植物粗提物对淡色库蚊幼虫的生物活性

目的筛选对淡色库蚊有生物活性的植物资源,为植物源农药的开发研制提供理论依据。方法分别利用水、乙醇和丙酮3种溶剂提取植物的有效成分,测定不同溶剂植物粗提物对淡色库蚊幼虫的生物活性,挑选12种效果好的植物,进一步研究其乙醇提取物对淡色库蚊幼虫的毒杀效果。结果 55种供试植物中有43种植物对淡色库蚊幼虫有生物活性,12种植物的乙醇提取物24 h对淡色库蚊幼虫的LC50〈3 mg/ml,其中7种植物的LC50〈1mg/ml。结论自然界中对淡色库蚊有生物活性的植物种类多,为植物源农药的开发研制提供了资源。     

电热蚊香片的配方及灭蚊效果研究

目的测试不同配方电热蚊香片对淡色库蚊的防制效果。方法室内药效试验和模拟现场实验。结果测试的所有配方电热蚊香片对库蚊都有较好的防制效果。结论目前市场上的电热蚊香片能够有效防制室内的蚊虫。     

Larvicidal effects of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) seedling extracts upon Culex pipiens larvae

A study of laboratory and field reared 2nd and 3rd instar Culex pipiens larvae suggests that extracts from 2 varieties of Sorghum bicolor seedlings are significant (P less than 0.05) larvicides under laboratory conditions. These plant extracts contain the organic cyanogen dhurrin and were calibrated to produce 90% mortality in 2nd instar Culex pipiens larvae at 0.82 ppm and 90% mortality in 3rd instar larvae at 1.12 ppm. A preliminary behavioral assessment of late 3rd instar larvae exposed to 1.42 ppm suggests that these plant extracts produce 80% mortality after only 4-5 h of contact. Plant extracts appear stable when stored at up to 32 degrees C in a closed container. Once the extracts are infused in water and exposed to air, however, they biodegrade after 24 h. These laboratory results emphasize the need for field tests against natural populations of Culex pipiens and nontarget organisms.     

Response of the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus in the Amman area of Jordan to certain insecticides

The response of adult females of the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus to six insecticides was evaluated. Adults were collected from two locations in the Amman area from May to October 1983. The F1 generation was exposed to paper-impregnated insecticides using WHO test kits. At both locations, the most toxic insecticides were permethrin, propoxur and ferpropathrin. Malathion, dieldrin and DDT were far less effective.     

天然除虫菊素盘式蚊香对淡色库蚊的药效实验研究

目的通过生物测试,观察天然除虫菊素盘式蚊香对淡色库蚊的药效.方法实验室室内药效试验,按GB13917.4-92和GB/T17322.4-1998标准密闭圆筒法进行;模拟现场药效试验按照GB13917.8-92和GB/T17322.11-1998规定进行.结果实验室KT50为3.93 min,24 h死亡率平均为82.5%.模拟现场2 h击倒率均为100%,24h死亡率平均为80.4%.结论天然除虫菊素盘式蚊香具有使用安全、效果好等特点,值得推广应用.     

烯虫酯对淡色库蚊幼虫剂量效应的实验研究

目的观察烯虫酯对淡色库蚊幼虫阶段的影响。方法采用浸渍法,观察蛹死亡和正常羽化情况。结果烯虫酯第7天致蛹死亡,LC50为2.165 8×10-8mg/ml,抑制蛹羽化作用的EC50为1.8105×10-8mg/ml;第11天致蛹死亡,LC50为1.949 4×10-8mg/ml,抑制蛹羽化作用的EC50为1.860 9×10-8mg/ml。结论烯虫酯影响淡色库蚊蛹到羽化阶段,可致蛹死亡,羽化率降低。     

溴氰菊酯泡腾片浸泡蚊帐对淡色库蚊和致倦库蚊的灭效观察

目的在实验室内观察溴氰菊酯泡腾片及乳油浸泡蚊帐对淡色库蚊和致倦库蚊的灭效。方法强迫接触法。结果当药剂浓度为2mg·ai／m2时，溴氰菊酯2种剂型浸帐对淡色库蚊的杀灭效果均达到100％，当药剂浓度达到10mg·ai／m2时，其对致倦库蚊杀灭效果不足100％。溴氰菊酯泡腾片浸泡蚊帐杀灭淡色库蚊的LC50为0．23mg·ai／ml，而乳油浸帐的LC50为0．31mg·ai/ml，方差分析结果表明，二者差异有统计学意义（t=3．04，P=0．023）；溴氰菊酯2种剂型浸帐对致倦库蚊的LC50分别为1．16和1．33mg·ai／ml，差异无统计学意义（t=1．65，P=0．470）。溴氰菊酯的2种剂型均采用5、10和20mg·ai／nl2 3种浓度浸泡蚊帐，对淡色库蚊和致倦库蚊的毒杀效果随着药物浓度的增高，LT50值明显缩短；溴氰菊酯泡腾片浸泡蚊帐对2种蚊虫的灭效均稍强于乳油浸泡蚊帐，且泡腾片浸泡蚊帐对2种蚊虫的击倒死亡时问均短于乳油浸帐。结论溴氰菊酯泡腾片作为一种新剂型浸泡蚊帐具有良好的灭蚊效果。     

Population genetics of the mosquito Culex pipiens pallens reveals sex-linked asymmetric introgression by Culex quinquefasciatus

The Culex pipiens complex in Asia includes a temperate subspecies, Culex pipiens pallens, of uncertain taxonomic status. The shape of the male genitalia suggests it is a hybrid between Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus. We studied populations of Cx. p. pallens in Japan, Korea, and China and compared them to local populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. p. pipiens. We examined variation in a nuclear intron in the acetylcholinesterase-2 gene [ACE] and eight microsatellite loci. We found a distinct microsatellite signature for Cx. p. pallens indicating restricted gene flow between Eastern and Western populations of Cx. pipiens, supporting the existence of two subspecies. Furthermore, a multilocus genotype analysis revealed current hybridization between Cx. p. pallens and Cx. quinquefasciatus in southern Japan, Republic of Korea, and China but not in Hokkaido, in northern Japan. Surprisingly, however, we found that the sex-linked ACE locus in chromosome I has introgressed asymmetrically through the males such that all male Cx. p. pallens have a copy of the Cx. quinquefasciatus ACE locus. This result highlights some of the potential consequences of hybridization between local and introduced species to disease transmission worldwide.     

蓖麻乙醇粗提液对淡色库蚊幼虫的活性研究

目的了解蓖麻不同部位的乙醇提取液对淡色库蚊幼虫的毒杀效果，为寻找新的杀蚊化合物打下基础。方法用95％乙醇浸提蓖麻材料，用水稀释后测定其对淡色库蚊3龄幼虫的毒效。结果在试验浓度下，蓖麻各部位粗提物对淡色库蚊3龄幼虫均有一定的毒杀效果，其中以茎皮和根皮粗提物的毒杀能力最强，以2500mg/L的茎皮提取液处理12h后，淡色库蚊3龄幼虫的死亡率达到100％；当浓度为625mg／L时，茎皮提取液处理36h后其死亡率可达97．78％。2500mg/L的根皮提取液处理36h后淡色库蚊3龄幼虫死亡率达到94．44％；当浓度为625mg/L时，处理72h后其死亡率仅为66．67％。与对照组相比，各处理存活幼虫发育至化蛹的平均历期延长0．52．5d。结论蓖麻茎皮和根皮提取液对淡色库蚊3龄幼虫有良好的毒杀效果，其杀蚊幼作用值得进一步研究。     

苏云金杆菌对不同龄期淡色库蚊幼虫的灭杀作用

目的研究苏云金杆菌BYH-14对不同龄期淡色库蚊幼虫的灭杀效果。方法幼虫液浸法,用不同浓度苏云金杆菌溶液对不同龄期淡色库蚊幼虫进行灭杀实验测定。结果苏云金杆菌BTH-14对I～IV龄淡色库蚊幼虫均能达到100%的灭杀效果,但不同龄期所需施药浓度有所差异,龄期越小,所需施药浓度越低。此外,施药7 h后即可以观察到对蚊幼的灭杀效果,施药浓度越接近完全致死浓度,短时间观察到的灭杀效果越显著。结论利用BTH-14进行淡色库蚊蚊幼灭杀,龄期越小,灭杀效果越好。     

淡色库蚊抗药性测定中不同容器对测定结果的影响研究

目的 评估淡色库蚊抗药性测定中容器类型对结果的影响,确定能否用一次性杯子代替玻璃烧杯进行实验,从而达到提高实验效率的目的。方法 从野外采集淡色库蚊幼虫,用WHO推荐的幼虫浸渍法,分别测定在玻璃烧杯、一次性塑料杯或一次性纸杯3种容器类型下,淡色库蚊幼虫对溴氰菊酯、仲丁威和双硫磷的LC50及95%可信区间（95%CI）,并比较其差异。结果 在玻璃烧杯、一次性塑料杯和一次性纸杯依次作为实验容器的条件下,淡色库蚊幼虫对溴氰菊酯的LC50及95%CI分别为0.002 009（0.001 654~0.002 449）、0.003 858（0.003 062~0.005 224）和0.005 459（0.004 051~0.008 757）mg/L,玻璃杯与2种一次性杯子间的结果差异有统计学意义;对仲丁威的LC50及95%CI分别为0.3470（0.3059~0.3821）、0.2575（0.2118~0.3095）和0.4844（0.4460~0.5232）mg/L,玻璃杯与一次性塑料杯差异无统计学意义,与一次性纸杯差异有统计学意义;而对双硫磷的LC50及95%CI分别为0.000 955（0.000 816~0.001 094）、0.003 007（0.002 661~0.003 407）和0.003 830（0.003 450~0.004 256）mg/L,玻璃杯与2种一次性杯子间差异均有统计学意义。用不同杯子测定蚊幼虫对杀虫剂的敏感性,溴氰菊酯的测定结果受浓度的影响小于双硫磷;双硫磷浓度越高杯子的影响越小。结论 在对蚊幼虫的抗药性测定中,玻璃杯是最佳选择,而一次性杯子可能因对杀虫剂有吸附作用而使测定的结果发生偏差,使用一次性杯子替代玻璃杯时应该特别注意现做评估。     

Insemination rates of hybrids between Culex pipiens pipiens and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus or Culex pipiens pallens at high temperature

Females of Culex pipiens pallens are rarely inseminated at temperatures above 30 degrees C. Insemination and egg-hatching rates (F2) were examined in females of hybrids (F1) between Culex pipiens pipiens and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C to examine temperature-dependent reproductive activity. Insemination rates were very high in hybrid females (F1) at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C, and egg-hatching rate (F2) also was high at both temperatures. Crosses between Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus did not show insemination rates and egg-hatching rates similar to the rates observed in Cx. p. pallens, suggesting that the hybrids expressed reproductive activity characteristic of Cx. p. quinquefasciatus.     

Residues of some organochlorine insecticides from some water bodies,their toxicity to mosquito larvae Culex pipiens pipiens and influence on mitochondrial ATPase of Bolti fish Tilapia niloticus

Residues of organochlorine insecticides were extracted from several water bodies, including irrigation canal, main drain, collector drains, brackish water of Bitter lake, and tap water around Ismailia, Egypt. Hexachloro cyclohexane (HCH) isomers were the most prevailing compounds detected. Highest residue concentration was detected in collector drains. Residues have shown an inductive effect on mitochondrial ATPase extracted from gills, liver and brain of Bolti fish Tilapia niloticus. Ouabrain, the potent Na‐K‐ATPase inhibitor has cancelled out the inductive effect residues inflected on gills and brain ATPase. The toxicity of the different organochlorine extracts to 3 ^rd instar larvae of Culex pipiens pipiens varied according to the source of residue.     

赣南地区部分植物对淡色库蚊幼虫的毒效作用研究

目的了解赣南地区杀虫植物资源概况，寻找和开发该地区杀虫性植物。方法通过水、丙酮和乙醇分别提取杀虫植物液体，将提取液用水稀释浸渍处理淡色库蚊3～4龄幼虫。结果以20倍稀释液处理，致使蚊幼虫死亡率达50％以上的植物有12种；以50倍稀释液浸渍，致使蚊幼虫死亡率达80％以上的植物有5种，分别为打破碗花花、百部、夹竹桃叶、水蓼茎叶、藜芦，杀灭率分别为86％、88％、96％、98％和94％。结论打破碗花花、百部、夹竹桃叶、水蓼茎叶及藜芦等植物对淡色库蚊幼虫有良好的杀灭作用，在开发利用方面有待进一步的研究。     

3种仿生电子驱蚊器对淡色库蚊的驱蚊效果观察

目的研究市面上流行的3种声波驱蚊器（EMRs）对淡色库蚊的驱散效果。方法以刺叮率和驱散距离为评定标准。比较是否开启驱蚊器对淡色库蚊刺叮率的影响,以及驱散距离的比较,将结果进行卡方检验,比较均值的差异（P〈0.05）。结果是否打开驱蚊器,对淡色库蚊的刺叮率和驱散距离均无统计学差异。结论市面流行的3种声波驱蚊器对淡色库蚊没有实际驱散效果。     

三种蚊香对淡色库蚊的效果观察

目的：3种蚊香对淡色库蚊的效果。方法：采用GBl3917——1992和GB／T17322--1998规定的测试方法和评价标准进行。结果：在实验室3种蚊香对淡色库蚊KT50蜘为2．27～4．98min，24h死亡率为91．4％～100％；在模拟现场2h击倒率为100％，24h死亡率为96％～100％。结论：3种蚊香对蚊虫均能达到较好的杀灭效果。     

沈阳市区淡色库蚊幼虫对4种杀虫剂的敏感性调查

近30年来化学杀虫剂已广泛用于防蚊灭蚊,对控制蚊媒传染病的流行起到很大作用,但由于长期大量地使用,致使多种蚊虫对各类化学杀虫剂产生不同程度的抗药性。为了解沈阳市淡色库蚊对常用有机磷、氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的敏感性,2008年我们进行了淡色库蚊幼虫对有机磷类的双硫磷、毒死蜱,氨基甲酸酯类的残杀威、仲丁威4种杀虫剂的敏感性测定,     

镇江市淡色库蚊幼虫抗药性变化及其防治对策

目的了解镇江地区淡色库蚊幼虫对常用杀虫剂的抗药性情况。方法按照《全国重要病媒生物抗药性监测(试行)方案》,采集镇江地区Ⅲ~Ⅳ龄淡色库蚊幼虫对6种杀虫剂进行抗性测试。结果 2003年镇江市淡色库蚊对高效氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯产生低度抗性,之后抗性逐年增加,而且抗性有加速发展趋势;对其他4种杀虫剂都产生中度或高度抗性,镇江地区抗性发展不平衡,抗性最高是句容市淡色库蚊幼虫对双硫磷抗性倍数为4 433.5倍。结论在化学防治过程中,要从全局考虑,做好杀虫剂使用的整体规划,以延缓或减少害虫抗药性的发生和发展。     

宝鸡市淡色库蚊对常用杀虫剂的抗药性研究

目的了解宝鸡市淡色库蚊对常用杀虫剂的抗药性状况。方法用区分剂量法和半数致死量法测定淡色库蚊对常用药物的敏感性。结果依据区分剂量抗性评价标准,宝鸡市淡色库蚊对DDT、敌敌畏、氯菊酯、溴氰菊酯均属于抗性群体。与实验室敏感试虫比较,宝鸡市淡色库蚊各药物的抗药性均高过敏感试虫,抗性倍数在2.67~23.85之间,其中以氯菊酯相差最大(23.85倍)。抗性等级氯菊酯为高抗,高效氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、DDT、残杀威为中抗,其余药物为低抗。结论应根据抗药性调查结果合理使用杀虫剂,积极提倡综合防治。     

Acute toxicity of furazolidone on Artemia salina, Daphnia magna, and Culex pipiens molestus larvae

As a result of evidence of the ecotoxicity of nitrofurans, the acute toxicity of furazolidone was tested in vivo on two aquatic organisms, Artemia salina and Daphnia magna, which are both crustaceans. Toxicity studies were also performed on larvae of Culex pipiens molestus. Results indicated a significant toxicity of the compound on Culex pipiens and Daphnia magna, while Artemia salina proved to be the least sensitive.