反相高效液相色谱法同时测定金马通络胶璐东茛菪碱及士的宁含量

目的：建立一种反相高效液相色谱法检测金马通络胶囊中东莨菪碱及士的宁含量。方法：用Ｃ１８ＯＤＳ柱为固定相。甲醇－水（５８：４２）（水相含０．０５ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１醋酸盐缓冲液及０．００２５ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１十二烷基硫酸钠）为流动相。检测波长２２６ｎｍ。结果：该方法回收率氢溴酸东莨菪碱为１００．５％，ＲＳＤ＝２．３％（ｎ＝５）；士的宁为９７．５％，ＲＳＤ＝２．４％（ｎ＝５）。结论：该方法操作简便、快捷、专     

重组人胰岛素类似物的HPLC分析

目的：探讨ＨＰＬＣ分析在重组人胰岛素类似物临别和杂质检测中的适用性。方法：采用反相然谱柱（Ｃ１８）,以硫酸钠－磷酸缓冲液（０．２ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１,ｐＨ２．３）和乙腈为流动相,流速０．８或１．０ｍＬ．ｍｉｎ＾－１,柱温４０℃,检测波长２１４ｎｍ;用分子筛柱（Ｚｏｒｂａｘ ＧＦ２５０）以磷酸铵缓冲液（０．１ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１,ｐＨ７．５）和乙腈为流动相,流速０．５ｍＬ．ｍｉｎ＾－１,检测波长２１４ｎｍ;     

高效液相色谱法测定依诺沙星胶囊的含量

本文采用高效液相色谱法测定依诺沙星胶囊的含量。流动相：乙腈－０．０５ｍｏｌ。Ｌ＾－１柠檬酸（２０：８０）,检测波长：２６６ｎｍ,测得平均回收率为１００．６％（ｎ＝９）,ＲＳＤ＝１．０％。     

HPLC法测定万辉化痰止咳露中磷酸可待因,盐酸麻黄碱和马来酸氯苯那 …

目的：建立一种采用高效液相色谱分离检测多组分复方制剂中磷酸可待因、盐酸订横 碱和马来酸氯苯那敏含量的方法。方法：以ＯＤＳ为固定相,０．０５ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１磷酸二氢钾（含１％三乙胺,用磷酸调ｐＨ＝３）－０．００５ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１ＩＰＲ－Ｂ６甲醇溶液（１．２：１）为流动相,ＵＶ检测波长为２５４ｎｍ。结果：磷酸可待因、盐酸麻黄碱和马来酸氯苯那敏３种成分的回收率分别为１０１．６％,９９．６％,１０１．７％     

格列吡嗪控释片释放度测定方法的改进

目的：测定格列吡嗪控释片释放度。方法：采用ＨＰＬＣ法测定,色谱柱为Ｃ１８,友磷酸盐缓冲液（取磷酸二氢钠配成０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的溶液以２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的氢氧化钠调节ｐＨ值至６．０）－甲醇（５５５：４５）为流动相：检测波长为２２５ｎｍ。结果：线性范围为在０．６２５～３０μｇ／ｍｌ Ｃ＝１．７６０×１０＾－５Ａ＋８．３６５×１０＾－２（ｒ＝１．００００）,精密度为１．０３％。结论：本法测定结果准确,方法简便     

反相离子对色谱法测定复方中右美沙芬、布洛芬含量

目的：测定复方中右美沙芬、布洛分的含量。方法：采用反相ＨＰＬＣ,以Ｓｈｉｍ－ｐａｃｋ ＣＬＤ－ＯＤＳ柱为色谱柱,乙腈－水（６５：３５,含０．００７ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１ＳＤＳ,０．００７ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１硝酸铵,用冰醋酸调ｐＨ至３．４）为流动相,对乙酰氨基酚为内标,于２７０ｎｍ波长处测定。结果：右美沙芬在０．０２～０．１０ｍｇ．;ｍｌ＾－１范围内呈线性关系,平均回收率为９９．２％,ＲＳＤ＝１．１％;布洛芬     

高效液相色谱法用于注射用穿琥宁及穿戛宁注射液含量测定的 …

目的：测定注射用穿琥宁及穿琥宁注射液含量。方法：采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Ｓｈｉｍｐａｃｋ ＣＬＣ Ｃ１８柱,流动相为０．０２ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１磷酸二氢钾（ｐＨ３．０）－乙腈－甲醇（４０：１０：５０）,流速１．２ｍＬ．ｍｉｎ＾－１,检测波长为２５１ｎｍ。应用二级管阵列检测器对色谱峰纯度进行检验,以排除有关物质的干扰。结果：平均回收率为９９．８８％,ＲＳＤ为０．１３％（ｎ＝３）。方法日内ＲＳＤ为０．     

反相高效液相色谱法测定盐酸左旋氧氟沙星的血药浓度

目的：测定国产左旋氧氟沙星胶囊剂和进口片剂口服后的血药浓度和人体药动学研究。方法：色谱柱采用Ｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎｅｘ Ｌｕｎａ Ｃ１８（２）,流动相为乙醇－０．２ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１醋酸铵（ｐＨ２．４）（１６：８４）,荧光检测（λｅｘ＝２９５ｎｍ,λｅｍ＝４８０ｎｍ）,血浆样品经沉淀蛋白后直接进样。结果：血药浓度性范围０．０６￣３．０８μｇ．ｍＬ＾－１（ｒ＝０．９９９４）,净化回收度８１．５８％￣８７．７     

高效液相色谱法测定复方盐酸万乃洛韦滴眼液的含量

目的：测定复方盐酸万乃洛韦滴眼液中盐酸万乃洛韦和氧氟沙星的含量。方法：采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Ａｌｌｔｉｍａ Ｃ８柱;相为０．０２ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１,磷酸二氢钾－乙腈（４：１）,流速为１ｍｌ．ｍｉｎ＾－１,检测波长为２５０ｎｍ。结果：盐酸万乃洛韦和氧氟沙星的回收率分别为９９．４％,ＲＳＤ＝０．９８％,１００．２％,ＲＳＤ＝０．５７％,结论：方法快速,准确,可作为该制剂的质控标准。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸阿洛司琼胶囊溶出度

目的：建立用反相高效液相色谱法测定盐酸阿洛司琼胶囊溶出度的方法。方法：采用ＳＵＰＥＬＯＣ Ｃ１８柱,０．０１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ醋酸铵（用冰醋酸调节ｐＨ＝４．０）－甲醇－四氢呋喃（７０：２４：６）为流动相,检测波长２９５ｎｍ。结果：盐酸阿洛司琼在２．４３～１７．０１ｕｇ·ｍｌ＾－１浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系（ｒ＝０．９９９９）,平均回收率为９９．４８％,ＲＳＤ＝１．３％（ｎ＝５）。结论：本方法操作简便,准     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.