、最小管腔直径、直径狭窄率、管腔面积狭窄率及最小管腔面积并进行比较。比较观察两组患者住院期间、随访1月、6月和12月的主要不良心血管事件(再发心绞痛、心肌梗死、靶病变再次冠状动脉成形术、死亡)的发生情况。结果 IVUS组冠状动脉的管腔直径狭窄率[(57.80％±8.18％)比(51.73％±7.91％)]及面积狭窄率[(67.01％±10.41％)比(57.07％±10.71％)]均高于QCA组(P＜0.05),而最小管腔面积[(3.90±0.79) mm²比(4.14±0.60) mm²]则低于QCA组(P＜0.05)。住院期间两组患者均无主要不良心血管事件发生,但自随访第1月开始至12月随访结束,IVUS组的主要不良心血管事件发生率显著低于QCA组(7.7％比26.7％,P＜0.05)。结论 IVUS检查与QCA相比对冠状动脉临界病变检测出的狭窄率更显著,并能更有效地发现“不稳定性”病变并指导冠状动脉临界病变支架的植入,减低心血管事件发生,改善预后。     

冠状动脉分叉病变斑块分布特点的血管内超声研究

目的:应用血管内超声(IVUS)研究冠状动脉分叉病变处斑块分布特点。方法:研究入选45例患者52处分叉病变,根据分支发出的部位将主支血管四等分,比较四个象限的斑块面积和面积百分比,采用逐步回归分析确定影响斑块分布位置的因素,应用重塑指数和血管代偿比率评估主支血管分叉近端和远端的血管重塑模式。结果:主支血管分叉近端斑块偏心指数明显低于主支血管分叉远端(1.86±0.64vs9.52±2.78,P<0.05)。主支血管分叉近端斑块面积在四个象限内无明显区别(2.31±1.05)mm2vs(2.46±0.97)mm2vs(2.24±0.98)mm2vs(2.44±1.05)mm2(P>0.05),主支血管分叉远端斑块面积在分支对侧管壁明显大于分支侧[(2.61±1.20)mm2,(2.66±1.85)mm2vs(0.74±0.66)mm2,(0.68±0.58)mm2]。主支血管分叉远端斑块与分支的角度和分叉角度正相关(R=0.793,R2=0.628)。主支血管分叉近端血管重塑指数(1.05±0.10vs0.94±0.08,P<0.05)和血管代偿比率[0.07±0.15vs-(0.17±0.26),P<0.05]明显大于主支血管分叉远端。结论:分叉病变主支血管分叉两侧斑块分布和血管重塑模式明显不同。主支血管分叉近端血管多呈正性重塑,斑块呈向心性360°环周分布。主支血管分叉远端血管多为负性重塑,斑块分布呈偏心性,主要分布在分支开口的对侧管壁,斑块相对于分支开口的角度与分叉角度正相关,分叉角度接近直角时,斑块分布在分支开口的对侧壁(180°±),分叉角度为锐角时,斑块分布在分支开口的旁侧壁(90°±和270°±)。     

国产雷帕霉素洗脱支架应用于冠状动脉分叉病变的效果评价

目的 评价冠状动脉分叉病变与非分叉病变支架植入术后预后是否存在差别.方法 回顾性分析1877例冠心病患者,其中568例冠状动脉分叉病变患者,1309例冠状动脉非分又病变患者.植入Excel支架.术后6、12及18个月临床随访两组主要不良心脏事件发生率的情况.结果 术后6、12及18个月两组死亡(心性和非心性)、非致死性心肌梗死及主要不良心脏事件的发生率均无差剐(P＞0.05),6及12个月两组靶病变血运重建的发生率无差别(P＞0.05),18个月两组靶病变血运重建的发生率存在差别(P＜0.05).结论 Excel支架治疗冠状动脉分叉病变具有安全性和可靠性.     

在冠状动脉分叉病变的介入治疗中应重视实际临床预后

随着冠状动脉介入技术的发展和药物洗脱支架（drug eluting stent，DES）在冠状动脉介入治疗中的应用，分叉病变的治疗越来越受到临床介入医生的重视。分叉病变的介入治疗约占整个介入治疗的15％～20％，但总体治疗效果不如非分叉病变，操作成功率较低，并发症发生率和靶病变的再治疗率（target leison revascularization，TLR）也较高。     

Three‐year outcome of drug‐eluting stent implantation for coronary artery bifurcation lesions

Objectives: To compare the very long‐term clinical outcomes of bifurcation lesions using the crush and the simultaneous kissing stent (SKS) techniques. Background: A variety of two‐stent techniques have been used to treat coronary artery bifurcation lesions in the drug‐eluting stent era, but the long‐term clinical outcome of these approaches is not known. Methods: A total of 74 consecutive patients underwent bifurcation stenting using either the crush or SKS techniques. Mean patient age was 66.91 ± 11.3 years; 26% were diabetic, and the left anterior descending/diagonal bifurcation was the most frequently treated lesion (68%). Results: In‐hospital outcomes were not significantly different between groups. Over a median follow‐up of 3.3 years, 1 patient in the SKS group and 3 patients in the crush group died (P = ns). Probable stent thrombosis leading to death according to the Academic Research Consortium definition occurred in 1 patient in the crush group. Mortality in the remaining 3 patients was noncardiac. Target lesion revascularization (TLR) occurred in 14 patients (40%) in the SKS group and 5 patients (12.8%) in the crush group (P = 0.015). Survival free from major adverse cardiac events (MACE) was significantly less in the SKS group and predominantly driven by TLR (60 vs. 88%, P = 0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, over a median of 3.3 years of follow‐up, TLR and MACE are significantly lower in bifurcation lesions treated with the crush technique when compared with the SKS technique. Definite or probable stent thrombosis is rare with either technique. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Long‐term clinical,angiographic, and intravascular ultrasound outcomes of biodegradable polymer‐coated sirolimus‐eluting stents

Background: The residual drug carriers on drug‐eluting stents (DES) surfaces are considered to be one of the most significant reasons causing late thrombosis. There is no documented data currently available on the safety/benefit profile beyond 6 months of EXCEL stent, a novel sirolimus‐eluting stent with biodegradable polymer coating, in treating patients with coronary artery disease (CHD). Objective: To evaluate the long‐term efficacy and safety of EXCEL stent on treating CHD patients. Methods: Between February and March 2006, a consecutive cohort of complex patients treated with the EXCEL stent was prospectively enrolled in this single‐center registry. Antiplatelet protocol was 6‐month dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by aspirin alone indefinitely. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included in‐segment and in‐stent late lumen loss and binary restenosis rate measured by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) analysis at 8 months postindex PCI procedure. Results: A total of 100 patients with 153 lesions were included in this analysis. Most lesions (83.0%) were classified as complex (B2/C). At 12 months, four patients (4.0%) experienced MACE, which were four target‐lesion revascularizations due to in‐stent restenosis (ISR). All patients received follow‐up up to 24 ± 0.4 months and no cardiac death, MI, and in‐stent thrombosis occurred during the 6 months of dual antiplatelet therapy or the subsequent 15 months of aspirin treatment alone. QCA analysis of 112 lesions from 75 patients showed 3.6% (4/112) in‐stent lesion restenosis, 5.4% (6/112) in‐segment lesion restenosis, 0.12 ± 0.34 mm in‐stent late lumen loss, and 0.08 ± 0.35 mm in‐segment late lumen loss. Conclusions: In this single‐center experience with complex patients and lesions, the EXCEL^TM stent implantation with 6‐month dual antiplatelet treatment proved to markedly reduce the incidence of 24‐month ISR and MACE. These preliminary findings require further validation by large scale, randomized trials. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Drug eluting stenting in bifurcation coronary lesions long-term results applying a systematic treatment strategy

Objectives : To explore the long‐term results following implantation of drug‐eluting stents (DES) in bifurcation lesions according to contemporary “real world” practice. Background : Limited information is available on the long‐term outcomes of patients with bifurcation lesions who are treated using DES. A systematic approach for bifurcation lesion management was applied, using either a “provisional” single stent technique or a dedicated two stents strategy according to the side‐branch diameter and severity of its ostial stenosis. Methods : Four hundred one consecutive patients underwent bifurcation percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using DES and were included in our prospective registry. All adverse events were recorded up to 2 years and distinguished according to the planned PCI strategy (e.g., one versus two stents technique). Results : A planned two stents strategy was used in 141 patients (35% of patients). In 260 patients (65%), the planned treatment involved stenting of the main branch only with “provisional” stenting of the side‐branch according to procedural course. Thus, 24 patients (9.2%) needed additional stenting at the side‐branch to complete the PCI. Cumulative major adverse cardiac event rate at 1 and 2 years was similar for both groups (11.4% vs. 14.8% at 1 year and 19.4% vs. 25.7% at 2 years for the single vs. two stents groups, accordingly, P = NS for both). Likewise, there was no difference in mortality, cardiac mortality, myocardial infarction, need for target lesions or target vessel revascularization, or definite stent thrombosis rate between the two groups at 6, 12, and 2 years follow‐up. The rate of angiographically confirmed (i.e., definite) stent thrombosis did not differ between the two groups during follow‐up. Conclusions : Our study revealed favorable long‐term clinical results following DES implantation using a systematic, rather simplified approach towards bifurcation stenting and using either a single or double stenting technique. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Extensive intramural hematoma as the cause of failed coronary angioplasty: Diagnosis by intravascular ultrasound and treatment by stent implantation

Dissections after coronary angioplasty are the major cause of ischemic events following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and may require additional measures such as intravascular stent deployment to relieve or prevent acute vessel closure. We describe a rare type of dissection after PTCA which caused a severe obstruction of the vessel segment proximal to the dilatation site without a visible dissection flap. Intravascular ultrasound was used to elucidate the morphology of the proximal vessel obstruction, which revealed an intramural hematoma extending into the proximal vessel segment as underlying mechanism. A Palmaz-Schatz stent was placed at the entry site of this hematoma, which led to the relief of the proximal vessel obstruction. After 3 months of anticoagulation therapy the repeat coronary angiography showed no significant restenosis. This demonstrates the unique insight into the underlying morphology of failed PTCA by intravascular ultrasound, which can help to manage even rare and unusual complications. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Novel stent system for bifurcation lesions: examination by intravascular ultrasound.

Bifurcation disease represents a mechanical and biological challenge for definitive interventional treatment. This case report discusses an experience with a novel stent system designed for the treatment of bifurcation lesions.     

Effect of stent design on reduction of elastic recoil: A comparison via quantitative intravascular ultrasound

The increase in minimum lumen diameter achieved by coronary stent placement can be further enhanced by reducing the immediate recoil that occurs after stent deployment. The effect of various stent designs—flexible coils, slotted tubes, and a locking stent—on minimization of postdilation stent recoil was evaluated using an in vitro model of circumferential compression. The stents were expanded to 7 atm (3.82 ± 0.02 mm); as pressure was reduced, lumen diameter and cross-sectional area (CSA) were determined by on-line intravascular ultrasound imaging (30 MHz) positioned inside the dilating balloon (n = 10–15 inflation-deflation cycles). Stent recoil was assessed by calculation of percent change in CSA from 7 atm to negative balloon pressure: −33.1 ± 5.6%(GR-II) and −22.4 ± 3.8%(Wiktor) in the coil stents; −20.0 ± 4.2%(JJIS coronary), −8.4 ± 2.6%(JJIS biliary), and −6.9 ± 1.5%(Multilink) in the slotted tube stents; and −1.9 ± 3.2%in the Navius ZR1 locking stent (P<0.05 vs. Multilink, P<0.0001 vs. others). A range of resistances to recoil is demonstrated by this model, with coil stent designs undergoing greater elastic recoil than slotted tube stent designs. The locking stent design demonstrated the greatest radial strength and the most reduction in elastic recoil. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 47:251–257, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.