NF-κB信号通路在骨及相关疾病中的作用的研究进展

NF-κB是一类核转录因子,可与其靶基因启动子区的DNA序列结合,而启动基因转录的功能。它们广泛参与胚胎发育、细胞增殖、细胞凋亡、免疫反应、炎症反应、病毒感染等过程。目前研究已经证实NF-κB信号通路在骨的发育和形成中具有重要的调控作用,NF-κB信号通路的阻断可导致骨发育异常或相关疾病的发生。NF-κB通过调控成骨细胞、破骨细胞、骨细胞和软骨细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡等生物学过程,调控骨的发育和重塑,并在骨相关疾病的发生中发挥重要的调控作用。     

增生性瘢痕分子信号通路研究

增生性瘢痕是临床常见的皮肤纤维增生性疾病,因伤口过度愈合而形成的。其从外观和机体功能方面均给患者带来心理和生理上的痛苦,严重者甚至影响患者自信心,使其产生自卑心理。增生性瘢痕的形成机制虽未完全清楚,但伴随着相关研究的不断深化,目前关于该病发病机制的研究已经进入到细胞、分子和基因水平。其中转化生长因子-β1信号通路、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路、Hippo信号通路、Notch信号通路和Hedgehog信号通路参与了增生性瘢痕的形成过程,本文主要就上述信号通路在增生性瘢痕发病机制中的研究做一综述,旨在为进一步认识增生性瘢痕的发病机制提供参考。     

Wnt信号通路与神经发生

W nt通路是细胞增殖分化的关键调控环节,在胚胎发育和肿瘤发生中起着重要作用。W nt途径参与了基因表达调节、细胞迁移粘附、细胞极化等过程,同时还与其它信号通路存在交叉协同。W nt/β-caten in通路在进化过程中高度保守,此通路的主要分子构成及相关调控机制已得到基本阐明。对神经系统而言,已有足够证据显示此通路参与了对神经前体细胞增殖,分化以及决定细胞命运的调控。近年更有研究显示,W nt/β-caten in途径对神经系统的发育包括皮层模式建立,突触形成等也是至关重要的。     

肿瘤细胞间相互作用:Notch-1信号转导与调控机制

Notch-1信号通路在细胞分化、发育以及增殖、凋亡方面起重要作用,并参与肿瘤的发生发展,与肿瘤的侵袭、运动和转移过程密切相关。活化的Notch-1信号通路能够直接或间接调控细胞的增殖和迁移,促进肿瘤细胞发生上皮细胞间充质转换,并维持其间充质特性,增强肿瘤细胞的黏附能力。同时,Notch信号通路与PI3K/Akt、NF-κB等途径交互作用,将信号级联放大,从而加强调控肿瘤细胞的恶性行为。多种实体瘤中存在异常活化的Notch-1信号通路。从Notch的结构和功能、Notch-1信号通路与肿瘤发生和转移的关系、Notch-1调控肿瘤转移的分子机制与调控网络和以Notch为靶点的肿瘤治疗5个方面进行综述。阐明Notch-1信号通路在肿瘤转移过程中的作用与调控机制以及目前针对Notch-1信号通路的治疗策略,能够为肿瘤的病理机制和临床治疗研究提供参考信息。     

血管肉瘤相关miRNAs的生物信息学预测及分析

目的探讨血管肉瘤相关miRNAs及其靶基因在其恶性生物学行为中的作用。方法从GEO数据库中下载血管肉瘤miRNAs表达谱芯片数据,应用GEO2R筛选出差异表达的miRNAs并进行靶基因预测,对靶基因进行GO及KEGG生物功能富集分析及蛋白互作分析。结果筛选出53个差异表达的miRNAs (P0.05,|log fold-change|≥4),其中上调者51个,下调者2个;GO功能富集分析发现差异表达miRNAs的靶基因主要参与细胞通讯、信号转导等生物学过程;KEGG信号通路富集分析发现靶基因主要参与肿瘤信号通路、代谢通路、环腺苷酸(cAMP)信号通路、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路、PI3K/AKT信号通路、Ras信号通路等重要通路;String蛋白互作分析发现,STAT3、TP53、MAPK1、SRC等在蛋白互作网络中处于核心地位。结论异常表达的miRNAs在血管肉瘤的恶性生物学行为中发挥着关键作用,为进一步探讨血管肉瘤发生、发展的具体分子机制、分子标志物的筛选及靶向药物的开发奠定基础。     

Hedgehog信号调控骨髓间充质干细胞成软骨细胞分化:调控方式及其串话机制尚待研究

背景:Hedgehog信号通路在骨髓间充质干细胞成软骨细胞分化过程中发挥重要的调控作用,但具体的调控机制,以及与其他信号通路的串话机制仍需进一步的研究,是近来研究的热点。目的:介绍hedgehog信号在调控骨髓间充质干细胞成软骨分化过程中信号转导机制的研究现状与发展趋势,以及与其他信号通路的相互串话。方法:通过搜索CNKI,PubMed及Google Scholar等数据库,以"hedgehog,骨髓间充质干细胞,软骨形成,软骨细胞"和"hedgehog,IHH,SHH,bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell,chondrogenesis,cartilage,chondrocyte"为检索词,查阅有关hedgehog信号与骨髓间充质干细胞分化相关的文献,最终共纳入36篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:骨髓间充质干细胞是目前公认的组织工程种子细胞来源,hedgehog信号通路是运动系统发育过程中重要的信号分子。Hedgehog信号蛋白IHH和SHH参与调控骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖与成软骨分化,以及软骨形成后的表型维持,且与其他信号通路发挥协同作用。然而,具体的调控方式以及与其他信号的串话机制,仍需进一步的研究,是这一领域未来研究的方向。     

NM23基因相关信号通路在肿瘤转移中作用机制的研究进展

浸润和转移是恶性肿瘤的重要特征,也给肿瘤的治疗带来困难,是预后不良的重要因素。NM23基因是最早发现的抗肿瘤转移基因之一。现在已经发现NM23是一个基因家族,包括NM23-H1、NM23-H2等重要的基因家族成员。研究表明NM23基因表达与实体瘤转移抑制有关,在很多实体瘤中可以作为进展和预后的分子标记。随着对NM23基因调控肿瘤转移的分子机制的研究的进一步开展,已经发现了一些NM23肿瘤转移抑制通路上下游的相关调控分子,为进一步的信号通路研究创造了条件。本文概述了近年来对NM23基因转移抑制通路研究的新近展,提出了以后可能的研究方向和需要解决的关键问题。     

信号分子复合物在细胞信号转导中的作用及其研究技术

细胞的代谢、迁移、增生、分化等活动,都是在各种信号分子(signaling molecules)的控制下进行的.各种细胞过程并非单个信号转导分子的直接作用就能完成的,而是以多个相关分子形成复合物的形式参与调控.例如多种转录因子在调节基因表达时,通常都是相互作用形成复合物而发挥功能的.细胞的生命过程并不仅是许多独立反应的总和,而是由信号分子复合物执行并调控的.通过生物大分子之间的相互作用并形成不同的复合物,从而对细胞信号过程进行精密调控.本文对信号分子复合物的形式、功能域、调节机制以及研究的主要技术手段进行综述,并预测信号分子复合物的研究前景.     

SOX4与肿瘤相关性的研究进展

SOX家族是一组带有高速泳动区(high mobility group box,HMG-box)的转录调控分子,通过激活或抑制目标基因在胚胎发育等生物过程中发挥重要作用.SOX4是其中重要的成员之一.SOX4是由单个外显子编码,相对分子质量为47×103的蛋白质.SOX4作为转录因子通过Wnt信号通路、P53相关机制及自身的转录因子作用等途径对特定靶基因的表达进行调控.近年来,随着SOX4调控靶基因的相继发现和确证,其在肿瘤发生、发展中的作用也逐渐被认识.本篇着重讨论SOX4在肿瘤发生、发展过程中的作用机制的研究现状.     

Notch信号通路调控下的血管形成

背景：Notch信号通路是一条在进化过程中高度保守的的近距离细胞间转导机制系统,广泛地参与各种组织细胞的分化、增殖和凋亡过程,在血管新生过程中参与协调血管内皮细胞的多方面功能,对血管网的形成和重塑起着关键作用。目的：对Notch信号通路的组成以及对血管新生的影响作一综述。方法：电子检索CBM和PubMed数据库,中英文检索词分别为“Notch信号通路;血管形成;调控机制”和“Notch signaling pathway; angiogenesis; regulation mechanism”。选择性地纳入有关Notch信号通路调控血管形成方面的高质量的文献,排除重复发表文献。结果与结论：共纳入31篇文献。血管形成是复杂的,多阶段性的生物学事件并有着精密复杂的调控方式。Notch信号通过与血管内皮生长因子,BMP-SMAD信号通路、细胞外基质分子等交互对话,直接或间接地参与调控血管新生的各个阶段,而且持续的Notch信号是维持成体血管系统结构与功能的稳定所必需。文章阐明Notch通路调控血管形成的最新进展,且为针对血管疾病设计调控血管新生的治疗方法提供理论基础和治疗靶点。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

Development of the upper lip: morphogenetic and molecular mechanisms.

The vertebrate upper lip forms from initially freely projecting maxillary, medial nasal, and lateral nasal prominences at the rostral and lateral boundaries of the primitive oral cavity. These facial prominences arise during early embryogenesis from ventrally migrating neural crest cells in combination with the head ectoderm and mesoderm and undergo directed growth and expansion around the nasal pits to actively fuse with each other. Initial fusion is between lateral and medial nasal processes and is followed by fusion between maxillary and medial nasal processes. Fusion between these prominences involves active epithelial filopodial and adhering interactions as well as programmed cell death. Slight defects in growth and patterning of the facial mesenchyme or epithelial fusion result in cleft lip with or without cleft palate, the most common and disfiguring craniofacial birth defect. Recent studies of craniofacial development in animal models have identified components of several major signaling pathways, including Bmp, Fgf, Shh, and Wnt signaling, that are critical for proper midfacial morphogenesis and/or lip fusion. There is also accumulating evidence that these signaling pathways cross-regulate genetically as well as crosstalk intracellularly to control cell proliferation and tissue patterning. This review will summarize the current understanding of the basic morphogenetic processes and molecular mechanisms underlying upper lip development and discuss the complex interactions of the various signaling pathways and challenges for understanding cleft lip pathogenesis.     

Gene/environment causes of cleft lip and/or palate

Craniofacial anomalies, and in particular cleft lip and palate, are major human birth defects with a worldwide frequency of 1 in 700 and substantial clinical impact. A wide range of studies in developmental biology has contributed to a better knowledge of how both genes and environmental exposures impact head organogenesis. Specific causes have now been identified for some forms of cleft lip and palate, and we are at the beginning of a time in which the common nonsyndromic forms may also have specific etiologies identified. Mouse models have an especially important role in disclosing cleft etiologies and providing models for environmental cotriggers or interventions. An overview of the gene-environment contributions to nonsyndromic forms of clefting and their implications for developmental biology and clinical counseling is presented.     

Dental implant treatment for a patient with bilateral cleft lip and palate

Dental reconstruction in the cleft space is difficult in some patients with cleft lip and palate because of oronasal fistulas. Most of these patients receive a particle cancellous bone marrow (PCBM) graft to close the alveolar cleft, and secondary bone grafting is also required. Treatment options for the alveolar cleft including fixed or removable prostheses require the preparation of healthy teeth and are associated with functional or social difficulties. Recently, the effectiveness of dental implant treatment for cleft lip and palate patients has been reported. However, there have been few reports on the use of this treatment in bilateral cleft lip and palate patients. We report the case of a patient who had bilateral cleft lip and palate and was missing both lateral incisors. She received dental implant treatment after a PCBM graft and ramus bone onlay grafting (RBOG). A 34-month postoperative course was uneventful.     

Facial clefting in an Arab town in Israel

To study the prevalence of cleft palate and cleft lip with or without cleft palate in an Israeli Arab town, questionnaires were sent to the parents of 1375 pupils in grades 1 and 2 in all seven primary schools in the town of Taibe, and 1281 responded. The information requested included data about siblings and members of the parental generation to give a total of 16 174, and the presence of consanguinity and history of exposure to medication, radiation, smoking or alcohol during pregnancy. There were four affected individuals among the index cases, of whom two had cleft palate only and two cleft lip with cleft palate, giving prevalence rates for each of these of 1.56/1000. Adding to these the number of affected siblings gave a total of 10 affected individuals; two with cleft palate only (0.39/1000) and eight with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (1.56/1000). Among the parental generation, of 16 reported affected individuals, two had cleft palate only (0.18/1000) and 14 cleft lip with or without cleft palate (1.26/1000). The overall prevalence rate for all 26 affected individuals was 1.6/1000; four of these had cleft palate only (0.24/1000) and 22 had cleft lip with or without cleft palate (1.36/1000). There were no cases whose mothers had been exposed to medication, radiation, smoking or alcohol during pregnancy. The effect of consanguinity was not significant (P < 0.92). This study shows that the prevalence of facial clefting in an Israeli Arab community is consistent with that in the general population worldwide.     

Velo-cardio-facial syndrome and DiGeorge sequence with meningomyelocele and deletions of the 22q11 region

Approximately 5% of children with neural tube defects (NTDs) have a congenital heart defect and/or cleft lip and palate. The cause of isolated meningomyelocele, congenital heart defects, or cleft lip and palate has been largely thought to be multifactorial. However, chromosomal, teratogenic, and single gene causes of combinations of NTDs with congenital heart defects and/or cleft lip and palate have been reported. We report on 3 patients with meningomyelocele, congenital heart defects, and 22q11 deletions. Two of the children had the clinical diagnosis of velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS); both also have bifid uvula. The third child had DiGeorge sequence (DGS). The association of NTDs with 22q11 deletions has not been reported previously. An accurate diagnosis of the 22q11 deletions is critical as this micro-deletion and its associated clinical problems is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait due to the inheritance of the deletion-bearing chromosome. We recommend that all children with NTDs and congenital heart defects, with or without cleft palate, have cytogenetic and molecular studies performed to detect 22q11 deletions. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Blepharo-cheilo-dontic (BCD) syndrome in two Mexican patients.

The combination of lagophthalmia, ectropion of the lower eyelids, distichiasis, euryblepharon, cleft lip/palate, and oligodontia was recently named blepharo-cheilo-dontic (BCD) syndrome. Different combinations of these signs have been found sporadically, with autosomal dominant inheritance. Ectropion of the lower eyelids, lagophthalmia, and bilateral cleft lip/palate appear to be the more common manifestations. We report on two unrelated patients with bilateral cleft lip/palate and lagophthalmia. One of these two patients had familial cleft lip/palate in two generations, probably as a variable expression of an autosomal dominant gene.     

A family with unusual Waardenburg syndrome type I (WSI), cleft lip (palate), and Hirschsprung disease is not linked to PAX 3

An unusual family with Waardenburg syndrome type 1 (WSI), cleft lip (palate), and Hirschsprung disease is not linked to the PAX 3 gene since there is an obligate crossover which has occurred between PAX 3 DNA markers and the disorder in this family. This family may also have anticipation of the WSI traits as the proband's grandmother is nonpenetrani, his mother has dystopia canthorum, and severe cleft lip (palate), while the proband has dystopia canthorum, severe cleft lip (palate), and Hirschsprung disease. Thus, a locus other than PAX 3 is implicated in this Waardenburg-like syndrome with Hirschsprung disease and cleft lip (palate).     

Association between genes on chromosome 4p16 and non-syndromic oral clefts in four populations

Isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate are among the most common human birth defects. Several candidate gene studies on MSX1 have shown significant association between markers in MSX1 and risk of oral clefts, and re-sequencing studies have identified multiple mutations in MSX1 in a small minority of cases, which may account for 1–2% of all isolated oral clefts cases. We explored the 2-Mb region around MSX1, using a marker map of 393 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 297 cleft lip, with or without cleft palate, case–parent trios and 84 cleft palate trios from Maryland, Taiwan, Singapore, and Korea. Both individual markers and haplotypes of two to five SNPs showed several regions yielding statistical evidence for linkage and disequilibrium. Two genes (STK32B and EVC) yielded consistent evidence from cleft lip, with or without cleft palate, trios in all four populations. These two genes plus EVC2 also yielded suggestive evidence for linkage and disequilibrium among cleft palate trios. This analysis suggests that several genes, not just MSX1, in this region may influence risk of oral clefts.