环杓后肌失神经及神经再支配后兴奋性的研究

为研究环杓后肌失神经及其神经再支配后的兴奋性,将15只狗分成3组即神经植入组、神经肌蒂组及对照组,每组5只.术后6个月发现植入神经、带肌蒂的神经均与正常喉返神经兴奋性无显著性差异(P>0.05),且神经兴奋性高于肌肉兴奋性.两个恢复神经再支配组的环杓后肌与正常环杓后肌兴奋性亦无显著性差异(P>0.05),而失神经的环杓后肌与两个神经修复组及正常环杓后肌的兴奋性则有高度显著性差异(P<0.01),且其兴奋性最低.结果表明,当功能性电刺激治疗双侧喉返神经麻痹时,刺激电极安放在修复的神经上比安放在环杓后肌处效果要好.     

Ganglion Cells in the Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle of the Rat Following Experimental Denervation

Objective —To investigate morphological changes of the i.m. ganglion cells in the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle of the rat following denervation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Material and Methods —The recurrent laryngeal nerve on the left side of the rat was resected. Three weeks after transection, the PCA muscle was removed for morphological study using light and electron microscopy.

Results —No morphological changes were found in the i.m. ganglion cells in the PCA muscle, even though the myelinated nerve fibers were destroyed and had disappeared in ramified i.m. bundles. Around the cell body, numerous non-myelinated nerve fibers were found; these contained a large number of clear, spherical synaptic vesicles ≈50 nm in diameter and several dense-cored vesicles ≈100 nm in diameter. In contrast, neuromuscular junctions in most muscle fibers with partially disoriented and/or disintegrated myofibrils showed degenerative figures. In some instances, however, multiple nerve terminals were detected in contact with the postsynaptic membrane. Like the varicose swellings of non-myelinated nerve fibers around the ganglion cell body, these nerve terminals contained, in addition to clear synaptic vesicles (50 nm in diameter), several dense-cored vesicles (100 nm in diameter).

Conclusion —We suggest that i.m. ganglion cells in the rat PCA muscle may supply postganglionic nerve fibers to the denervated neuromuscular junctions after transection of the nerve.     

金纳多对一侧迷路切除豚鼠旋转后眼震的代偿

目的：观察豚鼠一侧迷路切除（unilateral labyrinthectomy,UL)后旋转后眼震的自然恢复及金纳多对（ginaton)其恢复的影响。方法：切除豚鼠左侧迷路，以其自然恢复和金纳多给药两种结果，观察旋转后眼震在不同时间恢复的差别。结果：金纳多能明显促进一侧迷路切除后旋转后眼震恢复正常并能改善两则的前庭的均衡性。一侧迷路切除后旋转后眼震频率明显下降，单纯手术组（UL组）术后眼震频率90天才恢复正常；手术＋金纳金组（UL＋G组）21天眼震频率与正常已无显著差别。两侧优势偏向（directional preponderance,DP)比较显示，UL组7－50天结果异常，而UL＋G组自第7天起DP都在正常范围，参照旋转后眼震频率恢复情况，两侧均衡性的恢复比眼震频率恢复快。结论金纳多能够促进动态症状的代偿，且两侧均衡性的恢复比眼震频率恢复复快。     

The Process of Otoconia Formation in Guinea Pig Utricular Supporting Cells

In order to clarify the mechanism of otoconia formation, the pathway of calcium transport in the utricular supporting cells was investigated. Potassium pyroantimonate (PA) precipitation, which indicates the localization of calcium ions, was seen not only in otoconia but also in supporting cell cytoplasm. In the latter, deposits of PA were detected in the secretory granules and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These deposits were not present in cells pretreated with ethylene glycol-O,O'-bis (2-aminoethyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid (EGTA). Exposure of the supporting cells to streptomycin sulfate (SM) increased the number of lysosomes. These lysosomes contained many small deposits of PA. The remaining granules and ER in cytoplasm also contained small deposits of PA. The findings suggest that otoconia are formed by the vestibular supporting cells in which calcium ions might be transported via ER-secretory granule-lysosome-cytoplasmic protrusion.     

声刺激诱发麻醉豚鼠前庭咬肌反射及起源的研究

目的 建立声诱发前庭咬肌反射的动物模型,探讨咬肌反射电位的特征及起源.方法 20只豚鼠,随机分为正常对照组(10只)、单侧前庭下神经切断组(5只)、单侧耳蜗神经破坏组(5只).3组动物分别在麻醉下于豚鼠下颌骨及颅顶之间用金属夹夹住,使咬肌保持一定的张力,记录click声诱发的咬肌反射电位,并进行听性脑干反应(ABR)测试.结果正常对照组豚鼠声诱发咬肌反射电位的负波(negative peak,NP)阈值为92±7.68dB nHL.给予100、90、80、70 dB nHL单侧声刺激时,同侧记录咬肌反射NP引出率分别为100%、7O%、40%、0%.给予100、90、80 dB nHL单侧声刺激时,同侧记录咬肌反射NP平均潜伏期分别为6.57±0.26、6.64±0.23、6.69±0.19 ms,不同刺激强度下NP潜伏期差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).ABR的平均反应阈为31±7.88 dBnHL.单侧前庭下神经切断组术侧声诱发咬肌反射消失,ABR反应阈在正常范围内.单侧耳蜗神经破坏组术侧声诱发咬肌反射存在,NP阈值及潜伏期与正常对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),ABR消失.结论 在豚鼠下颌骨及颅顶之间应用金属夹使咬肌保持一定的张力,同时给予click声刺激,可以建立一个理想的声刺激诱发前庭咬肌反射的动物模型;声刺激诱发的豚鼠咬肌反射电位NP来源于前庭,且该反射是肌源性的.     

Update: Laryngeal Reinnervation for Unilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis With the Ansa Cervicalis

Eight patients underwent ansa cervicalis anastomosis to the adductor branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve for unilateral vocal cord paralysis. They were followed long enough (at least 1 year) to determine if the procedure was successful. All cases have been subjected to preoperative and postoperative voice recording, acoustic analysis, and videolaryngoscopy. Some of them have been subjected to stroboscopy and electromyography (EMG). Data from these cases indicate that satisfactory phonatory quality may be achieved after the procedure. The reinnervated vocal cord neither abducted nor adducted, but it presented itself in midline for precise apposition with the normal cord. Synchronous mucosal waves in both vocal cords could be observed. EMG showed that the procedure produced satisfactory reinnervation of the adductory muscles. Therefore, the authors believe that the procedure could be proposed as an alternative to Teflon injection or thyroplasty in selected cases.     

豚鼠耳蜗一氧化氮合酶的分布

目的 用组织化学法,通过观察NADPH-黄递酶的活性了解一氧化氮合酶在豚鼠耳蜗内分布。方法 经4％多聚甲醛心脏灌注固定后,取出耳蜗,经3％依地酸脱钙后,作厚10μm冰冻切片,用辅酶Ⅱ孵育液在37℃条件下孵育l小时。结果 发现在耳蜗内、外毛细胞底部与耳蜗神经末梢接头处及毛细血管球内皮细胞有明显NADPH-黄递酶活性,此外在内、外柱细胞、支持细胞、血管纹及螺旋神经节细胞也有NADPH-黄递酶活性反应。结论 NO在维持耳蜗正常神经传导及毛细血管张力中起着重要作用。     

Characterization of Stapes Anatomy: Investigation of Human and Guinea Pig

The accuracy of any stapes model relies on the accuracy of the anatomical information upon which it is based. In many previous models and measurements of the stapes, the shape of the stapes has been considered as symmetric with respect to the long and short axes of the footplate. Therefore, the reference frame has been built based upon this assumption. This study aimed to provide detailed anatomical information on the dimensions of the stapes, including its asymmetries. High-resolution microcomputed tomography data from 53 human stapes and 11 guinea pig stapes were collected, and their anatomical features were analyzed. Global dimensions of the stapes, such as the size of the footplate, height, and volume, were compared between human and guinea pig specimens, and asymmetric features of the stapes were quantitatively examined. Further, dependence of the stapes dimensions on demographic characteristics of the subjects was explored. The height of the stapes relative to the footplate size in the human stapes was found to be larger than the corresponding value in guinea pig. The stapes showed asymmetry of the footplate with respect to the long axis and offset of the stapes head from the centroid of the medial surface of the footplate for both humans and guinea pigs. The medial surface of the footplate was curved, and the longitudinal arches of the medial surface along the long axis of the footplate were shaped differently between humans and guinea pigs. The dimension of the footplate was gender-dependent, with the size greater in men than in women.     

豚鼠耳石修复再生的超微结构及SPARC动态变化

目的观察豚鼠前庭耳石器受离心力高过载(高G)损伤后,其功能和形态学的变化及富含半胱氨酸的酸性分泌性糖蛋白(SPARC)在其再生过程中的作用。方法 40只豚鼠随机分为对照组(n=10)和离心力高过载组(高G组,n=30),高G组给予10G离心力刺激4min后,分别于刺激后当天、三天、七天(每组10只)断头处死取双侧椭圆囊行扫描电镜观察,并应用免疫组织化学染色方法观察SPARC在豚鼠前庭中的表达。结果 10G离心力作用5min后,76.67%(23/30)的豚鼠出现了耳石器损伤的阳性行为学症状,且所有阳性症状均在30min内消失。扫描电镜下显示:高过载后当天可见正常耳石形态消失,被大量球状物代替,三天时球状物逐渐矿化,七天时哑铃状耳石出现并与矿化球状物共存,此外各时期均可见各种耳石的变性。免疫组织化学染色发现高G组在10G刺激后不同时间SPARC染色均高于对照组(P<0.05),但高G组各组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。左右耳未发现差别。结论离心力高过载刺激可造成前庭系统功能紊乱和耳石器结构损害,SPARC与耳石再生有关。     

豚鼠半规管及壶腹微血管的电镜观察

应用血管铸型技术和扫描电镜观察了豚鼠３个半规管及其壶腹的微血管三维空间结构，发现了３个壶腹的微血管结构基本相同，血供动脉均从壶腹嵴的基底部进入壶腹，壶腹嵴中央毛细血管网最为密集，半月面处较为稀疏，静脉血从壶腹底部及顶部回流。     

谷氨酸-天冬氨酸转运体在豚鼠耳蜗的分布

目的研究谷氨酸-天冬氨酸转运体(glutamate—aspartate transporters，GLAST)在正常豚鼠耳蜗内的分布，为探讨GLAST在防止耳蜗谷氨酸(Glu)神经毒性中的作用提供形态学基础。方法选取健康红目豚鼠6只，采用免疫组织化学方法，以山羊抗GLAST抗体为标记物，观察正常豚鼠耳蜗中GLAST的表达及分布。结果在正常豚鼠耳蜗的内、外毛细胞，内、外毛细胞周围的支持细胞，螺旋神经节细胞，血管纹边缘细胞和螺旋缘上皮，均有GLAST阳性表达。结论GLAST在正常豚鼠耳蜗内主要分布于内、外毛细胞，内、外毛细胞周围的支持细胞，螺旋神经节细胞、血管纹边缘细胞和螺旋缘上皮，其功能尚需进一步的研究。     

豚鼠内淋巴囊的缺血病理改变

为了阐明内淋巴囊（ＥｎｄｏｌｙｍｐｈａｔｉｃＳａｃ，ＥＳ）的缺血病变，本文将１６只豚鼠ＥＳ供血动脉阻断，并在不同缺血时相对其病理损伤作光镜观察。结果：缺血早期ＥＳ上皮细胞混浊肿胀，气球样变，部分细胞崩解坏死，上皮下组织水肿出血；缺血中期上皮细胞萎缩变性，中间部皱褶带消失；缺血晚期上皮坏死区出现新生结缔组织及新骨，囊周缺血病变与Ｍｅｎｉｅｒｅ病囊周病理改变相似     

Effects of Lidocaine on Basilar Membrane Vibration in the Guinea Pig

The effects of lidocaine on basilar membrane (BM) vibration and compound action potential (CAP) were studied in guinea pigs in order to elucidate the site of lidocaine action in the cochlea. BM vibration was measured with a laser Doppler vibrometer through an opening made in the lateral bony wall of the scala tympani at the basal turn. Ten min after local administration of lidocaine (250 &#119 g) into the scala tympani, the velocity of BM vibration and the CAP amplitude decreased significantly at around the characteristic frequency of the stimulus sound ( p <0.05). The maximum decreases were 4 dB in the velocity of the BM vibration and 40 dB in the CAP amplitude. In contrast, such changes were not observed after i.v. injection of lidocaine (1.5 mg kg). These results suggest that when lidocaine is administered locally in the cochlea it acts not only on the cochlear nerve but also on the outer hair cells.     

豚鼠耳蜗微血管SP受体阳性结构的观察

目的探讨ＳＰ（ｓｕｂｓｔａｎｃｅＰ）调节耳蜗血流的作用机理。方法本研究采用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ技术结合葡萄糖氧化酶－ＤＡＢ－镍染色法,观察豚鼠耳蜗微血管ＳＰ受体的分布状态。结果豚鼠耳蜗基底膜各圈均可见ＳＰ受体阳性的微血管,阳性结构主要位于血管内膜,呈密度增高的线状分布。结论作用于耳蜗微血管内膜ＳＰ受体的ＳＰ,主要来源于血液及内皮细胞自身。     

The Temperature Dependency of Cochlear Adaptation and Masking in the Guinea Pig

The problem of the location of the adaptation mechanism in the peripheral hearing organ is studied using the temperature dependency of adaptation and masking of round window recorded AP in the guinea pig

At first, the influence of temperature on the synchronization conditions in the auditory nerve is investigated by observing the behaviour of the width-latency relation for the N₁. It is shown that cooling does not act in the same way as attenuating the stimulus but that the desynchronization caused is comparable to that by lowering the interstimulus interval (ISI). The competitive desynchronizing action of cooling on one side and adaptation and masking on the other side is discussed

Secondly, the temperature dependency of the An₁-ISI and An₁-S/N relations is studied. It became clear that, while the recovery time is not influenced by temperature, the decay time of the An₁ to its final value during a series of tone bursts is increased by lowering the temperature

The temperature dependency of synaptic mechanisms and the temperature dependency of adaptation and masking have been compared. This suggests that the chemical-enzymatic reactions in the synaps which take part in the release of transmitter and the formation of transmitter and the formation of transmitter receptor complexes are responsible for the adaptation for the adaptation phenomena in the peripheral hearing organ     

Ultrastructure of the Endolymphatic Sac in Two-phase Endolymphatic Hydrops in the Guinea Pig

Two-phase endolymphatic hydrops is a subtle experimental model for Meniere's disease. Chronic dysfunction of the endolymphatic sac, induced by dissection of the most distal part without causing damage to the intermediate part, is combined with increased endolymph production induced by administration of aldosterone which stimulates the Na/K-ATPase in the stria vascularis. A transmission electron microscopic study was performed on the endolymphatic sacs of four groups of guinea pig cochleas: controls; non-operated aldosterone-treated cochleas; operated (dissection of the endolymphatic sac) cochleas; operated and aldosterone-treated cochleas. Light and electron microscopy showed a normal morphology in the controls. Aldosterone treatment had no visible effect. Dissected ears revealed severe deviations. The epithelium of the intermediate sac was low, showed dilated lateral intercellular spaces indicating elevated fluid transport and displayed serious degenerative processes. Distally, the endolymphatic sac was completely blocked by newly formed bone. Additional aldosterone treatment had no cumulative effect on the dissected ears.     

Localization of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Activity in the Guinea Pig Inner Ear

The aim of this study was to characterize the nitric oxide (NO) receptor soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), to determine the cells targeted by NO and to elucidate the function of the NO/cGMP pathway in the inner ear. sGC activity in the inner ear was localized by immunohistochemical detection of NO-stimulated cGMP. Soluble guanylate cyclase activity in the cochlea was detected in the nerve endings underneath the outer and inner hair cells, supporting cells, stria vascularis and vessels. In the vestibular organs, sGC activity was detected in the cytoplasm of sensory cells, nerve fibres, dark cells and transitional cells and vessels. These findings suggest that the NO/cGMP pathway may be involved in regulatory processes in neurotransmission, blood flow and inner ear fluid homeostasis.     

骨髓基质干细胞豚鼠内耳移植初步观察

目的建立骨髓基质干细胞(marrow stromal cell，MSC)内耳移植技术，研究内耳细胞移植的可行性。方法将豚鼠骨髓基质干细胞分离培养，用4，6-联脒-2-苯基吲哚(4，6-diamidino-2-phenylindole，DAPI)荧光标记，采用显微注射技术在耳蜗底周鼓阶钻孔，通过钻孔处缓缓注入细胞，术后14天处死，行耳蜗石腊切片，荧光显微镜及HE染色观察移植细胞成活情况。结果骨髓基质干细胞内耳移植成活，并贴壁生长。结论成功地建立了骨髓基质干细胞内耳移植技术，为进一步研究MSC在内耳的分化和表达奠定了重要的基础。     

豚鼠耳蜗和内淋巴囊水通道蛋白的表达

目的 研究豚鼠耳蜗和内淋巴囊组织中水通道蛋白(aquaporin，AQP)不同亚型的定位表达及其意义。方法 用兔抗大鼠AQP1、AQP2、AQP3、AQP4的多克隆抗体，采用免疫组化SP法分别检测相应AQP蛋白亚型在豚鼠耳蜗和内淋巴囊组织中的表达模式。结果 在耳蜗组织中，AQP1、4广泛分布于耳蜗的各个区域，如血管纹、螺旋韧带、Corti器、螺旋缘、螺旋神经节等，AQP3除了在血管纹表达呈弱阳性外，其余区域的表达与AQP1和AQP4相似，AQP2则仅表达于Reissner膜。在内淋巴囊组织中，AQP1、AQP3和AQP4在内淋巴囊上皮细胞和上皮下纤维组织均呈强阳性表达，只是AQP3的表达强度稍弱于AQP1和AQP4，而AQP2在内淋巴囊上皮细胞和上皮下组织均呈阴性表达。结论 水通道蛋白1、3、4以相似的方式广泛分布于豚鼠耳蜗和内淋巴囊组织中，而AQP2则仅表达于Reissner膜，提示不同亚型的AQP可能在不同区域协同作用参与内淋巴的调节，从而保持内耳内环境的稳定。