Clinical evaluation of the L80 autorefractometer

Background: A clinical evaluation of the L80 wave+ autorefractometer (Visionix Luneau, Chartres, France) was performed to evaluate its validity and repeatability compared with non‐cycloplegic subjective refraction. The L80 wave+ autorefractometer is a new instrument based on the Hartmann‐Shack principle that has a specific autorefraction function using the wavefront device and can also measure keratometry, topography of the cornea and higher‐order aberrations. Methods: Refractive error measurements were obtained from 100 eyes of 50 subjects (age, 25 ± 2.71 years) subjectively by one masked practitioner and objectively with the L80 wave+ autorefractometer (with a 3.0 mm pupil) by a second practitioner. Intra‐test and inter‐test (within a week after the initial objective measures) variability was assessed on 28 new subjects (56 eyes). Results: The results of the objective and subjective measurements of refractive error were very similar (mean difference 0.03 ± 0.47 D, p = 0.49 for sphere; 0.05 ± 0.27 D, p = 0.06 for cylinder; 0.06 ± 0.44 D, p = 0.20 for spherical equivalent; 0.01 ± 0.13 D, p = 0.37 for J₀ and ‐0.005 ± 0.12 D, p = 0.69 for J₄₅). High intra‐test and inter‐test repeatability were demonstrated for all parameters measured and found comparable with other clinical autorefractors. Conclusion: The L80 wave+ autorefractometer represents a reliable and valid objective refractive tool for general optometric practice.     

手持自动验光仪在学龄前儿童验光中的应用

目的：评估HAR-800手持验光仪对学龄前儿童屈光检查的准确性。

方法：对173例学龄前儿童进行检影验光,首先行HAR-800手持验光仪检查(试验组),然后应用阿托品眼膏进行扩瞳检影验光(对照组),比较两种检影验光的屈光差异。

结果：试验组球镜为1.59±0.61D,对照组为3.15±0.72D,两者有显著统计学差异(t=-82.89, P<0.01),且具有相关性(r=0.87,P<0.01)。试验组散光为-0.62±0.51D,对照组为-0.48±0.55D,两者有显著统计学差异(t=-6.97,P<0.01),且具有显著相关性(r=0.76,P<0.01)。

结论：HAR-800手持验光仪不能替代阿托品检影验光,但其结果可以反映学龄前儿童的屈光状况。     

Treating uncorrected refractive error in adults in the developing world with autorefractors and ready-made spectacles

Background: To evaluate a method for treating uncorrected refractive error in adults in the developing world. Design: Prospective, cross‐sectional study in outpatient community health centres. Participants: Eight hundred and forty subjects aged 18 and older from rural villages in Haiti and Belize. Methods: Undilated refractive error screening exams were conducted over a 5‐day period in rural Haiti and Belize using portable autorefractors. Isometropic, spherical, ready‐made spectacles were provided to patients with bilateral refractive error, astigmatism ≤1 dioptre in each eye and visual acuity worse than 6/9 in each eye. Visual acuity was measured with and without corrective spectacles. Main Outcome Measures: The mean visual improvement and median final visual acuity after treatment with ready‐made glasses. Results: Eight hundred and forty patients aged 18 and older were screened with autorefractors. One hundred and eighty‐nine subjects (22.5%) were found to have visually significant bilateral refractive error. Fifty‐eight per cent (110/189) of these patients met criteria for treatment with ready‐made spectacles. Visual acuity improved an average of 4.2 lines in the better eye and 4.1 lines in the worse eye with corrective glasses. The median visual acuity in the better eye was 6/6 after treatment. Conclusion: Autorefractors and ready‐made spectacles allow for effective treatment of uncorrected refractive error in adults in the developing world.     

Suresight手持式自动验光仪筛查学龄前儿童屈光不正的可行性探讨

目的通过对Suresight手持式自动验光仪在学龄前儿童中筛查屈光不正可行性的探讨,为其在婴幼儿屈光不正筛查中的应用提供理论支持,寻求一种能简单、方便、可靠、客观反映婴幼儿屈光发育情况的筛查方法。方法对就诊的4～6岁的学龄前儿童共148人次,296眼在自然状态下使用Suresight手持式自动验光仪进行屈光检查,与连用1%阿托品2次/日,5天后检影验光的结果比较。结果Suresight手持式自动验光仪屈光检查的结果中柱镜及其轴向与散瞳验光结果的差异无统计学意义(柱镜t=0.902,P=0.368;柱镜轴向t=0.935,P=0.350),球镜及等效球镜的差异有统计学意义(球镜t=2.231,P=0.026;等效球镜t=10.731,P=0.000),Suresight手持式自动验光仪屈光检查的结果球镜及等效球镜比散瞳验光结果轻度偏正,球镜平均0.1759±1.3444D,等效球镜平均0.8679 1.3796D。本文4～6岁的学龄前儿童296眼中远视性屈光不正占多数,比例为64.2%。结论Suresight手持式自动验光仪是一种用于学龄前儿童比较可靠的屈光不正的筛查工具。提示它在婴幼儿屈光不正的筛查中有一定的临床意义。     

Repeatability and agreement of ARK-30 autorefraction after cataract surgery

Background: To evaluate the intra‐test variability of ARK‐30 handheld autorefractor and the agreement with subjective refraction and retinoscopy after uneventful cataract surgery. Design: Prospective and non‐randomized study that included 6 visits by patients undergoing uneventful cataract surgery at IOBA (Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada) Eye Institute (University of Valladolid). Participants: The mean age of the 79 patients was 66.5 years (range 23–90 years). For the 124 eyes, the mean spherical equivalent of the sample at baseline visit was ?3.59 ± 6.28 D (range ?21.00 D to +4.44 D). Methods: Automated refraction was performed on follow‐up visits 1 day and weekly for 4 weeks. Retinoscopy and subjective refraction were conducted at the Week 4 follow up. Main Outcome Measures: Automated refraction. Results: Sphere, cylinder and mean spherical equivalent, J₀ and J₄₅ coefficient variabilities were low in all visits. Standard deviations and the limits of agreement were smallest for the last visit. Subjective refraction sphere and cylinder values were more positive than autorefraction by 0.12 ± 0.53 D (P = 0.031) and 0.23 ± 0.42 D (P < 0.001), respectively. Comparison between autorefraction and retinoscopy showed a similar trend with the sphere and cylinder differences, 0.32 ± 0.77 D and 0.38 ± 0.43 D (P < 0.05), respectively. Conclusions: The ARK‐30 is sufficiently accurate and repeatable for automated refraction after uneventful cataract surgery. This instrument may be useful for monitoring refractive outcome in these patients.     

Testing young infants with the Welch Allyn SureSight non-cycloplegic autorefractor

Both eyes of 74 healthy 2-12-month-old human infants were refracted twice with the new Welch Allyn SureSight non-cycloplegic autorefractor. At least one reliable estimate of sphere and cylinder was obtained from both eyes of all babies attempted, and 88% of infants contributed two estimates from each eye. These measurements were collected in less than 2 min. Although spherical estimates changed little over the first year (mean = +1.78 D), cylindrical error appeared to decrease from a mean of about 1.4 D (at 6 months) to 0.9 D (at 12 months). Refractive estimates and variability agreed well with published infant data obtained with traditional cycloplegic retinoscopy. Repeatability was excellent for measurement of cylinder but for sphere, 17% of infants' estimates differed by at least 1.0 D between tests. However, given its simplicity and time-efficiency, the SureSight should be a good candidate for the relatively easy screening of significant refractive error in non-verbal paediatric patients.     

现场和远程主觉验光的一致性比较

目的 比较现场和远程主觉验光检查屈光度的一致性。设计 诊断试验。研究对象 屈光不正志愿者49例（98眼）。方法 现场和远程主觉验光在国家眼科诊断与治疗工程技术研究中心不同楼层的实验室内完成。同一受试者现场和远程主觉验光由同一专业验光师在不同日期（7天内）完成。用全自动综合验光仪做现场主觉验光,通过宽带网络远程操控全自动综合验光仪做远程主觉验光,由一名非医学背景的助手做电脑自动验光仪验光,结果通过蓝牙传送到平板电脑,再传至验光师电脑端,验光师通过宽带网络远程操控综合验光仪,并远程与受试者语音交流。根据屈光度不同分为近视组（等效球镜度≤-0.50 D)和远视组（等效球镜度≥+0.50 D）,分别进行分析。利用MedCalc12.7软件进行Bland-Altman一致性分析,比较现场和远程主觉验光测得屈光度的一致性。主要指标 现场和远程主觉验光的球镜度数、柱镜度数、柱镜轴位、等效球镜度的95%一致性界限及95%一致性界限外点的比率。结果 所有眼现场和远程主觉验光的球镜度数、柱镜度数、柱镜轴位、等效球镜度的95%一致性界限分别为（0.00±0.54）D、（-0.02±0.34）D、（0.70±24.30）°、（0.00±0.52）D。所有眼球镜度数、柱镜度数、柱镜轴位、等效球镜度在95%一致性界限外点的比率分别为1.02%、4.84%、4.84%、2.04%。近视组和远视组球镜度数、柱镜度数、柱镜轴位及等效球镜的95%一致性界限分别为（-0.01±0.52）D、（-0.01±0.32）D、（1.10±18.40）°、（-0.01±0.51）D和（0.20±0.54）D、（-0.05±0.22）D、（-8.00±40.80）°、（0.18±0.53）D;95%一致性界限外点的比率分别为1.08%、3.51%、5.26%、2.15%、和0.00%、0.00%、0.00%、0.00%。结论 现场和远程主觉验光所有眼、近视组及远视组的球镜度数、柱镜度数和等效球镜度一致性高,但柱镜轴位一致性较差。     

青少年屈光不正患者扩瞳后验光结果与配镜处方的比较分析

目的：比较青少年屈光不正患者扩瞳后电脑验光、扩瞳后试镜与配镜处方的差异,探讨青少年屈光不正验光配镜的重点和注意事项。

方法：选取334例青少年屈光不正患者(包括212例近视和122例远视),进行扩瞳后电脑验光并试镜,恢复自然瞳孔后再试镜确定配镜处方。回顾性分析扩瞳后电脑验光、扩瞳后试镜和配镜处方之间的差异。

结果：扩瞳后电脑验光和扩瞳后试镜之间,总体数据中球镜和轴向的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),近视组中球镜、柱镜和轴向的差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),远视组中轴向的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。总体数据和远视组中,扩瞳后电脑验光、扩瞳后试镜与配镜处方的球镜和轴向的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。远视组中扩瞳后电脑验光和扩瞳后试镜的球镜均大于配镜处方,且扩瞳后试镜与配镜处方柱镜的差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05)。近视组中扩瞳后电脑验光与配镜处方的球镜、柱镜和轴向的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),扩瞳后试镜与配镜处方的柱镜和轴向的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Bland-Altman分析提示,无论屈光性质,扩瞳后电脑验光和扩瞳后试镜的球镜、柱镜存在较好一致性,二者之间的差异在临床上可以接受,而轴向的一致性则较差。Bland-Altman分析提示,总体数据和远视组中,扩瞳后电脑验光、扩瞳后试镜分别与配镜处方的球镜和轴向的一致性较差,柱镜则存在较好一致性。近视组中扩瞳后电脑验光、扩瞳后试镜分别与配镜处方的球镜、柱镜具有较好的一致性,轴向的一致性则较差。

结论：扩瞳后电脑验光、扩瞳后试镜结果均不能作为配镜处方。扩瞳后电脑验光与扩瞳后试镜之间的差异有统计学意义,二者的球镜、柱镜存在较好的临床一致性。扩瞳后电脑验光和扩瞳后试镜的轴向不具有一致性,二者与配镜处方的一致性也较差。所以复光试镜时要加强对轴向的反复验证。     

A clinical evaluation of the Topcon RM6000 autorefractor

The Topcon RM6000 autorefractor was evaluated by assessing the repeatability of its results and the extent of their agreement with the findings of conventional subjective refraction. The repeatability of the autorefractor results gives an indication of their reliability. This was determined for the Topcon instrument by comparing the right eye results of 93 patients taken before and after their eye examinations. In 95 per cent of cases the test and retest results of equivalent sphere, cylinder power and cylinder axis differed by less than 0.46 DS, 0.34 DC and 14° respectively. The validity of the autorefractor results differed depending on the age of the patient. In pre-presbyopic patients, the autorefractor gave a more minus (or less plus) result compared with conventional subjective refraction in some cases. This difference could be greater than 1.00 DS. For presbyopic patients, more accurate results were obtained, with approximately 95 per cent of results for equivalent sphere and cylinder being within ±0.50 D.     

应用Suresight对1-3岁婴幼儿屈光状态的筛查与分析研究

目的　应用Ｓｕｒｅｓｉｇｈｔ手持式自动视力筛查仪对１～３岁婴幼儿的屈光状态进行检测,了解婴幼儿视觉系统屈光状态及分布规律。方法　选取２０１３年８月至２０１４年２月于郑州市儿童医院眼科门诊进行视力体检的１～３岁婴幼儿２３９名,按年龄分成４组:１２～１７个月龄组、１８～２３个月龄组、２４～２９个月龄组、３０～３６个月龄组,利用Ｓｕｒｅｓｉｇｈｔ手持式自动视力筛查仪进行屈光检测,并对结果进行统计分析。结果　在２３９名被检测幼儿中,有１８名幼儿未检测出其屈光状态,其总检测率为９２.５％,其中近视状态２例。１２～１７个月龄组、１８～２３个月龄组、２４～２９个月龄组、３０～３６个月龄组屈光球镜值分别为（＋１.９３±０．６３）Ｄ、（＋１．７９±０．５５）Ｄ、（＋１．５０±０．６５）Ｄ、（＋１．５４±０．７１）Ｄ,各组间差异有显著统计学意义（Ｆ＝７．０６２,Ｐ＝０.０００）,屈光柱镜值分别为（０．８２±０．４０）Ｄ、（０．７８±０．４６）Ｄ、（０．６９±０．４９）Ｄ、（０．７２±０．４３）Ｄ,各组间差异无统计学意义（Ｆ＝１．１２５,Ｐ＝０．３３９）。相关及回归分析显示,１～３岁婴幼儿月龄与其屈光球镜值之间存在负相关关系（ｒ＝－０.４１１,Ｐ＝０．０００）,即１～３岁婴幼儿屈光球镜值随年龄增长而降低;１～３岁婴幼儿月龄与其屈光柱镜值之间存在负相关关系（ｒ＝－０．１０５,Ｐ＝０.０３５）,即１～３岁婴幼儿屈光柱镜值随年龄增长而降低,但其相关性较低。结论　建议婴幼儿应从出生后６个月起至少每半年进行一次视力及屈光检查,密切观察屈光及视力的发育状态,保证视力健康发育。     

像差仪在主观验光中的应用价值

目的评估像差仪检测结果在主观验光中的作用。方法选择2004年5月至2004年11月于本院行近视屈光手术患者129例,252眼。根据患者在睫状肌麻痹前的电脑验光的球镜度数,分成<-6.0D、-6.0～9.0D、>9.0D三组,分别称为一般度数组、高度数组和超高度数组。患者被随机选择先行电脑验光或像差检查,再经综合验光仪(Nidek)行主观验光。对同一眼的球镜量、散光量、轴向在电脑验光、像差测量和综合验光仪检查(均未予睫状肌麻痹)等三种检查方法之间的相关性情况进行分析。结果①一般度数组:综合主观验光、电脑验光、像差仪三种方法球镜度数分别为(-3.28±2.52)D、(-3.18±2.93)D、(-2.86±2.89)D;散光度数分别为(-1.24±1.86)D、(-1.99±1.56)D、(-1.35±1.28)D;散光轴向分别为81.68±73.26、70.11±58.99、89.14±78.90,所有参数各种方法之间无明显差异(P>0.05),有很好的相关性(P<0.05)。②高度数组:综合主观验光、电脑验光、像差仪三种方法球镜度数分别为(-7.43±1.27)D、(-7.38±1.03)D、(-7.81±1.19)D;散光度数分别为(-1.16±1.02)D、(-1.12±0.75)D、(-1.41±1.64)D;散光轴向分别为86.50±71.24、94.71±65.03、100.62±74.07,所有参数各种方法之间无明显差异(P>0.05),有很好的相关性(P<0.05)。③超高度数组:综合主观验光、电脑验光、像差仪三种方法球镜度数分别为(-14.07±4.09)D、(-12.12±3.66)D、(-11.75±3.19)D,各种方法之间无明显差异(P>0.05),有很好的相关性(P<0.05);散光度数分别为(-2.02±1.59)D、(-0.74±0.71)D、(-1.05±0.77)D,各种方法之间有明显差异(P<0.05);散光轴向分别为86.27±63.87、77.68±57.85、110.36±70.83,各种方法之间无明显差异(P>0.05),有很好的相关性(P<0.05)。结论在一般近视中,像差仪检查可替代电脑验光作为客观验光的方法,但在超高度近视中偏差则较大。     

Wavescan波前像差仪测量屈光不正的准确性研究

目的:评价Wavescan波前像差仪测量近视眼屈光不正的准确性。方法:对33例66眼行屈光不正矫正术的患者分别用电脑验光(睫状肌麻痹和非睫状肌麻痹下)、显然验光、Wavescan波前像差仪法测量眼屈光不正,并将患者按屈光不正度数分为3组:低度近视组(-0.50～-3.00D)17眼,中度近视组(-3.00～-6.00D)27眼,高度近视组(-6.00～D)22眼。对测量的结果进行两两比较,采用配对t检验分析。结果:四种验光方法测量的验光结果(球镜、柱镜、等效球镜)显示,低度近视及高度近视组,显然验光与Wavescan波前像差仪验光球镜及柱镜度数比较没有统计学差异(P=0.289,P=0.814,P=0.057,P=0.246),睫状肌麻痹状态下验光与Wavescan波前像差仪验光在中高度近视组,球镜度数及柱镜度数之间的比较差异没有统计学意义(P=0.052,P=0.111,P=0.539,P=0.154),并且结果不随屈光状态的不同而不同,而等效球镜度数之间的差异具有统计学意义。Wavescan波前像差仪和显然验光及睫状肌麻痹状态下验光测量,结果比较,随屈光不正度数增加,球镜相符率降低,柱镜相符率升高。结论:Wavescan波前像差仪测量屈光不正有较高的准确性,可以很好地用于VISXSTARS4准分子激光治疗系统个体化切削治疗使用,但与显然验光和睫状肌麻痹状态下验光比较仍有差异,可以作为以上两种验光方法的参考和补充。     

手持自动验光仪筛查儿童屈光不正的可行性探讨

目的探讨NIDEKARK-30手持自动验光仪筛查学龄期儿童屈光不正的有效性与可行性，试确定在非睫状肌麻痹状态下筛查儿童屈光不正的阳性界值。方法样本来自人群为基础的流行病学调查资料，采用系统抽样方法，随机抽取7～16岁儿童300名，600只眼。用NIDEKARK-30手持自动验光仪分别在睫状肌麻痹前后测定其双眼屈光状态。分析睫状肌麻痹前后双眼屈光状态差异，计算不同筛查阳性界值的灵敏度、特异度、Youden指数和阳性预测值。结果睫状肌麻痹前后双眼等效球镜度变化差异有显著性，散瞳后近视度数减少、远视度数增加；柱镜度和散光轴向变化差异无显著性。比较各年龄组睫状肌麻痹前后等效球镜度数变化，发现7～8岁、9～10岁和11～12岁组差异无显著性，13～14岁和15～16岁组差异亦无显著性；而7～12岁与13～16岁组差异有显著性。在非睫状肌麻痹状态下设定不同的儿童屈光不正筛查界值，发现7～12岁组选用≥-2．50D，13～16岁组选用≥-2．0D作为筛查近视的阳性界值，具有较好的灵敏度、特异度、Youden指数和阳性预测值。结论利用NIDEKARK-30手持自动验光仪在非睫状肌麻痹状态下检查儿童屈光状态，可以作为筛查学龄期儿童屈光不正的有效手段之一。     

The Pentacam® AXL Wave provides a reliable wavefront-based objective refraction when compared to manifest subjective refraction: A prospective study

Purpose:Accurate refraction is arguably the most important parameter for a successful laser vision correction surgery and is based on a combination of manifest and cycloplegic refraction. Wavefront-based objective refraction may be useful in the evaluation of patients. So far, the reliability of objective refraction as measured using the Pentacam^® AXL Wave has not been published in the literature.Methods:This was a prospective study including a total of 168 eyes belonging to 84 young non-presbyopic patients evaluated for refractive surgery. Pentacam^® AXL Wave full sequence was taken for all patients. Then, a clinician who was unaware of the objective refraction results performed a full physical examination, including manifest refraction starting from an autorefractometer value. All refraction values were transferred to astigmatic power vectors as per the Thibos method. Reliability of the different vectors and a unifying blur value were compared using Spearman correlation, Bland–Altman plot, and intraclass correlation coefficient.Results:The mean age was 28.8 ± 5.4 years, with a female preponderance (60.7%). The correlation between both eyes was high. The difference in M vector between subjective and objective refraction was 0.16 D, while the difference was 0.04 and 0.01 D for the J₀ and J₄₅ vectors, respectively. Paired samples Student t was non-significant for all comparisons. Spearman rho correlations were high (0.666–0.924, all P < 0.001). Intraclass correlation coefficients were also high (0.890–0.966). Bland–Altman plots did not demonstrate any systematic errors.Conclusion:Wavefront-based refractive refraction obtained using the Pentacam^® AXL Wave is highly agreeable and correlated with measurements obtained by manifest subjective refraction.