输尿管软镜碎石术后尿脓毒血症的危险因素分析

目的探讨输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗肾结石术后发生尿脓毒血的危险因素。 方法回顾性分析南方医科大学附属江门医院自2015年1月至2016年9月期间66例输尿管软镜术后患者的临床资料。对患者的一般资料进行收集整理,统计分析输尿管软镜术后尿脓毒血症的危险因素。 结果66例肾结石患者均顺利完成输尿管软镜联合钬激光碎石手术,术后9例（13.6%）患者发生尿脓毒血症。术后尿脓毒血症危险因素的单因素分析中,脓尿、结石大小、手术持续时间、感染性结石有统计学意义（P<0.05）。在对包括年龄、性别、糖尿病史、高血压病史、结石手术史、肾功能不全、肾盂积水、术前尿细菌培养、结石大小、脓尿、手术持续时间、感染性结石等作为自变量的多因素Logistic回归分析中,术后尿脓毒血症的危险因素有脓尿（P=0.019）,手术持续时间（P=0.021）,感染性结石（P=0.032）。 结论脓尿、手术持续时间、感染性结石是输尿管软镜碎石术后尿脓毒血症的危险因素。     

经皮肾镜取石术所致尿源性脓毒血症的预测因子临床分析

目的寻找可以预测患者在经皮肾镜碎石术后从全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)进展为尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2014年3月至2016年2月间156例经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)后并发感染并发症的患者的临床资料。将可能导致尿源性脓毒血症的围手术期危险因素与只发生SIRS的患者进行比较。结果156例患者中的135例仅发展为SIRS,其余21例患者均发展为尿源性脓毒血症。尿源性脓毒血症组术前尿亚硝酸盐阳性率明显高于对照组(P<0.001),结石直径大(P=0.015),手术时间长(P<0.001)。多因素logistic回归分析显示术前尿亚硝酸盐(OR=10.570,P=0.025),结石大小(OR=11.512,P=0.009)和术后血白细胞减少(OR=0.009,P<0.001)。在尿激酶休克前3 h内白细胞计数阈值为2.98×10^9/L。白细胞计数预测尿源性脓毒血症的敏感性和特异性分别为90.5%和92.6%。结论术前尿亚硝酸盐、结石大小和术后白细胞计数与PCNL术后的尿路感染性休克相关。可将PCNL后3 h内白细胞减少低于2.98×10^9/L,可作为尿路感染性休克的预测指标。对于有高危因素的患者发生尿路感染性休克,应在PCNL后3 h内测量白细胞计数。     

经皮肾镜碎石术并发脓毒血症的风险与防治

经皮肾镜碎石术（percutaneous nephrolithotomy．PCNL）围术期可出现多种相关并发症．脓毒血症是其中最严重之一．一旦发生感染性休克常致多器官功能衰竭，围术期死亡率高。本文以PCNL中并发严重脓毒血症及感染性休克致多器官功能衰竭为例，旨在分析该类手术并发脓毒血症的风险因素．探讨其防治措施。     

经皮肾镜术后尿源性脓毒血症相关危险因素的Meta分析

目的分析经皮肾镜碎石取石术（PCNL）术后并发尿源性脓毒血症术前相关危险因素。 方法运用Meta分析方法综合分析2006年1月至2016年12月PCNL术后尿源性脓毒血症相关危险因素的研究文献。 结果共筛选出相关文献18篇,经分析结果显示有9个危险因素差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,其OR值及95%CI分别为：女性3.89（2.07,7.31）;年龄（≥60岁）1.71（1.23,2.39）;糖尿病3.15（2.10,4.72）;血常规（白细胞≥10×10⁹/L）2.86 （1.66,4.92）;尿常规（白细胞≥+）2.43（1.35,4.37）;尿培养（阳性）1.60（1.12,2.29）;结石大小（≥2 cm）1.94（1.49,2.54）;鹿角形结石3.07（1.78,5.31）;肾积水（中重度）1.57（1.02,2.43）。 结论高龄（≥60岁）、女性、合并糖尿病或术前感染、结石≥2 cm、鹿角形结石、肾积水较重的患者PCNL术后更易发生尿源性脓毒血症。     

PCNL术后尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素及治疗研究

目的 探讨经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)后尿源性脓毒血症发生的危险因素及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析本院724例肾及输尿管上段结石行PCNL患者的临床病历资料,采用Logistic回归方法分析PCNL发生尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素.结果 724例患者术后发生尿脓毒血症13例,发生率为1.80％,所有患者均经积极抗感染、扩容及支持等治疗后痊愈.Logistic回归分析显示,患者术前尿路感染(OR =2.78)、手术时间(OR =2.55),术中肾盂压力(OR=4.61)、年龄(OR =2.35)性别(OR =2.07)及合并糖尿病(OR=2.39)与尿源性脓毒血症的发生密切相关(P＜0.05),而结石直径＞2 cm、数量、鹿角形结石及肾积水程度与尿源性脓毒血症的发生无显著相关性(P＞0.05).结论 患者术前尿路感染、手术时间＞60 min、术中肾盂压力＞40 mmHg、女性、年龄≥60岁及合并糖尿病是PCNL术后发生尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素,识别和警惕尿源性脓毒血症发生的危险因素,是预防和治疗PCNL术后尿源性脓毒血症的关键.     

数学建模在输尿管镜术前预测尿源性脓毒血症的作用

目的探究输尿管镜术前预测尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素,初步建立数学模型预测术后尿源性脓毒血症。方法收集2011年12月至2016年12月在本院及浙江省人民医院进行输尿管镜治疗的2105例输尿管结石患者的一般病史资料,通过多元回归分析确定输尿管镜术前预测尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素并建立预测模型。结果肾积水程度、结石直径以及菌尿是输尿管镜术后尿源性脓毒血症发生的危险因素(P0.05);Logistic预测概率模型,公式为P=1/(1+exp-(3.17+1.88×肾积水程度+1.27×结石直径+1.67×菌尿),其作为预测指标,ROC曲线,曲线下面积约为0.891,灵敏度为84.21%,特异度为82.19%。结论肾积水程度、结石直径以及菌尿是输尿管镜术后尿源性脓毒血症发生的独立危险因素,通过这3个独立危险因素建立的输尿管镜术后尿源性脓毒血症发生概率模型预测尿源性脓毒血症的发生具有可行性。     

输尿管软镜碎石术并发尿脓毒血症风险评估系统的构建及临床应用价值

目的建立输尿管软镜碎石术(RIRS)的风险评估系统, 以评估术后并发尿脓毒血症的风险。方法选取2021年10月至2022年2月于长沙市中心医院行RIRS治疗的244例患者的临床资料。检索国内外有关RIRS术后并发尿脓毒血症危险因素的文献, 检索时间为建库至2021年12月, 收集检索文献中接受RIRS患者的病例数据, 运用Meta分析筛选RIRS并发尿脓毒血症的危险因素, 构建RIRS术后并发尿脓毒血症风险评估系统(FURSS), 运用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线验证评估系统的临床应用价值。结果筛选出7个危险因素[性别(女性)、手术时间≥60 min、糖尿病、术前尿培养阳性、结石长径≥1 cm、感染性结石、脓尿]与RIRS术后并发尿脓毒血症的风险相关。根据尿脓毒血症诊断标准, 术后发生尿脓毒血症的比率约为5.3%(13/244)。根据风险评分系统对所收集病例进行评分, 术前评分>6.5分的患者45例, 其中11例患者术后发生尿脓毒血症。ROC曲线下面积为0.890(95%CI:0.818～0.963, P<0.001), 当评分为6.5分时, 约登指数最大, 敏感性为84....     

经皮肾镜碎石术后并发脓毒血症诊治进展

泌尿系结石是泌尿外科的常见病、多发病。经皮肾镜碎石术（Percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL）具有创伤小、可重复取石、恢复快等优点,已成为目前治疗泌尿系结石的常用方法。术后脓毒血症是其严重的并发症之一,如不及时处理容易引起感染性休克（也称脓毒性休克）,严重时可导致患者死亡。我们通过回顾近年来文献,对PCNL术后并发脓毒血症的诊治进展作一综述。     

经皮肾镜取石术后脓毒血症发生情况及髓样细胞可溶性触发受体-1、超敏C反应蛋白、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值联合检测的预测价值

目的观察经皮肾镜取石术(percutaneous nephrolithotomy, PCNL)术后脓毒血症发生情况及髓样细胞可溶性触发受体-1(sTREM-1)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)联合检测对其的预测价值。方法 2015年9月～2020年9月本院收治的行PCNL手术治疗病人358例,根据术后是否发生脓毒血症分为脓毒血症组和非脓毒血症,分析PCNL术后脓毒血症发生的影响因素及sTREM-1、hs-CRP、NLR对PCNL术后脓毒血症发生的预测价值。结果本组358例病人中有31例PCNL治疗后出现脓毒血症,发生率8.66%。两组性别、结石直径、鹿角形结石、术前sTREM-1水平、术前hs-CRP水平、术前NLR值及手术时间比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。sTREM-1、NLR的AUC分别为0.886、0.851,显著高于hs-CRP的0.647(P0.05);将3项指标联合后其AUC高达0.973,显著高于各单一指标(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,女性、结石直径≥2.5 cm、鹿角形结石、术前sTREM-1≥1.02μg/L、术前hs-CRP≥5.37 mg/L、术前NLR≥2.66及手术时间≥90分钟是PCNL术后脓毒血症的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论 PCNL术后脓毒血症的发生与多种因素相关,联合sTREM-1、hs-CRP、NLR指标检测对预测PCNL术后脓毒血症的发生具有重要价值。     

泌尿系统结石经皮肾镜手术后发生尿源性脓毒血症的影响因素

目的 探讨泌尿系统结石微创取石术后发生尿源性脓毒血症的影响因素.方法 选取在本院行微创经皮肾镜手术患者328例,根据PCNL术后是否发生尿源性脓毒血症,分为尿源性脓毒血症组和非尿源性脓毒血症组.统计患者一般临床资料和各实验室指标,对比分析各个因素对尿源性脓毒血症发生的影响.结果 尿源性脓毒血症组和非尿源性脓毒血症组在性别比例、结石体积、结石数量、手术时间、存在肾功能不全、是否为鹿角型结石、术中灌注压力、是否存在术前尿路感染和hs-CRP方面比较存在显著性差异(P＜0.05).经Logistic回归分析显示,结石体积、结石数量、手术时间、肾功能不全、鹿角型结石、术中灌注压力和术前尿路感染是皮肾镜取石术后发生尿源性脓毒血症的独立危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 结石体积、结石数量、手术时间、肾功能不全、鹿角型结石、术中灌注压力和术前尿路感染是皮肾镜取石术后发生尿源性脓毒血症的独立危险因素.     

经皮肾镜取石术后感染性休克的高危因素分析

目的探讨经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)后感染性休克的高危因素。方法回顾性分析自2008年5月至2011年10月本中心进行的266例行PCNL患者的临床资料,所有病例术前均行中段尿细菌培养和常规抗生素预防治疗。通过卡方检验分析评估尿培养结果和使用抗生素天数对术后感染性休克的影响。结果 266例行PCNL的患者中,9例术后出现感染性休克(3.4%),中段尿培养阳性者106例(66.3%),术前使用抗生素进行预防性抗炎治疗大于3天者93例(35%)。尿培养阳性患者,革兰阴性菌感染87例(82%),革兰阳性菌15例(14.2%),混合菌群4例(3.8%)。卡方分析显示尿培养阳性和抗生素使用不足3天与感染性休克明显相关(P<0.05),比值比(OR)分别为5.041和6.959。结论中段尿培养阳性和术前使用抗生素不足3天是感染性休克的高危因素,尿路感染中革兰阴性菌是最主要致病菌群。经皮肾镜取石术术前进行中段尿细菌培养,根据药敏结果选用敏感抗生素预防治疗>3天,对预防术后感染性休克十分有必要。     

Predictors of septic shock in obstructive acute pyelonephritis

Purpose

Acute pyelonephritis (APN) with obstructive uropathy is not uncommon and often causes serious conditions including sepsis and septic shock. We assessed the risk factors for septic shock in patients with obstructive APN associated with upper urinary tract calculi.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 69 patients with obstructive APN associated with upper urinary tract calculi who were admitted to our hospital. Emergency drainage for decompression of the renal collecting system was performed for empirical treatment in cases of failure of initial treatment and for severe cases. We assessed the risk factors for septic shock by multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

Overall, 45 patients (65.2 %) underwent emergency drainage and 23 (33.3 %) patients showed septic shock. Poor performance status and the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the septic shock group were more common than in the non-septic shock group (p = 0.012 and p = 0.011, respectively). The platelet count and serum albumin level in the septic shock group were significantly lower than in the non-septic shock group (p = 0.002 and p = 0.003, respectively). Positive rates of midstream urine culture and blood culture in the septic shock group were significantly higher than in the non-septic shock group (p = 0.022 and p = 0.001, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that decreases in the platelet count (OR 5.43, p = 0.014) and serum albumin level (OR 5.88, p = 0.023) were independent risk factors for septic shock.

Conclusion

Patients with obstructive APN associated with upper urinary tract calculi who have decreases in platelet count and serum albumin level should be treated with caution against the development of septic shock.     

经皮肾镜术前及术后监测降钙素原对感染的早期诊断及尿源性脓毒血症预防的临床意义

目的分析经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)术前及术后监测降钙素原对感染的早期诊断及尿源性脓毒血症预防的临床意义。方法选取本院于2016年1月至2018年10月间收治的122例肾结石或输尿管上段结石并行PCNL手术治疗的患者,根据其术后是否发生感染将其分为感染组及非感染组,将感染组根据不同感染程度及不同SOFA评分进行分组,比较不同组间的炎症指标。根据ROC曲线分析PCT及CRP的诊断价值。结果术后感染组PCT、CRP、WBC水平均明显高于术前及非感染组术后水平(P<0.05)。不同感染程度患者治疗前的PCT水平比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),治疗后血清PCT均较治疗前明显下降,不同感染程度患者治疗后及脓毒症组治疗后的血清CRP均明显低于治疗前,但严重脓毒症及脓毒症休克组患者治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),根据SOFA评分,术后各组间PCT水平比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),CRP在评分>9分的患者间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ROC曲线显示PCT的曲线下面积大于CRP(P<0.05)。结论患者血清PCT水平与PCNL术后感染程度有良好的相关性,动态监测PCT变化对术后早期诊断尿脓毒血症及准确判断其进展有着重要的临床价值。     

经皮肾镜/输尿管镜取石术中、术后感染性休克15例报告

目的 总结经皮肾镜/输尿管镜取石术中、术后感染性休克的救治经验.方法 回顾分析2004年1月～2009年4月432例微创经皮肾镜取石术及645例输尿管镜碎石取石术中、术后发生感染性休克15例(男4例,女11例)的临床资料,其中11例发生在经皮肾镜取石术,4例发生于输尿管镜碎石术,术中1例,术后14例.感染性休克诊断明确...     

经皮肾取石术后脓毒症的危险因素

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨降低经皮肾取石术后脓毒症的有效途径。方法〓回顾性分析2004年6月至2014年6月期间,在我院行经皮肾取石术的9332例肾结石患者的临床资料,术后并发尿源性脓毒症93例,对患者的年龄、性别、术前有无尿路感染以及经皮肾手术时间等一系列因素与脓毒症发生的关系进行分析。结果〓经单因素分析,女性患者(P<0.05)、结石>20 mm(P<0.05)、有糖尿病史(P<0.05)、术前未使用抗生素(P<0.05)与经皮肾取石术后脓毒症具有明显的相关性;经多因素回归分析,女性患者(P<0.05)、有糖尿病史(P<0.05)为经皮肾取石术后脓毒症的危险因素;经过积极治疗之后,有82例患者最终均痊愈出院,11例死亡,死亡原因为弥散性血管内凝血,全身多个器官发生功能衰竭。结论〓女性和有糖尿病史为经皮肾取石术后脓毒症的危险因素,对高危患者在手术之前进行抗感染治疗能够有效降低经皮肾取石术后脓毒症的发生。     

Postoperative sepsis and septic shock after hip fracture surgery

IntroductionThere is a paucity of research in the rates for sepsis and septic shock in the hip fracture population specifically, despite marked clinical and prognostic differences between these conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence, risk factors, and mortality rates for sepsis and septic shock as well as evaluate potential infectious causes in the surgical hip fracture population.MethodsThe ACS-NSQIP (2015–2019) was queried for patients who underwent hip fracture surgery. A backward elimination multivariate regression model was used to identify risk factors for sepsis and septic shock. Multivariate regression that controlled for preoperative variables and comorbidities was used to calculate the odds of 30-day mortality.ResultsOf 86,438 patients included, 871 (1.0%) developed sepsis and 490 (0.6%) developed septic shock. Risk factors for both postoperative sepsis and septic shock were male gender, DM, COPD, dependent functional status, ASA class ≥3, anemia, and hypoalbuminemia. Unique risk factors for septic shock were CHF and ventilator dependence. The 30-day mortality rate was 4.8% in aseptic patients, 16.2% in patients with sepsis, and 40.8% in patients who developed septic shock (p < 0.001). Patients with sepsis (OR 2.87 [95% CI 2.37–3.48], p < 0.001) and septic shock (OR 11.27 [95% CI 9.26–13.72], p < 0.001) had increased odds of 30-day mortality compared to patients without postoperative septicemia. Infections that preceded a diagnosis of sepsis or septic shock included urinary tract infections (24.7%, 16.5%), pneumonia (17.6%, 30.8%), and surgical site infections (8.5%, 4.1%).ConclusionsThe incidence of sepsis and septic shock after hip fracture surgery was 1.0% and 0.6%, respectively. The 30-day mortality rate was 16.2% in patients with sepsis and 40.8% in patients with septic shock. Potentially modifiable risk factors for both sepsis and septic shock were anemia and hypoalbuminemia. Urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and surgical site infections preceded the majority of cases of sepsis and septic shock. Prevention, early identification, and successful treatment of sepsis and septic shock are paramount to lowering mortality after hip fracture surgery.     

Risk factors for septic shock in acute obstructive pyelonephritis requiring emergency drainage of the upper urinary tract

Purpose

To assess the risk factors for septic shock in patients with acute obstructive pyelonephritis requiring emergency drainage of the upper urinary tract.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the records of 48 patients who underwent emergency drainage of the upper urinary tract for sepsis associated with acute obstructive pyelonephritis at our institute. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the risk factors.

Results

Among 54 events of sepsis, we identified 20 events of septic shock requiring vasopressor therapy. Cases with shock were more likely than those without shock to have ureteral stone (70 vs 38 %, p = 0.024) and positive blood culture results (81 vs 28 %, p = 0.006). They received drainage significantly earlier than those without shock (1.0 vs 3.5 days, p < 0.001). Univariate analysis demonstrated that acute obstructive pyelonephritis by ureteral stone, rapid progression (the occurrence of symptoms to drainage ≤1 day), positive blood culture, leukocytopenia (<4,000/mm³), thrombocytopenia (<120,000/mm³), and prothrombin time international normalized ratio ≥1.20 were correlated with septic shock. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified thrombocytopenia (p = 0.005) and positive blood culture (p = 0.040) as independent risk factors for septic shock.

Conclusions

Thrombocytopenia and positive blood culture were independent risk factors for septic shock in acute obstructive pyelonephritis requiring emergency drainage. Thrombocytopenia would be practically useful as a predictor of septic shock.     

Urological infections after endourological procedures

In the past two decades, endourological procedures such as ureteroscopy (URS) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) have become the mainstay of managing kidney stone disease (KSD), with URS also used for investigating upper urinary tract lesions. Post-endourological infections affect between 1% and 6% of cases. Numerous risk factors have been identified, including longer operative times and indwelling ureteric stents, but the literature is largely heterogeneous. Identification of risk factors preoperatively include the use of pre-operative urine culture, minimizing stent dwell time and targeted antibiotic use. Intraoperatively, efforts need to be made in minimizing operative times and intra-renal pressures. Although rare, urinary tract infections following endourological procedures remain a risk, with a smaller minority developing potentially deadly urosepsis. Clinical decisions on prevention and treatment of severe sepsis have to be individualized based on the risk factors. Machine learning techniques are currently being utilized to build these tools and might provide an answer in the future.     

尿源性脓毒血症的相关因素分析及早期诊断和治疗

目的 分析发生尿源性脓毒血症的相关因素,总结其早期诊断及治疗经验,为临床治疗提供理论指导与依据.方法 回顾性分析2007年至2015年本院收治的43例尿源性脓毒血症患者的临床资料,发现诱发感染的相关因素,采用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计分析.结果 43例尿源性脓毒血症患者中,60岁以上28例(65.12%),女性26例(60.47%);本组患者中合并糖尿病共有29例(67.44%)、合并慢性肾功能不全共有24例(55.81%)、鹿角型结石22例(51.16%)、体外冲击波碎石治疗后6例(13.95%).中段尿细菌培养阳性39例(90.70%),其中大肠杆菌27例(69.23%),阴沟肠杆菌10例(25.64%),肠球菌2例(5.13%),尿培养阴性4例(9.30%).其中22例鹿角型结石行经皮肾镜钬激光碎石治疗后出现尿源性脓毒血症.相关因素分析结果显示,年龄>60岁、女性、患有糖尿病、合并慢性肾功能不全、尿培养阳性、鹿角型结石、手术时间过长、高肾盂压力、术后引流不畅是尿源性脓毒血症患者并发感染的相关因素;其首发症状多样化,所有患者治疗后均痊愈出院,无明显后遗症.结论 尿源性脓毒血症时诱发感染因素较多,早期发现相关因素并及时积极加以控制有利于防止其临床发生与发展,获得良好的预后.