降钙素原在连续性血液净化治疗的脓毒症患者中的诊断意义

目的：探讨PCT对Sepsis及SIRS的鉴别诊断意义及CBP对PCT的清除作用。方法：应用聚砜膜对我院ICU的Sepsis和SIRS患者行CBP治疗12 h,其中Sepsis组52例,SIRS组54例,于CBP开始前（0h）及CBP开始后2h、6 h、12 h,CBP结束后12 h测定患者血清PCT浓度。结果：血清PCT的初始浓度Sepsis组明显高于SIRS组,差异有显著性（P值〈0.05）。血清PCT在CBP治疗后2 h,6 h,12 h均低于CBP前水平,与CBP前比较差异均无显著性（P值均〉0.05）。结论：血清PCT可以作为非感染SIRS和感染脓毒症的重要鉴别诊断指标之一。     

CVVH疗法对全身炎症反应综合征及脓毒血症患者内皮功能损伤标志物的影响

目的初步探讨连续血液净化疗法CBP（continuous blood purification）对全身炎症反应综合症（SIRS）及脓毒血症（SepsiS）患者内皮功能损伤标志物的影响。方法选择复旦大学附属华山医院肾内科15例SIRS或伴Sepsis患者，分别留取CVVH（continuous venous—venous homofiitrtion，连续静脉静脉血液滤过）治疗前后的血浆，直接检测血栓调节蛋白（sTM，soluble thrombomodulin）、E-选择素、细胞间黏附分子-1（SICAM-1，soluble intercellul aradhesion molecule-1）浓度。APACHⅡ评分评价临床疗效。结果临床转归：8名SIRS组患者，CVVH治疗后第4天APACHⅡ评分较治疗前显著改善（P〈0．01），而7名Sepsis组患者的APACHII评分更加恶化。SIRS组患者血浆sTM、SICAM-1、sE-选择素浓度显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）；SepsiS组患者血浆sTM、SICAM-1、sE-选择素浓度显著高于正常对照和SIRS组（P〈0．01）；CVVH治疗后1周，SIRS组患者sTM、sE-选择素较治疗前明显降低（P〈0．05），而Sepsis组患者无明显降低（P〉0．05）。结论SIRS／Sepsis患者内皮细胞存在明显的激活和损伤，CVVH治疗能部分改善SIRS患者内皮细胞功能，而对Sepsis患者效果不佳。     

全身炎症反应患者血液净化时抵抗素含量变化的研究

目的研究连续性血液净化（CBP）治疗对全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）患者血清抵抗素含量的影响。方法将120例SIRS患者在常规对症治疗的基础上,分为常规治疗组60例;以及在常规治疗的基础上进行CBP治疗组（CBP组）,CBP组患者均在常规治疗的同时行CBP治疗72h,在治疗0,24,48,72,96h时检测患者血清抵抗素含量,并进行APACHEⅡ评分。结果两组SIRS患者治疗前血清抵抗素含量均明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）,且常规治疗组和CBP组抵抗素含量比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,经过96h治疗,各组患者抵抗素水平均明显降低常规治疗组经过96h治疗,血清抵抗素水平降低缓慢（P〈0．05）;CBP治疗组经CBP治疗后SIRS患者血清抵抗素含量逐渐降低,治疗48h后已显著低于治疗前（P〈0．05）,治疗72h后降低更为明显（P〈0．01）。SIRS患者抵抗素与APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关（r=0．58,P〈0．01）。结论CBP治疗可清除血液中炎症因子抵抗素的作用,改善患者内皮细胞功能,并为临床观察CBP的治疗效果提供了新的监测指标。     

乌司他丁用于开胸术后全身炎症反应综合征患者的临床研究

目的　观察乌司他丁 (Ulinastatin ,UTI)对开胸手术后合并全身炎症反应综合征 (SIRS)患者IL - 6、IL - 10、TNF-α及C -反应蛋白 (CRP)的影响 ,以寻求一种调控机体炎症反应的有效途径。方法　 30例开胸手术后确诊合并SIRS的患者随机分为两组 ,对照组 (B组 ,n =15 )接受常规的抗SIRS及其他综合治疗 ,试验组 (A组 ,n =15 )在同样接受B组治疗方法的基础上接受UTI 10万Uiv q8h× 5d。常规监测患者心率 (HR)、呼吸频率 (RR)、体温 (T)、白细胞计数 (WBC)、SIRS炎症症状改善时间等 ,并于治疗前及治疗后第 3、5、7天抽静脉血检测血清IL - 6、IL - 10、TNF -α、CRP水平。结果　两组治疗前各项指标无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但治疗后第 3天A组即出现血浆CRP、IL - 6、TNF -α水平及T、RR、HR、WBC等观测指标的显著降低 ,B组的上述指标于治疗后第 5天才开始出现降低 ,但降低的幅度明显小于A组 (P <0 0 1)。A组治疗后第 5天IL - 10开始明显上升 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而B组治疗前后变化不大 (P >0 0 5 )。另外 ,A组患者治疗后SIRS炎性指标超过 3d无明显改善者较B组明显减少 (P <0 0 5 ) ,MODS的发生率明显降低 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　乌司他丁可能通过调控抗炎因子和促炎因子的平衡 ,从而有效地改善开胸术后全身炎症反     

连续性血液净化对全身炎性反应综合征合并急性肾衰患者血浆炎性介质水平的影响

目的　应用连续静静脉血液滤过 (CVVH)技术 ,探讨其对全身炎性反应综合征 (SIRS)合并急性肾衰 (ARF)患者体内促炎与抗炎细胞因子水平的影响。方法　 16例SIRS合并ARF患者经右侧股静脉插管留置单针双腔导管 ,使用DiapactCRRT机行高容量连续静脉—静脉血液滤过 (HV -CVVH)模式治疗。治疗上除连续性血液净化 (CBP)外 ,主要包括原发病的处理和重要脏器或系统功能的支持或维护。于CVVH治疗前和治疗后 2、4、6h以及停止CVVH后 6h ,分别抽取静脉血检测血液电解质、肾功能和有关细胞因子 ,动脉血做血气分析 ,其中采用ELISA法测定有关细胞因子。结果　 16例患者CVVH后血清BUN、Scr、K+ 均逐渐地呈明显下降趋势 (P均 <0 0 5或 0 0 1) ,血浆TNF -α、IL - 1β、IL - 2、IL - 2R以及IL - 8水平均逐渐降低 ,血浆IL - 6、IL - 4、IL - 10水平在CBP治疗前后均无统计学差异 (P均 >0 0 5 )。结论　CBP能清除SIRS合并ARF患者血浆多种致炎细胞因子 ,并可改善血液生化指标。     

连续性血液净化治疗在儿童感染性休克中的应用研究

目的:观察连续血液净化(CBP)治疗儿童感染性休克的疗效及其免疫机制。方法:选择广东省深圳市儿童医院2002年6月—2005年10月用连续性静静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗的12例感染性休克患儿作为CBP治疗组;同期选择本院另20例住院感染性休克患儿作为对照组。动态观察患儿CVVH治疗前及治疗后24h和48 h血pH、氧合指数、HCO3-、剩余碱(BE)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(SC r)、血压、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)的变化;同时观察血浆肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)、白细胞介素1(IL 1)、IL 6、IL8等前炎症因子和血小板活化因子水平。结果:8例救治成功,4例死亡,病死率33.3%。CBP治疗组治疗后APACHEⅡ评分较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),其他生化指标与治疗前比较差异有显著性(P<0.05或P<0.01);CBP治疗组治疗后TNFα、IL 1、IL 8血浆水平均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);对照组变化不明显。结论:对感染性休克患儿及早进行CBP,可避免发生不可逆性脏器功能损害,可提高救治成功率。     

清胰汤对SA哈并感染患者单核细胞HLA—DR表达的影响

目的探讨清胰汤对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）并发感染患者单核细胞HLA—DR表达的影响。方法33例SAP合并感染患者随机分成3组：SAP并发感染组（Ⅱ组）、GM-CSF治疗组（Ⅲ组）、清胰汤治疗组（Ⅳ组）;选取7例SAP未并发感染患者为对照组（Ⅰ组）;各组均予常规治疗,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组在常规治疗基础上加用GM-CSF或清胰汤治疗,一周后检测外周血WBC,血淀粉酶,ET,CRP,IL-6以及单核细胞HLA—DR表达率。结果Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组患者在各项血清学指标均高于Ⅰ组,单核细胞HLA-DR表达水平低于Ⅰ组（P〈0．05）;而Ⅲ、Ⅳ组患者各项指标较Ⅱ组明显改善（P〈0．05）。结论SAP并发感染患者存在单核细胞免疫功能缺陷,而清胰汤治疗能够改善这种免疫功能障碍以及过度炎症反应。     

连续性血液净化治疗全身性炎症反应综合征的研究

目的 研究连续性血液净化(CBP)治疗全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS)的疗效，并探讨其使用时机。方法 选择27例处于SIRS状态的患者给予CBP治疗，观察治疗前、中、后患者血液生化指标、血常规、血气分析和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)，并进行APACHEⅡ、SAPSⅡ和MODS评分。结果 与治疗前相比较，CBP治疗第2天晨和CBP治疗结束后次日晨患者APACHEⅡ、SAPSⅡ和MODS评分较治疗前降低，治疗过程中氧合指数(PO2／FiO2)有所改善，治疗过程中及治疗后压力调整心率(PAHR)较治疗前降低。CBP治疗后，TNFα降低不明显。结论 CBP治疗SIRS疗效确切，但患者的预后与患者病情的严重程度和原发病能否有效得以控制有关；CBP治疗过程中患者心、肺功能有所改善；CBP治疗SIRS并非通过清除TNFα而起作用。     

血必净联合乌斯他丁治疗全身炎症反应综合征的疗效观察

目的:观察血必净联合乌斯他丁对全身炎症反应综合征的临床疗效。方法:68例全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)患者随机分为血必净联合乌斯他丁治疗组(实验组)和乌斯他丁治疗组(对照组),治疗前和治疗后第2、4、6天观察APACHEⅡ评分、血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、凝血功能(APTT、PT、PLT等)等指标。结果:在治疗后第4、8天,实验组与对照组相比较,治疗组APACHEⅡ评分、CRP明显下降,凝血功能明显改善,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:血必净联合乌斯他丁能有效阻断SIRS病理过程,改善SIRS患者病情。     

兔心肺复苏后全身炎症反应综合征的动态变化

目的 探讨心搏骤停心肺复苏后全身炎症反应综合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS)的变化规律,为临床防治提供理论依据。方法 将日本大耳白兔40只随机（随机数字法）分为假手术组和心搏骤停4,5,6 min组,每组10只。假手术组仅进行麻醉和逆行气管插管、动脉血压监测,不进行气管夹闭窒息;心搏骤停组采用气管夹闭窒息法致使心脏骤停,分别于心搏骤停后4,5,6 min进行复苏,分别在0,24,48,72,96,120 h6个时点观察动物生理参数,取血样测定炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)和白细胞的水平。多时点资料比较采用重复测定方差分析。结果 复苏组心肺复苏后24h均呈现SIRS,TNF-α,CRP的表达明显升高,与心搏骤停前基础值相比差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。心搏骤停4 min复苏组,SIRS水平以24～48 h较高,于复苏后72 h基本消失。心搏骤停5,6 min组,SIRS水平以24 ～72 h较高,持续至复苏后96h。结论心搏骤停4 min,SIRS较轻,容易恢复。心搏骤停5 min以上,SIRS严重。心搏骤停复苏后血清TNF-α是反映SIRS程度的敏感指标,可作为SIRS的辅助诊断指标,并指导临床早期诊断、早期治疗。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.