牙本质磷蛋白mRNA原位杂交方法的建立

目的:建立检测牙本质磷蛋白(DPP)mRNA表达的原位杂交方法。方法:选用发育各阶段的牙胚、牙齿和体外培养的MDPC-23成牙本质细胞为对象,采用地高辛标记的寡核苷酸探针的原位杂交方法。结果:DPP mRNA在牙胚与牙齿中的成牙本质细胞、前成釉细胞和体外培养的成牙本质细胞存在阳性表达。结论:设计的探针敏感性高,特异性高,所建立的原位杂交方法是研究牙本质发育和损伤修复的良好方法。     

牙本质基质蛋白1基因反义核酸对MDPC-23细胞内、外钙离子浓度的影响

目的观察牙本质基质蛋白1(DMP1)基因反义寡核苷酸作用下成牙本质细胞系MDPC-23细胞内、外钙离子浓度的动态变化,揭示牙本质矿化机制。方法以稳定表达DMP1的MDPC-23细胞为靶细胞,10μmol/L反义DMP1(AS-ODN)为阻断剂,用Western blot法检测不同时间细胞DMP1的表达情况,并观察不同作用时间内MDPC-23细胞内游离钙离子[(Ca2+)if]、总钙离子[(Ca2+)it]和细胞外钙离子[(Ca2+)e]的动态变化。结果Western blot法检测DMP1蛋白在MDPC-23细胞的表达在AS-ODN加入后12 h时减弱,24 h后完全阻断。与正常组和正义核酸组(S-ODN)相比较(平均荧光值为87.46±39.60),AS-ODN组(Ca2+)if先升高(平均荧光值12 h处为104.10±27.06;24 h处为98.46±19.92),AS-ODN作用24 h后,(Ca2+)if又降低(平均荧光值36 h处为77.54±14.95;48 h处为68.43±22.11);(Ca2+)it明显降低,于24 h处至最低值(0.142±0.233)mmol/L(P<0.01);(Ca2+)e呈上升趋势,且与对照组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论反义DMP1能够影响MDPC-23细胞内(Ca2+)if和(Ca2+)it浓度,提示DMP1参与调节成牙本质细胞的钙离子代谢和转运过程,可能在牙本质矿化过程中发挥作用。     

Dentin matrix proteins

Dentinogenesis consists of highly controlled events occurring a short distance from the periphery of odontoblasts; it involves formation of extracellular collagen fibrils that act as an undergirding for deposition of plate-like carbonate apatite crystals. Odontoblasts also form a set of matrix proteins that are probably secreted at the mineralization front. Although most of these proteins are similar to those of bone, and differ from soft tissue proteins, dentin contains two unique proteins. Dentin phosphoprotein (DPP) is rich in aspartic acid (D) and phosphoserine (S*) and binds large amounts of calcium. DPP contains repeating sequences of DS*S* and S*D in discrete areas of the protein. DS*S* repeats form ridges of phosphates and carboxyllates while the S*D sequences give rise to ridges with phosphates and carboxyllates on opposing sides of the peptide chain. These structures undoubtedly have functional significance since DPP is involved in promotion of mineral initiation and in control of mineral size and shape. Dentin sialoprotein (DSP), found only in dentin, is a 53 kDa glycoprotein rich in aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid and glycine. DSP is made by odontoblasts and also by pre-ameloblasts, but not by osteoblasts or other cell types. The gene for DSP is now known to be continuous with that of DPP. Thus, DSP and DPP must be secreted as a single protein which is then proteolytically processed to form the individual components found in the dentin matrix. Significantly, the DSP/DPP gene has been localized to human chromosome 4q21 at a site implicated in dentinogenesis imperfecta type II.     

转录因子c-Jun和c-Fos在牙本质涎磷蛋白基因表达中的作用

目的 研究成牙本质细胞内转录因子c-Jun和c-Fos在牙本质涎磷蛋白（DSPP）基因转录调控中的作用, 探索成牙本质细胞内DSPP基因表达的调控机制。方法 细胞免疫组化观察MDPC-23细胞内c-Jun和c-Fos蛋白分子的表达。瞬时转染和报告基因检测c-Jun和c-Fos在DSPP基因转录中的作用。结果 MDPC-23细胞表达c-Jun和c-Fos蛋白,c-Jun和c-Fos主要分布在MDPC-23细胞胞核。c-Jun或c-Fos过表达均显著抑制DSPP基因启动子活性。结论 证实成牙本质细胞内转录因子c-Jun和c-Fos参与下调DSPP基因表达。     

小鼠牙本质涎磷蛋白启动子报告基因载体的构建和启动子活性分析

目的：克隆小鼠牙本质涎磷蛋自（dentin sialophosphopmtein,DSPP)基因启动子，构建含DSPP启动子不同片段的报告基因载体，在小鼠成牙本质细胞系MDPC-23中分析各种载体中DSPP启动子活性。方法：细胞基因组提取，PCR，瞬时转染和报告基因检测。结果：从MDPC-23细胞基因组中克隆出长为1.5kbp的DSPP启动子，将启动子酶切成不同的片断，克隆到虫工业基础光素酶报告基因载体pC1.3-Enhancer,构建出4种含DSPP启动子不同片段的报告基因载体，将这些报告基因载体瞬时转染至MDPC-23细胞，载体中的启动子具有不同的活性。结论：成功构建了含小鼠DSPP启动子片段的报告基因载体，为以后研究DSPP基因表达调控的分子机制提供了实验工具。     

大鼠牙乳头细胞复合微孔滤膜形成牙本质样结构的实验研究

目的 观察SD大鼠牙乳头细胞在复合有转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)的微孔滤膜上形成牙本质样结构的能力,为组织工程化具有一定规则形状的牙本质提供实验依据.方法 取传代培养的第二代SD大鼠牙乳头细胞消化、离心,所得细胞团与复合有TGF-β1的微孔滤膜相结合,体外培养6 d或体内移植2周,观察附合物上细胞生长和硬组织形成情况.结果 体外培养观察到靠近微孔滤膜的牙乳头细胞发生极化,呈高柱状沿滤膜排列,并有细胞突起伸人材料的多孔结构中,牙本质涎蛋白(dentin sialoprotein,DSP)与牙本质基质蛋白1(dentin matrix protein-1,DMP-1)表达阳性;体内移植2周移植物可见管状基质沿滤膜表面沉积,扫描电镜可见厚度基本一致的管状牙本质样结构,DSP、DMP-1在高柱状细胞、管状基质和邻近的牙乳头细胞中均有表达.结论 复合有TGF-β1的微孔滤膜能够有效趋化和诱导成牙本质细胞前体细胞在其表面分化,并均匀分泌基质,矿化形成结构规则的牙本质样结构.     

Dentinogenesis and Dentin Sialophosphoprotein (DSPP)

Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) is critical for proper mineralization of tooth dentin, and understanding its structure and function should yield important insights into how dentin biomineralization is controlled. During the recent six years, DSPP-derived proteins isolated from developing porcine teeth have been characterized. Porcine DSPP is expressed and secreted by odontoblasts and is processed by BMP-1, MMP-20 and MMP-2 into three main parts: dentin sialoprotein (DSP), dentin glycoprotein (DGP), and dentin phosphoprotein (DPP). We have learned that DSP is a proteoglycan that forms covalent dimers, DGP is a phosphorylated glycoprotein, and DPP is a highly phosphorylated intrinsically disordered protein that shows extensive length polymorphisms due to the genetic heterogeneity of its coding region.     

小鼠牙本质涎磷蛋白5′端非编码区启动子报告基因载体的构建和分析

目的：克隆小鼠牙本质涎磷蛋白(dentin sialophosphopmtein，DSPP)基因启动子，构建含DSPP启动子不同片段的报告基因载体，在小鼠成牙本质细胞系MDPC-23中分析各种载体中DSPP启动子活性：方法：PCR、报告基因载体构建、瞬时转染和报告基因检测。结果：PCR获得DSPP启动子的3个不同片段，将它们克隆到萤火虫荧光素酶报告基因载体pG13-Enhancer，构建出3种含DSPP启动子不同片段的报告基因载体，将这些报告基因载体瞬时转染至MDPC-23细胞，载体中的启动子具有不同的活性。结论：成功构建了含小鼠DSPP启动子片段的报告基因载体，为以后研究DSPP基因表达调控的分子机制提供了实验工具。     

Effect of antisense oligonucleotide against mouse dentine matrix protein 1 on mineralization ability and calcium ions metabolism in odontoblast-like cell line MDPC-23

AIM: To study the mineralization ability and the dynamic changes of intracellular and extracellular concentrations of calcium ions in the odontoblast-like cell line MDPC-23 affected by antisense oligonucleotide (AS-ODN) against mouse dentine matrix protein 1 (DMP1). METHODOLOGY: The expression of DMP1 in MDPC-23 cells was detected by an immunohistochemical method and its blocking outcome by the Western blot method. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, size and number of mineralized nodules, and the intracellular free ([Ca2+]if), total ([Ca2+]it) and the extracellular ([Ca2+]e) calcium ion concentrations in MDPC-23 cells in the experimental group affected with AS-ODN were compared with those in the control group (paired-samples t-test). RESULTS: Dentine matrix protein 1 was stably expressed in a stable way in MDPC-23 cells; the expression was only just detectable at 12 h and became negative after 24 h affected by AS-ODN. Compared with the control groups, ALP activity of MDPC-23 cells in the AS-ODN group was decreased (P < 0.05), and both the number and size of mineralized nodules were smaller than those in the control group. [Ca2+]if in the AS-ODN group increased and then decreased after 24 h. [Ca2+]it dropped substantially to the lowest point at 24 h (P < 0.01). [Ca2+]e increased before treatment for 24 h and then dropped, however, it was still higher than that of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Antisense oligonucleotide against DMP1 could decrease mineralization ability and affect the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of calcium ions in MDPC-23 cells. This would indicate that DMP1 regulates the metabolism and transportation of calcium ions in odontoblasts, and thus boosts dentine mineralization.     

Temporal Induction of Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI) in Odontoblasts by Lipopolysaccharide and Wound Infection

IntroductionThe secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is a bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced product of macrophages that antagonizes the LPS-induced activation of a number of proinflammatory signaling factors. From our previous experiments, it was found that SLPI was expressed slightly in odontoblast-like cells (MDPC-23). Therefore, these experiments were designed to determine the function of SLPI in MDPC-23 and odontoblasts during the inflammatory response caused by infections and wounds.MethodsMDPC-23 cells were exposed to 100 ng/mL Escherichia coli LPS, and artificial wounds were induced in the right first molar of the maxillary of rats. In addition, a morphological change in the MDPC-23 cells was observed after LPS treatment. MDPC-23 cells were transfected transiently with the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) promoter binding vector.ResultsThe level of SLPI expression increased strongly 30 minutes after the LPS treatment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed many extensions of the cytoplasmic processes after LPS stimulation. SLPI was expressed along the dentinal tubules and odontoblasts layer in rat teeth after an artificial wound. SLPI also inhibited the LPS-induced activation of NF-κB in MDPC-23.ConclusionsWe report for the first time that SLPI is expressed temporally in infected odontoblasts and may participate in the anti-inflammatory response through NF-κB signaling in odontoblast-like cells.     

Immunohistochemical study of small integrin-binding ligand, N-linked glycoproteins in reactionary dentin of rat molars at different ages

Small integrin-binding ligand, N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLING) are believed to play key roles in the process of biomineralization. Reactionary dentin (RD), formed by odontoblasts in response to external stimuli, differs morphologically from primary dentin (PD). To test our hypothesis that the microscopic changes reflect variations in molecular mechanisms involved in formation of the two forms of dentin, and to characterize RD further, we compared the distributions of four SIBLING proteins [bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP-1) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP)] in naturally occurring RD with those in PD. Molars of rats aged 12, 18, 24 and 36 wk were analyzed using immunohistochemistry with antibodies against BSP, OPN, DMP-1, and dentin sialoprotein (a fragment of DSPP). Differences in the distribution of the four SIBLING proteins were evident. Bone sialoprotein, not seen in PD, was consistently observed in RD. Osteopontin, almost absent from PD, was clearly observed in RD. The expression levels of DMP-1 and DSP in RD were lower than in PD. Elevated expression of BSP and OPN, along with a marked decrease of dentin sialoprotein and DMP-1 in RD, suggests a difference in the mechanism of formation of the two forms of dentin.     

Cytotoxic effects of current dental adhesive systems on immortalized odontoblast cell line MDPC-23

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the three dental adhesive systems. METHODS: The immortalized mouse odontoblast cell line (MDPC-23) was plated (30,000 cell/cm2) in 24 well dishes, allowed to grow for 72 h, and counted under inverted light microscopy. Uncured fresh adhesives were added to culture medium to simulate effects of unset adhesive. Three adhesives systems were applied for 120 min to cells in six wells for each group: Group 1) Single Bond (3M), Group 2) Prime & Bond 2.1 (Dentsply), and Group 3) Syntac Sprint (Vivadent). In the control group, PBS was added to fresh medium. The cell number was counted again and the cell morphology was assessed under SEM. In addition, the adhesive systems were applied to circles of filter paper, light-cured for 20 s, and placed in the bottom of 24 wells (six wells for each experimental materials and control group). MDPC-23 cells were plated (30,000 cell/cm2) in the wells and allowed to incubate for 72 h. The zone of inhibition around the filter papers was measured under inverted light microscopy; cell morphology was evaluated under SEM; and the MTT assay was performed for mitochondrial respiration. RESULTS: The fresh adhesives exhibited more toxic (cytopathic effects) to MDPC-23 cells than polymerized adhesives on filter papers, and as compared to the control group. The cytopathic effect of the adhesive systems occurred in the inhibition zone around the filter papers, which was confirmed by the MTT assay and statistical analysis (ANOVA) combined with Fisher's PLSD test. In the control group, MDPC-23 cells were dense on the plastic substrate and were in contact with the filter paper. In the experimental groups, when acid in the adhesive systems was removed by changing the culture medium, or when the adhesives were light-cured, some cells grew in the wells in spite of the persistent cytotoxic effect. SIGNIFICANCE: All dentin adhesive systems were cytotoxic odontoblast-like cells. Both acidity and non-acidic components of these systems were responsible for the high cytopathic effect of those dental materials.     

人牙本质磷蛋白对小型猪修复性牙本质形成作用的实验研究

目的　观察人牙本质磷蛋白 (dentinphosphoprotein ,DPP)对修复性牙本质形成的诱导作用 ,进一步研究DPP的功能。方法　用人DPP粉作盖髓剂 ,对小型猪健康恒牙进行盖髓实验 ,对照组采用氢氧化钙和空白对照 (氧化锌丁香油糊剂盖髓 ) ,通过组织病理学观察牙本质桥的形成。结果DPP盖髓术后 2周 ,穿髓孔下固有牙髓细胞分化为类造牙本质细胞 ,分布在已形成的修复性牙本质团块周围 ;术后 1个月有完整的修复性牙本质桥形成 ;术后 3个月修复性牙本质桥增厚且结构致密 ,主要是管样牙本质 ,其下方排列分化好的造牙本质细胞。氢氧化钙盖髓组 ,术后 2周界面有炎症坏死区 ,只有少量的钙质团块形成 ,1～ 3个月逐渐形成完整的修复性牙本质桥 ,但较DPP盖髓后形成修复性牙本质的速度慢且量较少。结论　人DPP对牙髓刺激性小 ,可以直接诱导牙髓细胞分化及修复性牙本质形成 ,提示DPP在牙本质发育和修复的生物矿化中起重要作用。     

小鼠牙乳头来源MDPC-23细胞自发形成的类破牙细胞鉴定

目的探寻小鼠牙乳头来源MDPC-23细胞自发形成的体外破牙细胞的培养方法。 方法MDPC-23细胞常规培养6 d,利用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（TRAP）染色法与RANKL诱导RAW 264.7细胞形成的破骨细胞相比较;金相显微镜及扫描电镜（SEM）观察牙本质片上细胞形态及吸收陷窝形成情况;免疫荧光染色观察丝状肌动蛋白（F-actin）细胞骨架结构;免疫印迹、免疫荧光和（或）ELISA法检测破牙细胞形成相关蛋白RANKL、RANK、TRAF6以及破牙细胞标志蛋白TRAP、组织蛋白酶K（Cathepsin K）的表达情况。Cathepsin K和TRAP蛋白表达的灰度值比较采用两独立样本的t检验进行统计;0、2、4、6 d四个时间点RANKL分泌水平的比较采用方差分析进行统计分析。 结果MDPC-23细胞常规培养6 d可自发形成少量TRAP染色阳性的多核巨细胞,其形态有别于RAW 264.7细胞形成的破骨细胞;自发形成的多核巨细胞仅能在牙本质片上形成少量较浅的吸收陷窝;免疫荧光结果显示,自发形成的类破牙细胞具有破牙细胞特征性丝状肌动蛋白环结构;免疫印迹、免疫荧光和（或）ELISA结果表明,MDPC-23细胞体外常规培养下表达RANK、TRAF6蛋白并自分泌RANKL,第0、2、4、6天RANKL分泌水平总体差异有统计学意义（F = 5.373,P = 0.026）,第2天RANKL分泌水平较第0天增加（P = 0.007）;第6天TRAP及Cathepsin K蛋白表达上调（t_TRAP = 5.033,P_TRAP = 0.0024;t_{Cathepsin K} = 12.95,P_{Cathepsin K} = 0.0002）。 结论MDPC-23细胞体外常规培养下可自发形成少量吸收能力较弱的TRAP染色阳性的多核巨细胞,具有特征性肌动蛋白环结构,同时能上调破牙细胞特征性蛋白TRAP和Cathepsin K表达,自分泌RANKL并表达RANK、TRAF6蛋白,是与成熟破牙细胞形态、结构及蛋白表达相似的类破牙细胞。     

Expression and processing of small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins in mouse odontoblastic cells

OBJECTIVE: Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) are expressed in dentin and believed to control dentinogenesis. Five members of SIBLING family include bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP). These genes are clustered on chromosome 4q in humans and share similar biological features. DSPP and DMP1 are processed into given structural/functional fragments in rat and porcine. It still remains unclear whether these evidences occur in mouse and other SIBLING members are also processed into given fragments from their parent precursors. The aim of this study was to identify expression and processing of the five proteins in two mouse odontoblastic cell lines. DESIGN: Two mouse odontoblastic cells were used to study expression and processing of the five SIBLING proteins by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry study showed that all of the five SIBLING members were expressed within the cytoplasm and cellular processes in the mouse odontoblastic cell lines. Expression levels of DMP1 and DSPP were higher in differentiated mouse odontoblasts than undifferentiated mouse odontoblasts. Immunolabelling signal of DSP and MEPE was also detected within the nucleus in the two cell lines. Western blot assay indicated that all five members were processed into at least two fragments in these cells. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that different processed products and expression levels of the SIBLING proteins may play distinct biological functions in tooth development and mineralisation.     

Smad分子在骨形成蛋白2调控成牙本质细胞Ⅰ型胶原基因表达中的作用

目的　研究Smad蛋白在骨形成蛋白 2 (bonemorphogeneticprotein 2 ,BMP 2 )调控小鼠成牙本质细胞系MDPC 2 3内Ⅰ型胶原α2链 [collagenα2 (Ⅰ ) ,COL1A2 ]表达中的作用。方法　细胞免疫组化观察MDPC 2 3细胞内BMP 2细胞内信号分子Smad1、Smad5和Smad6的表达。瞬时转染和报告基因检测观察Smad1、Smad5和Smad6在BMP 2调控COL1A2基因转录中的作用。结果　MDPC 2 3细胞表达Smad1、Smad5和Smad6。BMP 2能诱导含COL1A2基因启动子的荧光素酶报告基因活性。Smad1或Smad5过表达增强BMP 2诱导的COLIA2基因启动子活性 ,而Smad6过表达抑制BMP 2诱导的COL1A2基因启动子活性。过表达Smad1或Smad5突变型载体可以阻断BMP 2的诱导能力。结论　在MDPC 2 3细胞内 ,Smad信号途径存在并发挥功能 ,参与调控BMP 2对COL1A2基因的转录。Smad信号途径可能在BMP 2调控成牙本质细胞分化和牙本质形成过程中发挥重要作用