De novo mutation in the DSPP gene associated with dentinogenesis imperfecta type II in a Japanese family

Dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI) type II is one of the most common dominantly inherited dentin defects, in which both the primary and permanent teeth are affected. Here, we report a Japanese family with autosomal‐dominant DGI type II, including both molecular genetic defects and pathogenesis with histological analysis. Mutation analysis revealed a mutation (c.53T>A, p.V18D, g.1192T>A) involving the second nucleotide of the first codon within exon 3 of the dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) gene. This mutation has previously been reported in a Korean family. Thus far, 24 allelic DSPP mutations have been reported, and this is the seventh mutation involving the DSPP V18 residue. Among those, only one other was shown to be caused by a de novo mutation, and that mutation also affected the V18 amino acid residue. The DSPP V18 residue is highly conserved among other mammalian species. These findings thus suggest that the V18 amino acid might be a sensitive mutational hot spot, playing a critical role in the pathogenesis of DGI.     

Functional splicing assay of DSPP mutations in hereditary dentin defects

Oral Diseases (2011) 17 , 690–695 Objective: Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) gene mutations have been identified in isolated hereditary dentin defects; however, the genotype–phenotype correlations are poorly understood. We performed in vitro splicing assays to test the hypothesis that DSPP mutations in splice junctions as well as proposed missense/nonsense mutations experimentally result in aberrant pre‐mRNA splicing. Materials and methods: The genomic fragment of the human DSPP gene was cloned into the pSPL3 splicing vector, and previously reported as well as informative de novo mutations were then introduced by PCR mutagenesis. The COS‐7 cells were transfected with each plasmid vector, and total RNA was isolated. RT‐PCR result was analyzed, and the band intensity of the product was calibrated using ImageJ. Results: The predictions by others of exon 3 skipping in specific DSPP mutations have been validated and a cryptic splicing donor site has been identified. However, the degree of mutational effect on pre‐mRNA splicing varied considerably depending on the changed nucleotide. Conclusions: The predictions of exon 3 skipping in specific DSPP mutations have been validated, and a cryptic splicing donor site has been identified. Our data may provide insight into the contribution of DSPP mutations in the pathogenesis and genotype–phenotype correlations of hereditary dentin defects.     

Splicing site mutations in dentin sialophosphoprotein causing dentinogenesis imperfecta type II

Dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI) type II (OMIM # 125490) is an inherited disorder affecting dentin. Defective dentin formation results in discolored teeth that are prone to attrition and fracture. To date, several mutations have been described in the dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) gene, causing DGI types II and III and dentin dysplasia type II. DSPP encodes two proteins: dentin sialoprotein (DSP) and dentin phosphoprotein (DPP). Here, we describe a mutational analysis of DSPP in seven Finnish families with DGI type II. We report two mutations and five single nucleotide polymorphisms. In one family we found a mutation that has been described earlier in families with different ethnicity, while in six families we found a novel g.1194C>A (IVS2-3) transversion. Bioinformatic analysis of known DSPP mutations suggests that DGI type II is usually caused by aberration of normal splicing.     

牙本质涎磷蛋白的研究进展

牙本质涎磷蛋白及其蛋白剪切产物—牙本质涎蛋白和牙本质磷蛋白是在牙本质发育、矿化中起重要作用的非胶原蛋白.关于牙本质涎磷蛋白的结构、功能、表达以及翻译后修饰等均有大量的研究,使之对牙本质涎磷蛋白的认识不断深入.本文就近年来关于牙本质涎磷蛋白的研究现状作一综述.     

A novel DSPP frameshift mutation causing dentin dysplasia type 2 and disease management strategies

The present study aims to investigate the mutation in a Chinese family with dentin dysplasia type II (DD-II) and to summarize mutation hotspots, clinical manifestations, and disease management strategies. Phenotype analysis, clinical intervention, mutation screening, and cosegregation analysis within the enrolled family were performed. A summary of the reported mutations in the dentin phosphoprotein (DPP) region of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) was analyzed. Pathogenicity prediction analysis of the physical properties and function of DSPP variants was performed by bioinformatic processing. Clinical management strategies are discussed. A novel pathogenic mutation (c.2035delA) in the DPP region of DSPP was identified, which was cosegregated in the family. The immature permanent teeth of patients with DD-II presented with X-shaped root canal phenotypes. Most of the identified mutations for DD-II were clustered in the DPP region between nucleotides 1686–2134. Points of differential diagnosis, clinical interventions, and management strategies are proposed. This study revealed a novel DSPP frameshift mutation and presented new clinical features of DD-II. The locus involving nucleotides 1686–2134 of DSPP may represent a mutational hotspot for the disease. Appropriate management of DD-II at different stages is important to avoid the development of secondary dental lesions.     

Identification of the DSPP mutation in a new kindred and phenotype-genotype correlation

Oral Diseases (2011) 17 , 314–319 Objective: Hereditary dentin defects can be grouped into three types of dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI) and two types of dentin dysplasia. Tooth enamel is considered normal in patients with hereditary dentin defects, but is easily worn down and fractured due to DSPP mutation‐induced altered dentin properties. The purposes of this study were to identify genetic cause of a family with type II DGI and enamel defects. Materials and methods: We identified a family with type II DGI and a unique form of hypoplastic enamel defect affecting occlusal third of the crown. Family members were recruited for the genetic analysis and DNA was obtained from peripheral whole blood. Results: Mutational analysis revealed a T to A transversion in exon 3 of the DSPP (c.53T>A, p.V18D). Haplotype analysis showed that the same mutation arose separately in two different families having DGI with similar enamel defects, indicating that this phenotype is associated with this specific DSPP mutation. Clinical features suggest that enamel formation was affected in the affected individuals during early amelogenesis, in addition to the dentin defect. Conclusions: We observed that a DSPP gene mutation not only influences dentinogenesis but also affects early stage amelogenesis.     

Hyperfibers and vesicles in dentin matrix in dentinogenesis imperfecta (Dl) associated with osteogenesis imperfecta (01)

Dentin matrix of deciduous teeth from two patients affected by dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI) associated with types IB and IVB osteogenesis imperfecta (Ol) displayed previously undescribed structures in transmission electron microscopic examination. Vesicles were seen in dentin of both patients, and abnormally thick collagen fibers (hyperfibers) were found in dentin of the patient with the rare type IB OI. Both vesicles and hyperfibers were situated in abnormal, atubular areas of dentin. Matrix vesicles, which have normally been identified in mantle dentin only, were abundant in selected areas of the affected dentin, thereby supporting the concept that dentin matrix in OI is elaborated by successive cell generations. The hyperfibers, not previously described in either normal or abnormal human dentin, have possibly been formed by fusion of several collagen fibers. Further ullrastructural studies of dentin in DI with OI may help to clarify the marked clinical variation in teeth of patients affected by OI.     

小鼠牙本质涎磷蛋白(DSPP)特异性启动子的克隆和序列分析

目的 :获得小鼠牙本质涎磷蛋白 (DSPP)编码序列上游约 1.6kb的特异性启动子。方法 :按Mac Dougall报道设计一对引物 ,提取小鼠胚胎干细胞基因组DNA作为模板 ,PCR获得大小约为 1.6kb的DNA片段 ,将该片段克隆并进行序列分析。结果 :所得到的片段是DSPP的特异性启动子 ,其序列与文献报道有一定差异 ,但转录因子的结合位点均未发生突变。结论 :成功获得小鼠DSPP的特异性启动子 ,为进一步的研究打下基础。     

Effects of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta-1) and dentin non-collagenous proteins (DNCP) on human embryonic ectomesenchymal cells in a three-dimensional culture system

Cranial neural crest-derived ectomesenchymal cells represent a population of pluripotent stem cells giving rise to many of the various oro-facial and dental tissues. The factors determining the terminal fate of these cells are still unclear. The potentiality of human embryonic ectomesenchymal cells from the first branchial arch have been investigated when isolated and grown in a three-dimensional (3D)-collagen gel culture system in the presence of dentin matrix-derived non-collagenous proteins (DNCP) and TGFbeta-1. Functional differentiation of cells showing some characteristics of odontoblast-like cells could be observed when the cells were cultured with DNCP+TGFbeta-1 or DNCP, however, only cytological differentiation was observed during culture with TGFbeta-1 alone. The characteristics of these cells was assessed by morphological appearance, expression of the odontoblast phenotype marker dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), increased alkaline phosphatase levels and formation of mineralised nodules in vitro. The results indicate that these embryonic cells from the first branchial arch are capable of responding to the inductive stimulus of DNCP or DNCP+TGFbeta-1 when isolated and grown in the 3D collagen gel culture system. The capacity of the isolated cells to differentiate into mineralizing cells showing some characteristics of odontoblast-like cells under these growth conditions highlights the potential of such approaches for tissue engineering strategies for hard-tissue regeneration after injury.     

Abnormal dentin structure in two novel gene mutations [COL1A1, Arg134Cys] and [ADAMTS2, Trp795-to-ter] causing rare type I collagen disorders

Histological and ultrastructural observations of dentin of two patients affected with rare types of type I collagen disorders are presented. In the first case, a homozygous nonsense mutation in ADAMTS2 (substitution of a codon for tryptophan by a stopcodon) causes type VIIC Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) with multiple tooth agenesis and focal dysplastic dentin defects. In the second case, a missense mutation in COL1A1 (substitution of arginine by cysteine) results in a type I EDS phenotype with clinically normal-appearing dentition. Tooth samples are investigated by using light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunostaining for types I and III collagen, and tenascin. These are compared with samples from patients with types III and IV osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) in association with dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI), showing a consistently abnormal appearance of the dentin in all specimens, with variations being primarily those of degree of change. Similarities in histological changes include the alternating presence of normal and severe pathological areas in primary and secondary dentin, the latter being characterized by large canal-like structures in atubular areas. Ultrastructural evidence of pathological dentinogenesis include abnormal distribution, size and organization of collagen fibers, which may also be found in clinically unaffected teeth. The histological and ultrastructural changes seen can be explained on the basis of odontoblast dysfunction which may be secondary to the collagen defect, interfering with different levels of odontoblast cell function and intercellular communication. These observations on (ultra)structural dentin defects associated with the two novel gene mutations are the first ever reported.