HPLC法测定复方单硝酸异山梨酯缓释片中单硝酸异山梨酯和阿司匹林的含量

目的　采用高效液相色谱法测定复方单硝酸异山梨酯缓释片中单硝酸异山梨酯和阿司匹林的含量。方法　色谱柱为LUNAODSC18(4 6mm× 2 5 0mm ,5 μm) ;流动相为 1%醋酸溶液 (含 0 1%三乙胺 ,pH 3 0 ) -甲醇 (5 5∶4 5 ) ;检测波长 :2 3 0nm ;流速 :1 0ml·min-1。结果　单硝酸异山梨酯进样量在 0 3 93 2～ 6 2 912 μg ;阿司匹林在 0 2 4 72～ 3 95 5 2 μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系 ,相关系数依次为 0 9999、0 9999,平均回收率依次为 99 4 %、10 0 0 % ,RSD依次为 1 1%、0 8%。结论　本法简便 ,灵敏 ,准确     

LC-MS法测定人血浆中单硝酸异山梨酯

目的:建立高效液相色谱-质谱法测定人血浆中单硝酸异山梨酯浓度的方法.方法:以茶碱为内标,血浆样品经乙酸乙酯提取后,用Zorbax XDB-C18分析柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5 μm),流动相为A:0.01%冰乙酸,流速为0.15 ml·min-1;B:甲醇,流速为0.05 ml·min-1.采用四极杆质谱检测器大气压电喷雾离子源,负离子检测,检测离子:单硝酸异山梨酯为m/z 250,内标为m/z 179.结果:血浆中单硝酸异山梨酯浓度在0.0125～1.2 mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6),最低检测浓度为0.0125 mg·L-1,平均提取回收率为86.0%,日内RSD＜8.9%,日间RSD＜4.8%.结论:该法简便、快速,灵敏度高,可用于单硝酸异山梨酯制剂的药动学研究.     

国产和进口单硝酸异山梨酯缓释胶囊单次和多次给药的人体药动学(英文)

目的 :比较国产和进口单硝酸异山梨酯缓释胶囊的人体药动学和相对生物利用度。方法 :采用单次和多次给药的 4周期双交叉设计 ,气相色谱 电子捕获检测法 (GC ECD)测定 2 2名健康男性志愿者血浆中单硝酸异山梨酯的浓度。结果 :单次 (2 5mg)口服国产和进口单硝酸异山梨酯缓释胶囊后的药动学参数分别为 :Tmax为 (5 .7±s 0 .5 )h和 (5 .8±1 .0 )h ,Cmax为 (2 3 6± 62 ) μg·L-1和 (2 42± 62 )μg·L-1,T1/ 2 为 (8.3± 1 .6)h和 (8.4± 2 .1 )h ,AUC0 3 6为 (3 .7± 0 .9)mg·h·L-1和 (3 .6±0 .9)mg·h·L-1,AUC0 ∞ 为 (4 .0± 0 .9)mg·h·L-1和 (3 .8± 0 .8)mg·h·L-1,平均滞留时间MRT为 (1 1 .5±0 .8)h和 (1 1 .4± 0 .7)h。多次 (2 5mg,6d)口服国产和进口单硝酸异山梨酯缓释胶囊后的稳态药动学参数分别为 :Tmax 为 (5 .2± 0 .7)h和 (5 .4±0 .9)h,Cmax为(3 1 4± 67) μg·L-1和 (3 1 0± 5 8) μg·L-1,Cmin为(63± 1 4) μg·L-1和 (65± 1 6) μg·L-1,稳态血药浓度均值Cav为 (1 87± 3 8) μg·L-1和 (1 83± 3 8) μg·L-1,AUC0 3 6h为 (5 .0± 1 .0 )mg·h·L-1和 (4 .9± 1 .0 )mg·h·L-1,波动度DF为 (1 3 4± 2 0 )%和 (1 3 4± 1 8) %。单次和多次口服国产与进口单硝酸异山梨酯     

高效液相色谱法测定异丁司特的血药浓度

目的 :建立高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中异丁司特浓度的方法。方法 :采用YWG C18色谱柱 ,以甲醇 0 .0 5mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾 (6 5∶35 ,用磷酸调pH值 3.5 )为流动相 ,检测波长 2 2 5nm ,流速 1.0mL·min-1,进样量 5 0 μL ,内标物为桂利嗪。 结果 :异丁司特标准曲线在 2～ 12 0 μg·L-1范围内线性关系良好 (r =0 .995 6 ) ,最低检测浓度为 2 μg·L-1,平均回收率为10 0 .2 % ,RSD为 4 .7% (n =5 )。结论 :该法操作简便 ,灵敏 ,准确度高 ,适用于异丁司特血药浓度的测定和药动学的研究。     

RP-HPLC法测定血浆罗格列酮浓度

目的 :建立RP HPLC法测定血浆罗格列酮浓度。方法 :采用shim packCLC ODS柱及荧光检测 ,激发波长为 2 5 0nm ,发射波长为 370nm。以 10mmol·L-1乙酸铵 甲醇 ( 12∶40 ) ,用浓氨水调 pH至 8.0 0为流动相 ,流速为 0 .7mL·min-1。样品用二氯甲烷提取 ,按内标法定量。结果 :标准曲线在 10 .2 2～ 2 0 4.4μg·L-1范围内有良好线性关系 (r =0 .99994) ,最低定量浓度为 10 .2 2 μg·L-1,平均方法回收率为 97.6 7% ,日内RSD小于 4.0 % ,日间RSD小于 8.0 %。结论 :本法具有快速简便、灵敏准确等特点 ,适宜血浆中罗格列酮的浓度测定。     

RP-HPLC法测定单硝酸异山梨酯鼻腔喷雾剂的含量和有关物质

目的:建立测定单硝酸异山梨酯鼻腔喷雾剂含量及有关物质的方法。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Di-amonsil C18柱,流动相为甲醇-水(30∶70),流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为210nm,进样量为20μL;峰面积定量采用外标法。结果:单硝酸异山梨酯回归方程为Y=7892.7X+2980.7(r=0.9999),检测浓度在5～150μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好;最低检出浓度为20ng·mL-1;高、中、低浓度日内、日间精密度的RSD在0.31%～0.93%之间;重复性试验RSD=0.69%(n=9);样品的平均回收率为101.02%(RSD=1.12%,n=9)。结论:该法准确、可靠、重复性好,可用于单硝酸异山梨酯鼻腔喷雾剂的含量及有关物质的测定。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定人血浆中单硝酸异山梨酯、阿司匹林和水杨酸

目的:建立同时测定人血浆中单硝酸异山梨酯、阿司匹林及其代谢物水杨酸浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法:以茶碱为内标,血浆经酸化后,乙酸乙酯提取,高效液相色谱质谱检测器(MSD)和二极管阵列检测器(DAD)串联在线测定血浆中单硝酸异山梨酯、阿司匹林和水杨酸的浓度;分析柱:Zorbax DB-C18(5μm,2.1 mmx150mm),保护柱:Zorbax DB-C8(5μm,2.1mm×12.5 mm),柱温30℃;流动相为A:3 mmol·L-1乙酸铵溶液(含冰乙酸0.022％),流速为0.17 mL·min-1,B:甲醇-乙腈(85:15),流速为0.03 mL·min-1。单硝酸异山梨酯和阿司匹林用高效液相-电喷雾质谱(HPLC/ESI-MS)选择离子检测,水杨酸用DAD检测。结果:血浆中单硝酸异山梨酯、阿司匹林和水杨酸线性范围分别为0.00625-1.2 μg·mL-1,0.025-1.2μg·mL-1,0.0625-12μg·mL-1;相对回收率分别为101.3％-103.0％,99.8％-119.7％,98.4％-104.0％;提取回收率均高于80％;日内、日间精密度均小于8％。结论:方法简便、快速、重现性好,可用于临床血药浓度监测和复方制剂的药代动力学和生物利用度研究。     

HPLC法同时测定血浆地西泮及其代谢物浓度

目的 :建立同时测定血浆中地西泮及其代谢物浓度的方法。方法 :选用ZORBAXRP C18柱 (15 0mm× 4 6mm ,5 μm) ;甲醇 - 2 5mmol·L-1醋酸铵溶液 (6 0∶4 0 ,V/V)作流动相 ;流速 0 8mL·min-1;检测波长 2 30nm。取血浆样品 0 5mL ,在碱性条件下用二氯甲烷 -正己烷提取 ,HPLC检测。结果 :本法对替马西泮、去甲地西泮和地西泮 3种物质的最低检测限均为 2 μg·L-1,线性范围为 10～ 15 0 0 μg·L-1;奥沙西泮的最低检测限为 5 μg·L-1,线性范围为 2 0～ 15 0 0 μg·L-1。回收率均接近 10 0 % ,日内、日间RSD <5 %。结论 :本法能同时测定血浆中地西泮及其代谢物浓度 ,具有重现性好 ,灵敏、可靠 ,可用于地西泮中毒的监测     

RP-HPLC测定犬血浆中卡托普利

目的　采用反相高效液相色谱法测定犬血浆中卡托普利浓度。方法　以对溴苯乙酰基溴为衍生剂 ,血浆样品经衍生反应后 ,用乙酸乙酯 -苯 (1∶1)提取 ,以ODSC18为固定相 ,乙腈∶水∶冰醋酸 (4 5∶5 5∶0 2 )为流动相 ,UV2 5 8nm紫外检测。结果　在 2 5～ 6 0 0 μg·L-1浓度范围线性良好 ,最小检测浓度为 12 5 μg·L-1。其日内差及日间差RSD分别小于 4 95 %和 2 88% ,相对回收率大于 94 8%。结论　方法简便灵敏 ,为卡托普利样品分析及临床药物监测提供了检测方法。     

UPLC-MS/MS法测定比格犬血浆中阿司匹林、水杨酸和单硝酸异山梨酯的浓度

目的:建立灵敏的超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定比格犬血浆中的阿司匹林、水杨酸和单硝酸异山梨酯的浓度。方法:选用Waters BEH C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱,分别以0.5%甲酸/5 mmol.L-1醋酸铵-乙腈和2 mmol.L-1醋酸铵-乙腈为流动相,采用梯度洗脱进行分离,样品采用乙酸乙酯提取后进样,通过电喷雾电离源,以多重反应监测(MRM)方式进行负离子检测,用于定量分析的离子对分别为m/z 178.9→136.9(阿司匹林)、m/z 136.9→64.9(水杨酸)和m/z 293.7→250.0(内标,双氯酚酸钠)测定阿司匹林和水杨酸;m/z 249.6→58.9(单硝酸异山梨酯)和m/z 293.7→250.0(内标,双氯酚酸钠)测定单硝酸异山梨酯。结果:阿司匹林、水杨酸和单硝酸异山梨酯的线性范围分别为2.0～2000.0,20.0～16000.0,9.6～9557.0 ng.mL-1;定量下限分别可达2.0,20.0,9.6 ng.mL-1;日内、日间精密度(RSD)均小于15%。结论:本方法灵敏度较高,血浆用量少,适用于比格犬血浆样品中阿司匹林、水杨酸和单硝酸异山梨酯的测定和药物动力学研究。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.